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Your body uses the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system to breath, when you hold your breath you use your somatic, but as your body becomes starved of oxygen the Autonomic takes over and forces you to breath. If you resist and pass out as soon as you do your body will automatically breath again.

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Carbon dioxide is the waste after producing oxygen in the body and is breathed out in every breath.  Without carbon, we couldn't produce oxygen. So its important to have both.

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Parts of the brain that control respiration 

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Parts of the brain that control respiration 

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Respiration is controlled through electrical signals sent through the brain. More specifically the medulla oblongata Which sends out electrical impulses to the lungs to stimulate the contraction of the lungs.

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Physical factors that influence respiratory system.

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Physical factors that influence respiratory system.

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Activity, Drugs, Heart function, Posture and Disease

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increasing thoracic volume results in decreased pleural pressure, increased alveolar volume, decreased alveolar pressure, and air movement into the lungs.

Decreasing thoracic volume results in increased pleural pressure, decreased alveolar volume, increased alveolar pressure, and air movement out of the lungs.

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The gas laws state that individual gases flow from regions of higher partial pressures to regions of lower partial pressure, and this rule governs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues.

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http://www.webmd.com/lung/tc/pneumonia-treatment-overview

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Examples of non-respiratory air movements would be coughing, sneezing, laughing, hiccups, yawning, and crying.  These are results of reflex activity.  They modify the normal respiratory rhythm.  Coughing is taking a deep breath and forcing air superiorly from the lungs against the glottis, then the glottis opens suddenly and a blast of air rushes upward, clearing the lower respiratory passageways.  Sneezing is similar to coughing except that air is directed through the nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity.  Crying is an inspiration followed by the release of air in a number of short expirations, and laughing is the same.  Hiccups are sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm.  And a yawn is a very deep inspiration.

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How does oxygen and carbon dioxide enter the blood stream

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How does oxygen and carbon dioxide enter the blood stream

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When your body takes a breath you take in oxygen which is transported into the lungs and then put in to the blood stream. The oxygen is connected to red blood cells by a protein known as hemoglobin, it is then carried to all parts of the body. Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood also by the red protein hemoglobin, although Co2 is also transported through plasma because it is soluble. Thus carrying out the harmful gas out of the body through the lungs.

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Each lung is suspended in its own pleural cavity and rests on the muscular diaphragm. The medial surface has a indentation where the bronchi enter. The left lung is smaller with 2 lobes, the right has 3 lobes.  The visceral pleura is the membrane fused to the outer surface of the lung; the parietal pleura is the membrane which lines the body wall. Between the two membranes in the pleural fluid.

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is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied
Vital capacity
is the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.
Expiratory reserve volume
is  the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume
is the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration.
Residual air
is the portion of air contained in the lungs which can not be expelled even by the most violent expiratory effort.

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It is effectively a lung infection.  It is caused by breathing in germs, one is more likely to contract pneumonia after already being sick when the immune system is weak.  The symptoms are as follows:

Cough. You will likely cough up mucus (sputum) from your lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.

Fever.

Fast breathing and feeling short of breath.

Shaking and "teeth-chattering" chills.

Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or breathe in.

Fast heartbeat.

Feeling very tired or very weak.

Nausea and vomiting.

Diarrhea.

The treatment for pneumonia is antibiotics, the antibiotics given are based on your age, your symptoms and their severity.

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The trachea connects the Larynx to the bronchi and allows air to flow through the neck and into the thorax

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The lungs act as the main organ of the respiratory system and take in oxygen and rid the body of carbon dioxide

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The main passageway's to the lungs, acting as main route

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Allow for the oxygen and Co2 to move between  the lungs and bloodstream

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To ensure incoming air is being supplied to each alveoli

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Apnea is the cessation of breathing.
Dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing.

Hyperventilation is breathing more deeply and  more rapidly.
Hypoventilation is extremely slow or shallow breathing.
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease consists of difficult or labored breathing, coughing, and frequent pulmonary infections.

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Is the actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide. Its the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in the body

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Directs air flow into the lungs for gas exchange

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One of the respiratory system's defense mechanisms involves tiny, muscular, hair-like projections (cilia) on the cells that line the airways. The airways are covered by a liquid layer of mucus that is propelled by the cilia. Particles and pathogens that are trapped on this mucus layer are coughed out or moved to the mouth and swallowed.

On the Alveoli there are Phagocytes which bind to the problematic particles, ingest and destroy them.

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Inspiration is when air is flowing into the lungs.
Expiration is when air is leaving the lungs.

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Allows Oxygen to enter the body

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Air must move into and out of the lungs so that the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously refreshed. Basically breathing

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External respiration is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood.
Internal respiration is the gas exchange process that occurs between the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.

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To warm, moisturize and filter air entering the body