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1. Neonicontinoids are synthetic compounds similar to nicotine that bind to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system of insects. Acetylcholinesterase doesn't break down neonicotinoids, so binding is irreversible. The receptors are blocked, so acetylcholine is unable to bind and synaptic transmission is prevented. The consequence can be paralysis or death. This is relevant to our current topic of discussion because we are learning about how sensory neurons carry nerve impulses (messages) from receptors to the central nervous system (the brain).
2. Neonicotinoids are typically used as insecticides. They are effective in killing insects and are not toxic to humans and other mammals.
3. Concerns have been raised about the effects of insecticides on honeybees and other helpful insects. The evidence of harm of the insecticides is disputed by the manufacturers of the insecticides and some government agencies.
https://bookshelf.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/contents/15/index.html

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1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds that are chemically similar to nicotine that bind to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synpases in the central nervous system of insects. This binding is not able to be reversed since the acetylcholine does not break down the neonicotinoids. The receptors become blocked so the acetylcholine can't bind and synpatic transmission is prevented. This causes death and paralysis within the insects. This is relevent to our current area of study because we are currently learning about synapses and neurons and how they function.
2. neonicotiniodes are mainly found in pest control. This affects the nervous system in insects however it does not affect that of humans and other mammals. They are mainly found in agricultural areas in order to kill the bees and doesn't allow them to reproduce. Their water solubility easily allows them to make their way into waterways. Plants from miles away can take in the chemicals from miles away which will eventually seep into their pollen and nectar, something that honeybees look for. Although this doesn't affect humans and other mammals it does affect insects, and even those that are beneficial to the community.
3. The recent research findings show that honeybees are being killed by the neonicotiniodes. This has brought controversy among groups of people considering the decline in the honeybee population allowing the banning of this product to be more of a topic for discussion.
Sources:
book
https://bookshelf.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/contents/15/index.html

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1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds that are similar to nicotine that binds to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system of insects. This causes binding that is irreversible. The receptors end up being blocked and are unable to bind and  synaptic transmission is prevented. The result of this can be paralysis and death sen within insects

2. Neonicotinoids are typically used pest control. Due to the water solubility it allows it to used in soil and taken up by plants. It not to be highly toxic to humans and other mammals sue to the synapses in the central nervous system. Although it is killing insects that are deadly it is also killing insects that are beneficial to the environment like honeybees.
3.  Due to the pesticide used there is a decline in the honey bee population causing the banning to be a more discussed topic. But this is not enough evidence to say that the pesticide is the main cause in the decline if bees. Although there is some seen correlation scientist can not fully claim that this is the main cause
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/neonicotinoid-pesticides-slowly-killing-bees

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1. Neonicotinoids are compounds than can bind to and effect synaptic receptor cells in insects. This effects their central nervous system. The binding can not be reversed. This stopes the binding of acetylcholine. This gives the insects paralysis and death. This is relevant to our topic of study because we are learning about how synaptic receptor cells work and communicate to the brain. Learning about different things that can stop the receptors can help us better understand how the process works.

2. This is typically used as a insecticide. It is effective in killing insects, but it does not effect the human nervous system. There is no way of specifically targeting some bugs, so the helpful bugs, like hunny bees, are being killed. There was a recent study done to examine how much insecticide and exposure time would effect the bees. This shoed the the bee population was declining over time, instead of at a fast pace. It also showed that colony that were located farther away from the insecticides lived longer.
3. One research finding is listed in the question above. Although this shows that there is a relationship between insecticides and bees, it does not call for the banning of the substance. The AFDF will continue and support the responsible use of these pesticides until the EPA and the USDA decide to ban the substances. This can only be banned if there is sufficient evidence to support the claim.
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/neonicotinoid-pesticides-slowly-killing-bees
https://www.fb.org/issues/other/neonicotinoids-honey-bees/

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1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds similar to nicotine that bind to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synpases in the central nervous system of insects. It is relevant because we are currently discussing neurons and how they are transmitted through the use of synapses.
2. Neonicotinoids are commonly used for pest control is their water solubility, which allows them to be applied to soil and be taken up by plants. Soil insecticide applications reduce the risks for insecticide drift from the target site, and for at least some beneficial insects on plants.
3.

The world’s most widely used insecticides pose a serious danger to both honeybees and wild bees, according to a major new assessment from the European Union’s scientific risk assessors. The conclusion, based on analysis of more than 1,500 studies, makes it highly likely that the neonicotinoid pesticides will be banned from all fields across the EU when nations vote on the issue next month.
https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/ipm/what-is-a-neonicotinoid/
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/28/total-ban-on-bee-harming-pesticides-likely-after-major-new-eu-analysis

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1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds similar to nicotine and bind to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system of insects. This is relevant to the current topic of study since we are learning about neurons and the passage of nerotransmitters through the use of synapses.
2. Neonicotinoids are most commonly used as a pest control.They are used due to there water solubility, which allows them to be applied to soil and thus taken up by plants. In addition to being good efficient at fighting pest it also provides control against beetles, fleas, flies, cockroaches, ect. At first neonicotinoids wew favored for their low-toxicity to beneficial insects like bees there is new research stating that it is hurting the bees. Even though the low composure does not kill the bees it makes it difficult for bees to be able to forgag for nectar, learn and remember where flowers are located, and possibly hurt there ability to find their way home.
3. Due to the harm neonicotinoids are causing bees scientist have many different banning questions the biggest being if it should be banned to save the bees or is agriculture in need of the pest control. The overall resolution to the bee problem would be to ban the seeds, using different application strategies, and using less toxic neonicotinoids.
https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/ipm/what-is-a-neonicotinoid/
https://www.dadant.com/should-the-agricultural-use-of-neonicotinoids-be-banned/

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1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds that can bind permanently to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system of insects, leaving the synapse without the ability to function. Used widely as an insecticide, it is able to result in the paralysis and death of insects. This is relevent to our lesson because, currently we are learning about neurotransmitters and their passage between neurons through synapses. This relates, as neonicotinoids enter the acetylcholine receptor in the synapses, inabling the passage of neurotransmitters through the synapes, which renders it useless.
2. Neonicotinoids are used as insecticides because, though deadly to insects, it is much less toxic to humans, as mammals have a smaller number of cholinergic synapses, which are the ones affected by the pesticide. This means, that in small, regulated amounts, humans can safely consume it.
3. Research has shown that, as believed, the neonicotinoids kill bees and other insects. These insecticides are also effective in killing queen bees, leaving reproduction of the colony all the more difficult. This pesticide has been partially banned in countries of Europe, which was used as evidence to advocate for a ban on its use. Its harm to bees is not the extent of damage to what it is capable. Because of its affect on bees, plants, primary consumers, and the rest of the food chain are all at risk of potential extinction. Should the insecticide not be banned, a major reduction in its use would be necessary to maintiain an ecosystem in which insects live, plants are polinated, and other animals are able to eat.
Sources:
book
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/neonicotinoid-pesticides-slowly-killing-bees
https://www.beyondpesticides.org/programs/bee-protective-pollinators-and-pesticides/chemicals-implicated

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1. Neonicotinoids proteins which can bind permanently to the synaptic receptor cells in some insects, rendering that synapse unable to properly function; in large quantities, this substance makes an incredibly effective insecticide, paralyzing and killing numerous insects with ease. It's relevant to our lesson because the neonicotinoids are demonstrating a weakness in the system our synapses and neurons use to communicate, neurotransmitters and receiver proteins.
2.Commercially, it's a pesticide that's very commonly used because mammals have very few synaptic connections effected by the same chemicals, making it relatively safe for human consumption.
3. Neonicotinoids have been at least somewhat banned in several European countries because of the effects they have the environment and the damage they do to the already declining bee population. They damage the capability of queens to reproduce, endangering colonies, and often proliferate through large areas quickly since they can dissolve in water and are then spread throughout the ecosystem. In addition to being harmful to the bees and their reproductive capability on a large, mostly uncontrollable scale, the neonicotinoids also become stronger if exposed to certain other chemicals that are commonly used as secondary insecticides or fungicides, being able to kill even larger amounts of worker bees because of a quirk of the chemical interactions. Further investigation and discussion is currently taking place as to whether or not to impose harsher restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids as an insecticide.
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/neonicotinoid-pesticides-slowly-killing-bees
http://www.pan-uk.org/about_neonicotinoids/
https://www.beyondpesticides.org/programs/bee-protective-pollinators-and-pesticides/chemicals-implicated

# data[].attributes.body
1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds similar to nicotine that bind to the acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synpases in the central nervous system of insects. Neonicotinoids are relevant to the topic now as we are learning about neurons and how neurotransmitters pass from one neuron to the next one through the synapse. In this case nenonicotinoids go into the receptor for acetylcholine and inhibit synaptic transmission.
2. Neonicotinoid pesticides are used on huge areas of crops. Imidacloprid being the most used insecticide in the world.
3. Neonicotinoids kill bees and hurt their ability to reproduce. One study examined honeybees in Canada and another one looked at three bee species in the United Kingdom, Germany and Hungary (were the first large-scale investigations to test the popular agrochemicals influence on bees in real world settings). The new studies say the environmental levels of neonicotinoids surrounding farms do not obliterate bee colonies outright, but instead kill them over extended periods of time. The pesticides also threaten bee queens in particular — which means colonies have lower reproductive rates. The recent studies suggest at least a reduction of their use if it is not banned. For example using a combination of approaches to manage pests in an environmentally sensitive way.
http://jhawkins54.typepad.com/files/effects_of_neonicotinoid_insecticides_on_bees-hopwood.pdf

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/neonicotinoid-pesticides-slowly-killing-bees

# data[].attributes.body
1. Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds that bind to acetylcholine receptor in cholinergic synapses in the CNS of insects. Neonicotinoids are not broken down by acetylcholinesterase, so the binding can't be undone. This leads to blocked receptors since acetylcholine can't bind and there is no synaptic transmission. This causes paralysis and death in insects. Neonicotinoids are relevant in our current topic because it deals with the nervous system. We are talking about the nervous system now and how neurons transmit signals. With Neonicotinoids,
2. The molecule, Neonicotinoid, is used in pesticides. It is very effective in killing insects that are harmful to plants. Neonicotinoids insecticides are killing off the bee population and causing the collapses honeybee colonies. There is debate about if the evidence of harm. The makers of the pesticides believe it is okay. Many dispute this
3. Recent research present evidence that insecticides should be banned.  The research said that the continued use of neonicotinoids could led to the extinction of bees and lower bird population. A study in 2013, in Europe, shows that neonicotinoids pose a great threat to wild bees and managed bees. There was a partial ban on neonicotinoids, and it confirms the previous evidence. Honeybees are a vital part of the environment in the food chain and in pollination of plants. If bees were to become extinct, then animals that prey on bees would die and plants would not be able to reproduce, so they would die too.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/pesticides-ban-evidence-death-birds-bees-grows-stronger-agriculture-partial-report-a7522391.html

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Evidence that controversial pesticides linked to " large-scale population extinctions " of bees should be banned has got stronger since a moratorium on their use was introduced three years ago, according to a new report.

Scientists at Sussex University carried out a review of the scientific studies since the European Union restricted the use of neonicotinoid pesticides on flowering plants in 2013.

There was also a greater risk that wild bees were suffering from "sub-lethal", but still harmful, effects. For example, some exposed bees were less able to forage for food.

The report also highlighted studies in three different countries which found the numbers of birds, butterflies and bees were reduced near fields with neonicotinoid-treated crops.

Neonics, as they are known, were thought to be safer than traditional pesticides, partly because they are usually used as a seed coating, rather than sprayed on the crop.

But one study found red-legged partridges fed seeds treated with one neonic died within days. Other researchers found house sparrows became "uncoordinated and unable to fly" and Japanese quail suffered DNA damage after being exposed to the pesticides.

Summarising their findings in the report for Greenpeace, researchers Professor Dave Goulson and Thomas Wood wrote: "Research produced since 2013 suggest that neonicotinoids pose a similar to greater risk to wild and managed bees, compared to the state of play in 2013.

"Given that the initial 2013 risk assessment was sufficient to impose a partial ban on the use of neonicotinoids on flowering crops, and given that new evidence either confirms or enhances evidence of risk to bees, it is logical to conclude that the current scientific evidence supports the extension of the moratorium."

They added that an extension of the partial ban to other uses of neonicotinoids "should be considered".

Friends of the Earth has already called for the moratorium to be extended to non-flowering crops like wheat - to the outrage of farmers.

Bees are sick of humans but man will feel the sting

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) had been due to publish its own evaluation of the latest evidence on the pesticides this month, but has delayed a decision to later this year.

Commenting on the report, Greenpeace UK's chief scientist, Dr Doug Parr, said: "The scientific evidence points to neonic pesticides posing as great a danger, and a greater one in some cases, to bees and other wildlife than when the EU ban was first introduced.

"If you look at the science, the case for strengthening the current ban on these potent neurotoxins is now overwhelming.

"Bees are a vital pillar of our food chain and our environment, and we should take no chances with their well-being."

And he said the issue would be a key indicator of the Environment Secretary's commitment to the natural world.

"If Andrea Leadsom is serious about 'leaving the environment in a better state than we inherited it', she should push hard for an extension and widening of the ban," Dr Parr said.

"Whatever shape Brexit will take, this is an early test of whether the UK government is willing to stand up for nature and the common good in the face of heavy lobbying from corporations and vested interests."

Martin Harper, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds' director of conservation, said the charity recognised pesticides "can be useful to farmers" to control "unwanted insects, weeds and other pests".

"However, this report adds to the growing body of evidence that shows how using neonicotinoids may carry unforeseen risks," he said.

"We believe that the use of neonicotinoids should be restricted, and Government should be supporting our farmers in adopting more wildlife-friendly approaches to pest control."

Mr Harper suggested different ways of dealing with pests like crop rotation, "careful choice of crop and variety" and timing farm operations to disrupt pest life cycles could be used instead.

"When the alternative is to continue using a chemical which may be contributing to declines in pollinators, earthworms, predatory beetles and other wildlife vital for a healthy countryside, we believe that restricting the use of neonicotinoids, however difficult, is necessary," he said.

A spokesman for the Crop Protection Association, which represents the pesticide industry, said neonicotinoids had gone through "an extensive risk assessment which found them to be safe for consumer health, for the people who use them and for the environment".

He said pesticides and herbicides "absolutely" had a place in modern farming.

"The UN Food and Agricultural Organisation estimates that to feed a global population set to reach 9.5 billion by 2050 we will need to increase global agricultural productivity by 70 per cent," the spokesman said.

"Farmers will need to use every available technology - including pesticides - to ensure food production keeps pace with this burgeoning demand, while at the same time protecting the natural environment and conserving precious natural resources."

And he added: "It is estimated that there would be a 40 per cent increase in UK food prices without pesticides.

"Globally we already lose up to 40 per cent of our food every year to weeds, pests and diseases.

"Without pesticides, these losses could double and 60-70 per cent more land would need to be brought into production just to maintain current yields, with clear consequences for wildlife and the environment."

He also that a new report had found the neonicotinoid moratorium had cost the European oilseed rape industry almost €900m (about £780m) a year.

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said it was "committed to ensuring pesticides are available only when the scientific evidence shows they do not pose unacceptable risks to the environment".

"Bees and other pollinators are vital to the diversity of our environment and food production, which is why we are leading on a nationwide strategy to better protect them," it said in a statement.

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Evidence grows that the pesticides on your food are hurting birds and bees

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Evidence that controversial pesticides linked to " large-scale population extinctions " of bees should be banned has got stronger since a moratorium on their use was introduced three years ago, according to a new report. Scientists at Sussex University carried out a review of the scientific studies since the European Union restricted the use of neonicotinoid pesticides on flowering plants in 2013.