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6. Hot fluids rise because they become less dense when they get hotter they become less dense. When they become colder they sink because they are more dense.
7. the core is the source of energy within the Earth's interior. The sun is the source of energy outside the Earth's interior.

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5.

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5.

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4. Convection in the mantle could cause movement in the lithosphere because the   convection currents cause a rise and fall because of the different heat temperatures.  These currents cause the plates to move.
5.

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1. Heat flows from warm object to a cold object
2. Conduction is heat transfer through physical contact. Convection is heat transfer through liquid and currents. Radiation is a type of heat transfer that occurs through a vacuum.
3. Heat moves throughout the Earth in three ways. In the mantle it moves through convection currents. It also moves through confection in the outer core. This is because the outer core is liquid

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1. Plate Boundary - a boundary between two tectonic plates
2. Convergent boundaries are when two plates are pushing together. Transform boundaries are when two plates slide past one another. Divergent boundaries are when two plates split apart from one another.
3. Features like volcanoes, mid-ocean ridge, and rift valleys form in divergent boundaries. In convergent boundaries features like deep ocean trench, volcanic arcs, faults, and tsunamis. Features like faults, earthquakes, and tsunamis from in transform boundaries.
4. The denser crust will go under less denser crust known as subduction.
5. The plates move on top of the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle.
6. A deep ocean trench is a underwater canyon and a mid ocean ridge is a undersea mountain chain.
7. A continental drift is the theory that the continents were once a Pangaea they slowly the continents drifted  across the sea floor. Alfred Wegner created this theory in 1915.

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1.the measure of mass that is in a given amount of volume

2. mass divided by volume
3.mass and volume
4.you would weigh the box to find the mass then we would multiply length with and height to find volume. divide the mass by the volume.
5.the same thing except  with a pebble
6. g/ml
8.we did not skip 7.
8 part two. gases are the least dense. liquids are somewhat dense. solids are the most dense
9. the more dense the layers are the closer they are to the core 7.

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1. Crust: Oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. Is a solid layer. *least dense layer*  Mantle:  Composed of hot semi-rock. Is a semi-rock layer. Outer core: Mostly iron and nickel. Is completely liquid. *Only liquid layer* Inner core: Mostly solid iron and nickel. Is fully solid layer. *densest and hottest layer*

2. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic, and is a younger crust. Is also deeper. The oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust, and has an older age.

3. The layers all have different densities, we will order them from least dense to most dense. Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Crust being the least dense, and inner core being the most dense.

4.
5. The asthenosphere is a layer that has the upper mantle and middle mantle. The asthenosphere is bigger than the lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and upper mantle. It is far more smaller than the asthenosphere. The lithosphere moves because of the asthenthosphere and convection currents.

6.There are convection currents in the mantle. They are moving because the bottom of the mantle goes up to the top trying to heat up the colder part of the mantle, in which this causes currents that are constantly moving called convection currents. There are convection currents in this region because of the magma at the bottom has a higher temperature than the magma at the top so the heat tries to even out through convection and these currents in the asthenosphere cause the lithosphere.

7. Convection in the outer core creates a magnetic field because the molten iron in the outer core flows exactly like a river. The iron flows and the flow of the iron creates a huge electric current. This electric current is huge and this current is so big and strong that this creates the magnetic field that is around the entire planet.

8. The magnetic field important to life on Earth because it protects our planet from solar winds, plus it also makes our compass point north, or in the right direction to help us navigate.

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HEAT TRANSFER:
1. Q: Explain the direction in which heat flows A: Hot to cold
2. Q: Explain the difference between conduction, convection, and radiation. Give examples of how they can be observed in everyday life A: Conduction: Our hand to a red hot piece of medal, it would scold our hand, basically through touch.
Convection: The circulation of heat through liquid or gas, Heat circulating through  a hot cup of milk.
Radiation: The travel of heat through nothing at all, heat from sun to skin.
3. Q. Heat moves throughout the Earth by all three types of heat transfer. Explain how heat is likely moving throughout the outer core? The mantle? A: Probably through convection because the majority of the outer core is a liquid and it would heat up the mantle.
4. Q: Explain how convection in the Mantle could cause the movement of the lithosphere A: Convection in the Mantle could cause it because the mantle is so huge that it  can even move plates through the convection.
5. Q. Use models to show heat transfer by conduction, radiation, and convection. A:    Q: Why do hot fluids rise? Why do cool fluids sink? A: Hot fluids rise because they have less density, cold fluids sink because they have more density. Not all cold fluids sink, some elements can not go into solid or Bose-Einstein condensate, so instead they become a superfluids, superfluids literally defy the laws of gravity, instead of staying where it is it goes up the sides of a cup. But if you can imagine it is much colder than any other liquid.

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Julia Bochkarev (the best) and Hayden Moore: States of matter 

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Julia Bochkarev (the best) and Hayden Moore: States of matter 

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The states of matter are liquid, solid, gas, and plasma. Matter changes its state when it adds or loses energy. The characteristics of a solid are that particles are close together, they move but keep their position, they move more than vibrate. The characteristics of a liquid are they take the shape of their container and the particles are close enough together for you to see the substance. The characteristics of a gas are they take up all of the space in an area, the particles have a lot of energy, and the particles move fast from all of the heat. Whenever particles gain heat they move faster and faster and if enough heat is added they could change their state of matter. When molecules lose energy they slow down and can change their state of matter from a gas to a liquid or a liquid to a solid. Just like a soup in a pot over a burner the soup insides such as carrots sink to the bottom because they are more dense than the water and when they heat up they become less dense than than the water so they rise to the top. The state of matter in each of the 4 main layers of our Earth are...outer core=liquid, inner core=solid, mantle=semi-rock, and the crust=solid

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1. Density is the measure of mass there is in a given volume substance.
2.The formula for density is density= mass divided by volume
3. Mass and volume because those are what you divide to get density.
4. You would need a scale, box, calculator, and paper and pencil. Now to find the density you measure the weight of the the box so the mass then you divide it by the volume then you find density.
5. You would need a scale, pebble, ruler, calculator, paper and pencil. Now to find the mass you need to measure the pebble and then you put the pebble and water and measure that for the mass than you measure the distance the water rises and then you divide
6. They use grams and mL
7. picture below
8.A solid is more dense than a liquid and liquid is more dense than a gas.
9. The further you go into the core the more dense it gets so the inner core is the most dense.

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Tanner and Savannah: Layers of the Earth

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Tanner and Savannah: Layers of the Earth

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We humans have classified the Earth's inner layers into four distinct layers. Moving from outward in, we can see the Crust on top, followed by the mantle, which lies on the outer core, previous to our inmost layer, the inner core. First, let's discuss the crust. It has two parts, continental, and oceanic. Oceanic is thinner, but more dense, continental being larger, but less densely packed. Working from in out, our densest layer being the inner core. This is followed outer core, then by the mantle, and finally the crust. To explain further the crust and mantle, we must discuss the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is the rigid rock layer divided up into the tectonic plates. It it located in the crust and upper layer of the mantle. The asthenosphere is a semisolid layer of liquid rock that flow and move the tectonic plates with the currents within them. These being convection currents because of the heat flow and the rising and falling of cold and hot semi-liquid material. The dense iron and metal material in the inner core form the magnetic field around our planet, and it protects us from harmful UV rays from the sun.

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A force is a push or a pull.

The difference between a contact and non-contact force is that for a contact force two particles MUST be touching, while in a non'contact force two particles CAN'T touch.

Gravity is a force referred to as weight and mass and distance affects this force because the more mass an object has, the greater gravitational pull it has, and the distance affects it because it determines if the two objects will have a gravitational pull on each other, and how strong the pull will be.

A field in terms of a gravitational field, magnetic field, and electric field, is the radius around the object emitting the force that the force is there.

A normal force is a contact force where objects are in an equal balance, like where a desk pushes up on a book, while gravity pushes down on the book. Also if you push against the wall you are in balance with you pushing against the wall and the wall pushing against you.

An applied force is a contact force purposely put against another object. Examples are, pushing a desk, rolling a ball, and pushing a wall.

A frictional force is a contact force created when an object slides or rubs against another object and resistance is created. Air resistance is a type of friction. Examples include, sandpaper on wood, and curling.

When physicists say net force they are talking about the total of all forces being applied on an object.

Forces could become unbalanced if one force starts to become stronger. It could happen if a cable starts to weaken over time and gravity continues to act on it. It could result in the object falling.

An unbalanced force is when forces are not equal. Like if you are pushing a ball, there is more force on the side you are pushing on.

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1. A force is a push or a pull that acts on matter.
2. The difference between a contact force and a non contact force is that a contact force happens with direct contact between two objects, and a non contact force does not have any direct contact. Examples of a contact force are when you lean on a wall or when you push a heavy box across the floor. Examples of a non contact force are skydiving and magnets repelling each other.
3. Gravity is the force which is also referred to as weight. The more mass an object has the more gravity is applied to it and affects it. The further away an object is from the gravitational pull the weaker the gravity is.
4. A field is the range or distance in which objects are being affected by the force.
5. A normal force is when two objects are pushing against each other with equal amounts of force, examples are a person leaning on a wall and a book on a desk.
6. An applied force is when force is applied by a person or object, examples are throwing a ball and a hot air balloon.
7.  A frictional force is when a force is applied to an object when it is in motion and it slows it down or stops it. An example of this would be trying to slide across the sidewalk in sneakers.
8.  A net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object.
9.  The force might become unbalanced if the light bulb is replaced with a heavier one that will pull on the wires, causing it to fall.
10. An unbalanced force is when two objec

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Density is the measure of mass in the given volume of a substance. The formula for density is mass divided by volume, aka breaking Mrs. Goodman's heart. You need to measure the two physical properties, mass and volume to calculate density. You would need a scale to measure its mass, a ruler/ measuring tape to measure its volume, and a calculator to divide mass by volume. You would measure its mass and volume and then divide mass by volume to get its density. Scientists use the units g/cm3 OR g/mL to communicate density. The layers in the earth are like this picture up here, they are in layers from the densest at the bottom and the least dense at the top. As substances gain more energy or lose more energy they become less and more dense.

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There are three main classifications of rock. These classifications, determined by how the rock forms, include: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The matter that makes up these rocks is the same matter that has always existed on Earth. It continues to be recycled, which is why the rock cycle is called a cycle.

A metamorphic rock is formed when any type of rock undergoes enough heat and pressure to bake the rock without actually melting it. The rock undergoes a chemical change due to the increased heat and pressure. That means that a chemical reaction has occurred making the substance something entirely new.

A sedimentary rock is formed when weathering breaks down any type of rock into smaller pieces called sediments. These sediments are eroded, or moved, by wind, water, animals, etc. where they are deposited and can accumulate. Over time they begin to compact and cement forming a solid rock made of sediments, or bits of smaller rocks. Typically these rocks are formed at the bottom of a large body of water. Florida, for example, has large areas of sedimentary rock layers, indicating that it was once covered by water.

Lastly, igneous rocks--rocks of fire--are formed when any rock is melted into molten rock and then cooled into solid rock. This is caused by volcanic activity.

See the model below which demonstrates this ongoing cycle and the processes that change rock from one type to another.