# data[].attributes.body
Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted.  Speech impairments include difficulties with articulation, voice strength, or the complete inability to produce speech. Stuttering, stammering, dis-fluency, hoarseness, breathiness, or breaks in volume or pitch are considered impairments as well. Speech impairments can be caused by cleft lip or palate, or by cerebral palsy, autism, learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities or have no known cause.
Their is a variety of speech disorders but for the purpose of this presentation I am going to focus on two: Stuttering and Lisp.

# data[].attributes.body
Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs that generates sounds by phonation through the glottis in the larynx that then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants. The first stage of speech doesn't occur until around age one (holophrastic phase).

# data[].attributes.body
Stuttering is a speech disorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or prolonged, disrupting the normal flow of speech. These speech disruptions may be accompanied by struggling behaviors, such as rapid eye blinks or tremors of the lips. Stuttering can make it difficult to communicate with other people, which often affects a person's quality of life.
-Symptoms of stuttering can vary significantly throughout a person's day. In general, speaking before a group or talking on the phone may make a person's stuttering more severe, while singing, reading or speaking in unison may temporarily reduce stuttering.
-Stuttering is sometimes referred to as stammering and by a broader term dis-fluent speech.

# data[].attributes.body
A lisp is a speech defect in which s is pronounced like th in thick and z is pronounced like th in this. Most lisps are caused by errors in tongue placement within the mouth. The most frequently discussed of these problems is tongue thrust in which the tongue protrudes or extends beyond the front incisors. This protrusion affects speech as well as swallowing and can lead to lisping.
There are four kinds of lisps:
Lateral lisp: occurs when air comes out of the sides of the tongue when producing the "S" sound, rather than the front.
Interdental lisps: when the tongue goes between your front teeth and makes the "th-sound" for the /s/ and /z/ sounds.
Dentalized lisps: when the tongue hits the teeth while making the /s/ and /z/ sounds
Palatal lisp: when a child touches the middle of his tongue to the soft palate when he pronounces the "s" and "z" sounds.

# data[].attributes.body
Here are a couple ways teachers can accommodate students with a lisp or stutter.
1. Teachers should constantly model the correct production of sound. Maintain eye contact with the student, then tell him or her to watch the movements of your mouth when providing direct instruction. Ask him or her to copy these movements when him or her produces the sounds.

2. Create tests that are appropriate for the student with speech impairment. For example, written instead of oral. Provide scribes for test taking if a student needs assistance. The student can write down the question instead of having to say it out loud. A student might not ask the question they wanted to ask because of the fear of speaking out loud.

3. For a lateral lisp: Use the Butterfly Procedure.
The sides of the tongue should be up slightly, like butterfly wings. The middle of your student's tongue is the body of the butterfly, with the sides of the tongue slightly touching the teeth. Air flows down the body of the tongue. Have the child hold this position for the "E" sound, as in the word "see" or for the "I", as in "rim." Then, have them try the "S" sound while holding the butterfly position with their tongue.

# data[].attributes.body
1. If any of your older students have seen the show "stranger things" which I'm sure a lot have, you can show this video and make speech impairments more relatable. Everyone has something different about them that's what makes us unique. We need to embrace our differences and be accepting. After you could do an activity where students have to pick one thing that's different about them and write about it. Then they could share with the class or a partner.
*Pause at 1:03. Because theirs some inappropriate content after that.
https://youtu.be/4sdvqo-neLw

2. If you are a teacher that knows nothing about stuttering this is a very informative video on stuttering.
https://youtu.be/dwiSryK7v5U

# data[].attributes.body
1. You can use a speech buddy to help your child who has a lisp.
https://youtu.be/dN8WlQGyG-k

2. This is very informative on how you can help your child with a lisp at home.
https://youtu.be/VcYBtrgUd3E

# data[].attributes.body
1.This video makes it more personal. It shows what our students with stutters might being going through at school. If only all of our students were aware of this they could be more accepting and embrace one another.
https://youtu.be/H4X7pdkpJAQ

2. This is a video going more into detail on Why some people have Lisps.
https://youtu.be/c4DTIxBU7-E