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It was a case in which the Supreme Court ruled dealing with the 1st amendment in which that the freedom of speech and freedom of Assembly can happen if they are not crossing the line. It is free to express their political and racial view unless they are physically damaging things and people. It is okay for people to express their speech

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It is one of the Unprotected Speech which includes the Slander and Libel.

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It is a part of free speech that will NOT be protected by the state as a free speech. The free speech granted to the citizens are the speech about politics that are not followed with an action. Slandering is not a protected speech and it will follow up by consequences (all speech will be followed by some type of consequences but not slander especially). Libel is also a false statement that damages another person's reputation

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Rights of Citizens
1) Penalize Southern States that refused to grant all citizens the vote
2) To keep former confederate leaders from serving in government
3) To forbid payment of the confederacy's debt by the federal government
4) To ensure payment of the war debts owed the federal government

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Bail and Punishment
Bail is the money that the accused person paying the court which guarantee that he or she will be present for the trial. This amendment states that either bail or punishment for a crime shall be unreasonably severe.

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Civil Suits (1791)
Where the court is provided with jury (so it's a jury trial, usually when it is sued for more than $20).

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Speech that is directed to overthrow the government.

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Right to speedy, Fair Trial (1791).
It states that the court has to be processed in a speedy way (that they cannot held the accused person for a long period of time).States that the trial must be open to public and the jury must have to hear the evidence on both sides to decide the guilt and innocent.Also, in the Fair Trial the providence of the attorney for people who can't afford one was decided by Gideon v. Wainwright.

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Was a case that was concerning about the constitutionality of the executive act 9066 which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War 2 regardless of citizenships.

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Rights of Accused Persons (1791).
It rights granted to the accused person. It states that they cannot be accused by the same or similar crime twice and it states that the accused person may refuse to answer questions where the answers might tend to incriminate them.

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It is opposite to De Jure Segregation. De Facto Segregation states that it is not separation by law but somehow they remain separated with each other among races).

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Searches and Seizures (1791)
It states that searches and Seizures is legal only when the judge believed that there was a "reasonable cause" to do so. It also states that evidences seized illegally cannot be used in court.

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Bearing Arms (1791)
It was only form the states to have militias, not dinividuals but in 2008 the COurt supported that the individual can have the right to own weapon.

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Freedom of Religion,Speech, Press, and Assembly
It states that all citizen's individual liberties are protected.

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The Supreme court says if something meets 1 of the 3 is unconstitutional.
1. Law or rule has a religious purpose.
2. Law or rule inhibits religion.
3. Law or rule must not cause "excessive (excessive entanglement with the government).

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It is relatable to amendment 1. It is bascially the opposite to the censorship where the gov. can prohibit certain ideas or expression. It is the rights granted to people to express about their thoughts on gov. and politics.

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It is a clause that is related to the 1st Amendment of the Constitution that the states should not make any laws that prohibit people from free exercise of religion (and other free rituals).

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A law meets rational basis review if it is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose.

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In this case the Supreme Court ruled that the states are required to provide people with attorney if they are not affordable of providing an attorney for themselves (It's like an extended rights of 5th and 6th amendment which was a requirement for the federal government but was just extended for the states to do also).

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It was a case that decided the "separated but equal". It stated that people can be segregated by race as long as they have the same opportunity (for example if they have the same quality facilities granted to them then it is okay to be separated).

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By (fighting with) the fourteenth amendment, the African Americans was able to gain full citizenship of the United States where prior to this case the full rights as the citizen of the US was not granted to them.

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It was a decision made by the Supreme court in 1973 on the issues of constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted the access to abortion.

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It ended the segregation of public places and based employment discrimination on the bases of religion, race, and gender.

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It was the state and local laws that enforced racial segregation among the Southern United States.

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It is a set of laws that was made intentionally to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination. Law that tends to favor those who are likely to be discriminated. Especially on education, jobs...etc.

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Mostly was a test held in the Southern part of the United States. It is basically a test that you have to take (and have to pass) to get the voting right. It was intentionally made to prevent the minorities to get the voting rights in the country.

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It was a case that the Supreme Court decided that any evidence used in court which violated the 4th amendment (which is unreasonable search and seizures ) cannot be used in court cases as evidence.

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It is a clause written in the 14th amendment. It states that no states should deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

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It granted the people to have the rights to be informed about their rights. It stated that the trials will be held only if it is clear that the suspected criminal is aware of the rights that he/she is granted.

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It was a case in which the Supreme Court declared any state laws that separated the black from white is unconstitutional.

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It was a landmark case in the history of the United States that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official prayer or to encourage them in public schools.

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It was a doctrine to further on with the bill of rights. It helped in providing and ensuring people's freedom and help to lessen the power of the federal government.

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Symbolic Speech is conduct that express an idea. Although speech is normally known of verbal ideas, but symbolic speech is mostly the "non verbal ideas" expressed. It is ideas that is purposely conveying a particular message to those viewing it.

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This case limited a scope of programs in several universities in US. Several US States prohibited affirmative action programs based on race. It was a case brought up by a white guy named Allan Bakke who clearly had a higher educational success compared to many more minority applicants but was not accepted. He argued that he was reversely discriminated and the Supreme Court stand with him saying that this kind of reverse discrimination should not happen (so programs that stands with the minority race).

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It is something that a police (or someone with authority) need to have (like a clear evidence or explanation) before search or seizure without warrant or stronger authority's permission). Probable Cause can justify a warrantless search or seizure.

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De Jure Segregation is separation enforced by law (so it is opposite to De Facto Segregation which is separation not by law but somehow they still remain separated).

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It is classifications based on race, religion, gender and many other factors. It is kind of the pre-biased idea that you get base on the people's background and race.

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Speech Plus is a way of communicating some ideas through the combination of language and actions (It is an opposite to pure speech which is a use of written or oral words alone).

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It is a law that prevents an accused person to from being tried for the same case (or similar case) for twice.

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They work as a safeguard of fair treatment through the normal judicial system (especially trough citizens). Both 4th and 5th amendment deals with this due process clause.

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The clause written in the first Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress in this country.

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A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.