# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese call their country Zhonghua Renmmin Gogheguo, or Zhong Guo for short. The Chinese see themselves as central in the history of the world. China is referred to as the "Middle Kingdom". The country is full of over 50 minority groups.

# data[].attributes.body
Women were confined to the domestic realm until the twentieth century. Men were involved in all other aspects of society. Women could work in agriculture though. The nineteenth century began a shift in gender roles, missionaries began starting schools specifically for girls. Opportunity began to grow for women and they were encouraged to work outside the home under communism. Today women are a functioning part of society but men still dominate the upper level jobs. Men also have better paying jobs in China.

# data[].attributes.body
Women were treated subordinate to men, they had no rights and were seen as possessions. This started to change in the twentieth century as women demanded more freedom and equality. Women's rights became a real focus then. Women played an important role in the Long March and the communist struggle against the Kuomintang, and under Mao they were given legal equality to men in the home and the workplace as well as in laws governing marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Women still face issues such as abuse, being sold as brides.

# data[].attributes.body
There are three major religions/philosophies in China, they are also referred to as the three ways. These religions are called Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. Taoism was founded in the sixth century by Lao-Tzu. He wrote down his beliefs in a book called Tao Te Ching. Taoism believes that people should be one with nature and all iving things. This religion does not follow a lot of the rules of the government. The idea of Yin and Yang comes from Taoism, they believe that everything has two forces that work together. Confucianism was born in 551 BC. Confucius was a philosopher and thinker. He came up with ways that people should behave and live. It focuses on people treating each other with kindness and respect, it also sees mortality as a very important thing. Unlike Taoism, they believe in a very strong government. Finally, Buddhism was based on the teachings of Buddha. Buddhism spread through India and China. They believe in a system of rebirth. They also believe someone is re birthed once their life prospers. After this happens they would enter a place called nirvana. Buddhists believe in Karma.

# data[].attributes.body
Common Foods

# data[].attributes.body
Taoism: Chanting, praying, meditation, reciting prayers and texts.
Confucianism: Formal sacrifices, religious ceremonies, social rituals.
Buddhism: Meditation, mantras, mudras, prayer wheel, pilgrimage, monast

# data[].attributes.body
Taoism: The lantern festival, tomb sweeping day, dragon boat festival, the Chinese new year, The hungry ghost festival
Buddhism: Vesak (Buddha's birthday), Kathina, Uposatha
Confucianism: Most of their holidays are the same as the other two religions, but two original holidays they celebrate are- Confucius's birthday and the Ching Ming festival

# data[].attributes.body
In 2013 around 770 million people had a job. The total population was 1.36 billion. 382 million people worked in urban areas and 387 million people worked in rural areas. In 2010 15% of the workers were 55 or older. This is estimated to grow to 30% in 2030.

# data[].attributes.body
China is located in the continent of Asia.  it is the 4th largest nation in the world with a total area of 9,596,961 square kilometers. It is in the southeast part of Asia and is bordered by 6 countries.

# data[].attributes.body
Confucianism: The cemetery of Confucius, temples, Kong family mansion, temple of Confucius
Buddhism: Bodh Gaya, Lumbini, Kushingar
Taoism: Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Wangwu, Shaaxi

# data[].attributes.body
The geography of China has great geographical diversity. In the east, it is mainly plains and flatland, giving it a rich soil for agriculture. Most of the human population is located in this area. The North and South have much less flat area and also much less human population. There are many different hills and plateaus.

# data[].attributes.body
In china most of the people that are here are working in manufacturing jobs. They are building thing like toys and electronics in factories. Other common jobs are they will be also working in restaurants or in retail. Most of the people young people today are going into service jobs because they pay around $250 more per month than factory jobs.

# data[].attributes.body
In China some of the major industries include the production of steel, mining coal, building machines, textiles, petroleum, shoes, toys, food, cars, and electronics. Building machines and Metal production is their main priority. In the 1980s tourism increased which opened investment opportunity to the western people.

# data[].attributes.body
China has the highest population with 1.4 billion people. China contains nearly 1/4 of the worlds population. 92% of the people living there are Han Chinese, the other 8 percent are of other various minorities.

# data[].attributes.body
When they were under communism. The government chooses what the people did for a living. In 1978 this changed as well as in 1986. The change allowed for increased the wages and for more productivity.  This made for a lot of development in the Entrepreneurial side of the culture. People were opening shops, and taxi services.

# data[].attributes.body
They import Machines, equipment, plastics, chemicals, steel, and mineral fuel mainly. They also export machinery, equipment, cloths and cloth, toys, and chemicals. They ship these things to the U.S., Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea.

They used to in the 1950s only ship to other communist countries. When the Soviet Union made that change when they fell.  Now it is with non communist countries

# data[].attributes.body
Staple foods in China include rice, noodles, tofu, meat and poultry, and certain vegetables. All these ingredients together make dishes such as won tons, chow mein noodles, and different kinds of pork and chicken products.

# data[].attributes.body
There are 297 different languages that are spoken in China. Standard Chinese is the official language of the country.  The language has over 60,000 characters, only 5,000 being used in daily language. Words in the language have different meanings depending on how they are said or the pitch. This makes the language very complex.

# data[].attributes.body
There are many popular dishes in china Kung Pao Chicken and Chow Mein noodles. Both of these dishes are popular in China as well as the US. Kung Pao chicken has diced chicken, dried chicken, and roasted peanuts. Chow Mein is a stir fry dish that has noodles as well as some kind of meat, onions, and celery.

# data[].attributes.body
Food Etiquette/Customs

# data[].attributes.body
Respect is very important part of a Chinese dinner. When sitting down for a meal, you are not allowed to eat until the host says "please enjoy yourself". When the food comes out is arranged so that the main courses are in the middle and side dishes are around them. Dishes will be placed facing elders and major guests to show respect.

# data[].attributes.body
During birthdays for young children they will often have noodles before they're birthday to indicate the long life they've lived in China and then they will have a birthday cake on their actual birthday. On a wedding day people are served nuts such as dates, peanuts, and chestnuts as a wish that the couple will have a baby

# data[].attributes.body
State-run corporations often provide housing, child care, education, medical care, and other services for their employees, these organizations are called danwei, or work units. Compensation is provided for injuries, disabilities, old age, and a survivors pension. Social welfare is more concentrated in the areas where housing, food, and education is subsidized. Sometimes on the countryside social welfare falls on specific families as a burden but is mostly handled by small businesses. Emergency relief is provided in the case of a natural disaster. Families that comply with the one child rule get special treatment.

# data[].attributes.body
Male children were valued above female, male children can carry on the family name as females cannot. If hardship fell upon the family, female children were usually sold into servitude and prostitution. Babies usually are not bathed for three days after birth. When a male child turns one month old, the parents throw a First Moon party. The boy's head is shaved, and the hair is wrapped in a red cloth, which, after a hundred days, is thrown in the river. This is thought to protect the child. Children are given responsibilities from a very young age, in the home and the community. Rural children are given farm labor chores. City children clean the home and sweep the street, school children must keep the classroom clean. Women are encouraged to work in child care, and grandparents play a large part in raising a child. They then begin Primary school idealy at the age of six.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese New Year- 1st - 15th of the first lunar month. It is the most important annual event for Chinese people. Chinese New Year is the time for the whole family to come together. The festival lasts for 15 days from Chinese New Year Eve to Lantern Festival.
Lantern Festival- 15th day of the first lunar month. This is a festival that includes watching lanterns, guessing lantern riddles, fireworks, eating rice and dumplings, and dancing.
Dragon Boat Festival- 5th day of the 5th lunar month. They eat sticky rice dumplings and race dragon boats.
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/holidays/

# data[].attributes.body
Graphic Arts

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese literature is a subject that spans thousands of years. An interesting thing about Chinese literature is that much of the serious literature was composed using a formal written language that is called Classical Chinese. Chinese literacy works include fiction, religious works, poetry, and scientific writings. The grammar or the written Classical Language is different than the spoken languages of the past two thousand years.
https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/history-of-chinese-literature.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Graphic design is the art of combining words and pictures in books, ads, or magazines. The Chinese had a big part in the history of graphic design. Chinese calligraphy is used today more than any other visual language system. Another idea thought up by the Chinese is paper and printing. The Europeans took these Chinese ideas and were able to draw maps to travel the world and discover new things.

# data[].attributes.body
China is one of the longest lasting and oldest civilizations in the world. Ancient china can be traced back over 4000 years and it is also the most populated country in the world. In most of chinas history the country was ruled by dynasties and has the longest empire lasting over 2000 years. Before the dynasties land was owned by lords and ran by farmers. The mongols were the chinese worst enemy and the great wall of china was built to keep them out.

# data[].attributes.body
China is a country of many ethnic groups, and more than 50 ethnic groups are within their ancestors who have lived on this land for thousands of years. most ethnic groups are native ethnic groups exclusively from China, and their history can be traced back in written history some 2,000 years ago, which is different from many Western countries.

# data[].attributes.body
China has the worlds second largest economy, poverty has been pretty much eleminated in china in the last few years because of the growth of the economy in 2014. Chinas growth stradgy was to make and sell cheap goods to the world. The chinese are known to have ahigh savings rate. There savings GDP is 50% while in america it is 14%. China is also the worlds largest exporter and second largest importer of merchandice goods.

# data[].attributes.body
The outfits are more on the business side of things, like suits and dress shoes. Men should wear black suits and woman should wear  business suits or dresses that have a high neckline. High heels is not a thing that should be worn woman should have flat shoes or low heels. You should stay away from bright colors. When you are talking to people they should be addressed with their title then their name a couple examples would be Director Wang and General Manager Liu.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
你好! (Hello!) and Welcome to our Guide to Chinese Culture, Customs, Business Practices & Etiquette
A country that has witnessed huge cultural and economic change in the past century now stands as one of the world's power houses. For foreigners travelling to the country for business or for pleasure, understanding the local culture is essential in putting your best foot forward.
That is why we have published our free guide to Chinese culture!

Valuable for anyone researching Chinese culture, customs, language, society, manners, etiquette, values, business norms and essentially wanting to understand the people better.

Whether visiting Shanghai on business or Beijing for tourism or even hosting Chinese colleagues or clients in your own country, this guide will help you understand your counterparts, improve communication and get the relationship off to the right start.

How do we know all this information? Well, we are experts in cultural awareness training courses on Chinese culture!
[Muslim Uyghur Chinese men from the west of the country]

FACTS AND STATISTICS

Location: China is located in Eastern Asia bordering Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km and Vietnam 1,281 km.

Capital: Beijing.

Flag: The Chinese flag features a large yellow star in the top left- hand corner with four smaller stars adjacent in a semi-circle. The stars are against a red field which is symbolic of the blood that was spilt during the revolution and the large golden coloured star symbolises the leader of the communist party. The four smaller stars represent the peoples of China.

National anthem: The national anthem of the Peoples Republic of China is known as the 'March of the Volunteers' and was composed in 1934 by the poet - Tian Han. The following year the composer Nie Er set it to music. The anthem which honours the soldiers who fought against the Japanese during the thirties was not made the official song until 1949.

Nationality: Chinese.

Ethnic Make-up: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%.

Population: 1.379 billion (2016).

Population growth rate: 0.5% annual change (2016).

Time Zone: Although China is a vast country, (roughly the size of the US), they use only one single standard time and do not observe daylight saving time. The official standard time is known as 'Beijing Time' which is eight hours ahead of UTC.

Currency: Renminbi

Government: Communist

Internet penetration: 38.4% of the population (2011) - According to 'statista' 2017 - China has 1 billion internet users.

WARNING! Remember this is only a very basic level introduction to Chinese culture and the people; it can not account for the diversity within Chinese society and is not meant in any way to stereotype all Chinese people you may meet!

BASIC INTRODUCTION
China has a rich history of ancient civilisation going back more than 3,000 years. There is written evidence of the Shang Dynasty dating back to c. 1600 to 1046 BC. Pre-history chronicles tell of warring kingdoms which were brought under control and unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC. He then nominated himself as 'Emperor', thus giving birth to the Qing dynasty and imperial rule which lasted until 1912 AD.
In the 19th Century China was beleaguered by famine and civil unrest after years of foreign imperialist control. The Boxer Rebellion, which began in 1899 and ended in 1901, sought to restore China to its traditional culture, religion and Confucian ethics. The situation in China was further exacerbated by internal unrest brought about by what many believed to be poor policies and corruption within the Qing dynasty. In 1912, the dynasty fell and the Republic of China was created.
Following the Second World War, China came under the rule of Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), a revolutionary communist known as Chairman Mao, who founded the People's Republic of China. He imposed an autocratic society forcing strict control over the people of China and introduced the famous 'Little Red Book' which listed slogans and directions as part of the coming Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution was a defining period in Chinese history and constituted a socio-political uprising against those considered to be part of capitalist structures (such as landowners / business owners) or to have positions of power, including teachers.
Following Chairman Mao's death in 1976, he was succeeded by Chinese revolutionary and reformer Deng Xiaoping. Xiapong focused on economic development and international trading which helped transform relations with West and improve living standards.

Living standards have over the last few decades improved significantly and, whilst some freedom has been gained, political restraints of its people still remain rigid.

LANGUAGE IN CHINA
The common language in China is Mandarin, often known as the 'Han language' which is spoken in the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. It is the language favoured by the government, education and media.
Cantonese is also commonly spoken in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore. While both languages are Sinitic, that is to say they originate from the Sino-Tibetan language family, they are not mutually intelligible. As China is such a vast country there are many hundreds of dialect differences which do not always render them collectively intelligible.

[Typical classic Chinese architecture in Beijing]
CHINA CULTURE & SOCIETY

Religion & Beliefs:

The major religion in China is Taoism (or Daoism as it is also commonly known). Those who do not follow Taoism primarily subscribe to Buddhism, followed by Christianity and Islam.

Taoism is an ancient religious framework which focuses on the need to live in harmony with the Tao which is, put simply, the source of all existence. Unlike Confucianism, it does not focus on social order or ritualistic behaviours.

Buddhism was brought to China by monks from India almost 2,000 years ago and has co-existed with Taoism ever since.

Although not strictly a religion, Confucianism is widely followed in China. It is more a philosophy which sets examples of ethical values and beliefs taken from the teachings of Confucius who died in 479 BCE. Confucianism essentially incorporates ethical socio-political teachings and features a number of ritualistic practices which Confucius considered important to human bonding.

Major Celebrations/Secular Celebrations:

1st January - New Year's Day - National Holiday

January 28th - Chinese New Year (dates can vary - takes place in 12th lunar month of the Chinese calendar) National Holiday

January 29th - Spring festival golden week holiday - National holiday

April 5th (or 15th day of the spring equinox) - Qing Ming Jie holiday - National Holiday

May 1st - Labour Day - National holiday

May 28th - Dragon boat festival - National holiday

October 1st - National Golden Week holiday - National holiday

October 4th - Mid-Autumn festival - National holiday

There are numerous other holidays which are observed locally but not designated as national holidays.

The Family:

Social Stratification:

Class differences emerged in Chinese society as early as 221 during the first Qin Dynasty when class divisions were clearly defined. At the head of society was the Emperor ruler who held supreme power, followed by his advisors who held supreme over the next strata, the nobles and military generals. Merchants and Artists formed the next class divide and, at the bottom of the chain, were the peasants and slaves.

Following the Chinese revolution in 1949, when Mao Zedong formed the Peoples Republic of China, communism became the new government. In theory, the institution of communism was intended to bring about a classless society and eradicate the so called 'ruling classes'.

However, the economic and socio-political climate in China has changed in the last few decades which has developed disproportionately across this vast country and subsequently widened the gap between rich and poor.

The Importance of "Face":

'Face; is an important concept in Chinese society. It roughly translates as 'honour', 'good reputation' or 'respect'.

There are four types of 'face':
1) Diu-mian-zi: this is when one's actions or deeds have been exposed to people.
2) Gei-mian-zi: involves the giving of face to others through showing respect.
3) Liu-mian-zi: this is developed by avoiding mistakes and showing wisdom in action.
4) Jiang-mian-zi: this is when face is increased through others, i.e. someone complementing you to an associate.

It is critical you avoid losing face or causing the loss of face at all times. Public criticism therefore, or putting someone on the spot are absolute no-nos in China.

Collectivism vs. Individualism:

In general, the Chinese are a collective society with a need for group affiliation, whether to their family, school, work group, or country.

In order to maintain a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and will not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment.

Individuals are typically willing to subjugate their own feelings for the good of the group which can often be observed by the use of silence in very structured meetings. If someone disagrees with what another person says, rather than disagree publicly, the person will remain quiet. This gives face to the other person, while speaking up would be deemed to cause both parties lose face.

Gender Roles:

Historically, women held a subordinate role to that of men although had some power of authority within the home. Confucianism played a role in the subjugation of women who were seen as the possessions of men, first by their father and then by their husband.

The tradition of foot binding was another symbol of the power men had over women who were virtually crippled from an early stage of their lives by the practice. It was not until the early 20th Century that this practice was banned.

The role of women began to change during the 20th Century, particularly following the foundation of the Peoples Republic, when equality of the sexes was encouraged. However, the strong ideology of Confucianism which identifies women as weak still prevails in some communities.

Today, although women have many more advantages and take up roles traditionally held by men in medicine, pharmacology, education and science, they still struggle to higher hold executive positions.

Socialization:

The one-child policy which was introduced in 1979 to curb the rapidly growing population has created problems in a society where traditionally, the male child is favoured over females.

This has led, in the past, to girl babies being abandoned or even becoming the victim of infanticide, although it is becoming less divided now and having girls has become more acceptable.

Women are taught that they should endeavour to maintain a happy disposition throughout their pregnancy in order to have a happy child. Following confinement, since both mother and child are deemed to be in a weak state, a month's resting period is typically oberved.

After the first month, both baby and mother are presented to friends and relatives who give their blessings at what is called the 'Full Moon Celebration' (also known as the 'red egg and ginger party'). The guests bring money in a red envelope and are presented with plates of pickled red ginger and red eggs - in uneven numbers when celebrating the birth of a boy and even numbers when celebrating the birth of a girl. The colour red symbolises good luck, health and happiness whilst the eggs represent new life and harmony.

Children, although highly prized in China, are required to show obedience and respect to their elders and to undertake chores in the home and at school.

Under communism, women are encouraged to take work outside the home which is is supported through the provision of kindergarten facilities. Chinese families are close and it is common for grandparents to play an important role in the care of the children.

Education in China is mandatory for nine years. At least three quarters of the population go on to attend secondary education which lasts for three years.

Food:

The Chinese are famed for their eclectic mix of flavours, spices, colour and taste. Their staple foods are rice, tofu and noodles which form a basis to the wide variety of complimentary ingredients such as: Bamboo shoots, string beans, water chestnuts, Chinese mushrooms, ginger root, garlic, chillies and coriander.

Individuals typically eat a wide range of meats, the most popular of which are pork and duck. Fish and shell fish are also a popular source of food. Dinner is the most important meal of the day and will typically include a variety of dishes which may start with soup.

Most popular dishes in China include: Spring Rolls, Peking Duck - thin strips of crispy, roasted duck served with shredded cabbage and a sweet sauce, Bang Bang chicken or duck, so called because the meat is tenderised by hitting it with a hammer, Chow Mein which incorporates stir fried noodles with either meat, fish or vegetables.

Economy:

Over the past few decades China has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world and is among the globe's group of largest exporters and importers.

China became a member of the World Trade Organisation in 2001.

They have free trade agreements with a number of other countries including: South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and Switzerland.

According to statistics China's GDP growth was 6.7% - (2016)

Arts, Humanities & Popular Culture:

China has a rich heritage of culture, art and literature dating back to the earliest civilisations. Traditional beliefs influenced by changing imperial rulers, philosophies and Confucianism have been carried through time and are reflected in the arts.

China is known for its pottery - particularly the blue and white willow pattern which depict pastoral, rustic scenes of everyday life in China's past. China was the first to discover porcelain which was perfected in the 1500s during the Ming dynasty - hence the famed and valuable Ming vase.

Poetry and literature has played a role in traditional culture including 'The Book of Songs' dating back to 600 BC written by Qu Yuan which, even today, has some influence. The Red

Chamber was a literary piece considered one of China's great classics written by Cao Xueqin in the 18th Century.

In the 19th Century western influence began to creep in and gave way to a new genre of writing. The Rickshaw Boy is a 20th Century classic fiction written by Lao She which features the story of a Rickshaw bearer in Beijing. Language and sentiments within the book aligned with some of the concerns held by those with communist leanings.

Following the inception of communist rule all artists work has been censured and any criticism of the party ideology outlawed. Despite being one of the world's fastest moving economies importing luxury cars and goods, China remains sensitive to criticism within its popular culture albeit there has been some decrease in the rigidity of those controls.

[Eating out is very common in China with food stalls of many varieties serving 100s of dishes]
SOCIAL CUSTOMS & PROTOCOL

Naming conventions:

Given names in China are usually one or two characters and come after the surname.

It is not traditional for Chinese people to have a middle name.

Women do not change their name when they marry but continue to retain the name of their father.

Meeting & Greeting:

Communication style:

Chinese non-verbal communication speaks volumes.

Since the Chinese strive for harmony and are group dependent, they rely on facial expression, tone of voice and posture to convey meaning or intention.

Frowning while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Therefore, most Chinese maintain an impassive expression when speaking.

It is considered disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes. In crowded situations, the Chinese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.

Personal Space:

Chinese people are precious of their personal space and do not like over-familiarity.

Touching is only acceptable between family and close friends.

Prolonged eye contact could be seen as confrontational and avoiding eye contact can be seen as reverential rather than rude.

Gift Giving:

In general, gifts are given at Chinese New Year, weddings, births and more recently (because of marketing), birthdays.

The Chinese like food and a nice food basket will make a great gift.

Do not give scissors, knives or other cutting utensils as they indicate the severing of the relationship.

Do not give clocks, handkerchiefs or straw sandals as they are associated with funerals and death.

Do not give flowers, as many Chinese associate these with funerals.

Do not wrap gifts in white, blue or black paper.

Four is an unlucky number so do not give four of anything. Eight is the luckiest number, so giving eight of something brings luck to the recipient.

Always present gifts with two hands.

Gifts are not opened when received.

Gifts may be refused three times before they are accepted.

Dining & Food:

The Chinese prefer to entertain in public places rather than in their homes, especially when entertaining foreigners.

If you are invited to a Chinese home, consider it a great honour. If you must turn down such an honour, it is considered polite to explain the conflict in your schedule so that your actions are not taken as a slight.

Arrive on time.

Remove your shoes before entering the house.

Bring a small gift to the hostess.

Eat well to demonstrate that you are enjoying the food!

Table manners:

Learn to use chopsticks.

Wait to be told where to sit. The guest of honour will be given a seat facing the door.

Chopsticks should not be placed upwards in a bowl of rice as this is seen as bad luck.

[Sleek, shiny Shanghai - the face of modern business China]
BUSINESS CULTURE & ETIQUETTE TIPS

What to Wear:

Titles:

In a formal situation with the Chinese, people should be addressed by their title followed by their last name.

When meeting in a business environment, professional titles can be used, for instance, General Manager Liu or Director Wang.

Business cards:

Business cards are exchanged after the initial introduction.

Have one side of your business card translated into Chinese using simplified Chinese characters that are printed in gold ink since gold is an auspicious colour.

Your business card should include your title. If your company is the oldest or largest in your country, that fact should be on your card as well.

Hold the card in both hands when offering it, Chinese side facing the recipient.

Examine a business card before putting it on the table next to you or in a business card case.

Never write on someone's card unless so directed.

Meetings:

Appointments are necessary and, if possible, should be made between one-to-two months in advance, preferably in writing.

If you do not have a contact within the company, use an intermediary to arrange a formal introduction. Once the introduction has been made, you should provide the company
with information about your company and what you want to accomplish at the meeting.

You should arrive at meetings on time or slightly early. The Chinese view punctuality as a virtue. Arriving late is an insult and could negatively affect your relationship

Pay great attention to the agenda as each Chinese participant has his or her own agenda that they will attempt to introduce.

Send an agenda before the meeting so your Chinese colleagues have the chance to meet with any technical experts prior to the meeting. Discuss the agenda with your translator/intermediary prior to submission.

Each participant will take an opportunity to dominate the floor for lengthy periods without appearing to say very much of anything that actually contributes to the meeting. Be patient and listen. There could be subtle messages being transmitted that would assist you in allaying fears of on-going association.
Meetings require patience. Mobile phones ring frequently and conversations tend to be boisterous. Never ask the Chinese to turn off their mobile phones as this causes you both to lose face.

Guests are generally escorted to their seats, which are in descending order of rank. Senior people generally sit opposite senior people from the other side.

It is imperative that you bring your own interpreter, especially if you plan to discuss legal or extremely technical concepts as you can brief the interpreter prior to the meeting.

Written material should be available in both English and Chinese, using simplified characters. Be very careful about what is written. Make absolutely certain that written translations are accurate and cannot be misinterpreted.

Visual aids are useful in large meetings and should only be done with black type on white background. Colours have special meanings and if you are not careful, your colour choice could work against you.

Presentations should be detailed and factual and focus on long-term benefits. Be prepared for the presentation to be a challenging experience.

Negotiating:

Only senior members of the negotiating team will speak. Designate the most senior person in your group as your spokesman for the introductory functions.

Business negotiations occur at a slow pace.

Be prepared for the agenda to become a jumping off point for other discussions.

Chinese are non-confrontational. They will not overtly say 'no', they will say 'they will think about it' or 'they will see'.

Chinese negotiations are process oriented. They want to determine if relationships can develop to a stage where both parties are comfortable doing business with the other.

Decisions may take a long time, as they require careful review and consideration.

Under no circumstances should you lose your temper or you will lose face and irrevocably damage your relationship.

Do not use high-pressure tactics. You might find yourself outmanoeuvred.

Business is hierarchical. Decisions are unlikely to be made during the meetings you attend.

The Chinese are shrewd negotiators.

Your starting price should leave room for negotiation.

Management:

Like most things in China, business management is based upon the teachings of Confucianism which denote that no relationship is underpinned by equality.

There is always a hierarchy - Older and most senior people command the most respect. Directives of management start at the top and are passed down the chain.

Those on the lowest rung of the ladder would not be expected to question the motives or decisions made by the higher ranks; to do so would indicate a lack of respect.

The most senior person in the company is viewed rather like a father kjwho should receive unquestioned loyalty and obedience.

Learn more about Chinese Management Culture.

Thank you for reading our guide to the China. We hope you found it useful. If you have anything to add to our country profile please contact us as we are keen to ensure accuracy.

Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Chinese Culture!

Take the Culture Vulture's Quiz on China and see how much you have learned about the country, its people and culture.
If you can score above 85% then you know your stuff! You have 3 minutes to complete it - go on, test yourself!

Buy an In-Depth Country Report for China
For those needing a more detailed and comprehensive overview of China we have published an expert Report on Chinese Society, Culture & Business.
The report has been authored by one of our country specialists and provides readers with much more detail that our free guide above. Topics include:
All for only £4.99. Order via the button below to receive your China Insight in seconds or read more before buying!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
China - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A country that has witnessed huge cultural and economic change in the past century now stands as one of the world's power houses. For foreigners travelling to the country for business or for pleasure, understanding the local culture is essential in putting your best foot forward.

# data[].attributes.body
In ancient china marriages would be worked out by families, in communiest china they would be worked out with neighborhood counclis. In chinese customs men should amrry women several years younder than them and with less education making women over thiry with a good education usually unmarried. Cinese become allowed to marry at age 20 for women and 22 for men. 25% of women in china say they regret getting married when they did. China has a long histpry of poloogimy, wealthy men usually had more than one wife because they could afford to support all of them. in 19950 it was banned.

# data[].attributes.body
No one, not even Chinese citizens can own property in China forever, because their government owns all their property. Land can be used for residential use for up to 70 years and for industrial purposes it can be used for 50 years, but no one is allowed to own land forever. As far as foreign people trying to own land there are restrictions on what they can and can't buy. They need to buy land from an agent or owner.
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/real-property-law/china.php

# data[].attributes.body
Performing Arts

# data[].attributes.body
Performing arts in China date back to over 10,000 years ago and it is still important today. Performing arts can include anything from painting to pottery.

# data[].attributes.body
Do not overreact when people ask more personal questions. They do it to just try to seek common ground.Do not write anything in red ink because that means you are protesting or just severe criticism. Make sure you show up on time shows that you have respect and that you are honored. DO not have affections for someone in public makes them feel awkward and just frowned upon. Stay calm and don't raise your voice with government officials it will only make it worse.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As one of the oldest living civilizations on Earth, China has been developing its culture over millennia and during your visit you might notice that Chinese culture isn't exactly what you're used to. What might be culturally acceptable in the West might be taboo in China (and vice versa!) so it's only natural to feel a bit overwhelmed when visiting China for the first time.

To help keep the culture shock to a minimum, we've compiled this handy list of cultural do's and don'ts, as well as a general etiquette guide that'll help you blend right in when visiting this fascinating country.

Greetings

Handshakes as greetings in China are as common as they are in the West.

Do

Do greet others by using a handshake or a nod. Bows are best saved for your visit to Japan or Korea.

Do address seniority by an honorific title (family relationship or e.g. 'teacher': laoshi) or by the family name plus Mr. (xiansheng), Ms. (nvshi).

Do address the eldest or most senior person first. This is done as a sign of respect to those in a more senior position.

Don't

If you're interested in avoiding other do's and don'ts when communicating in China, take a look at our in-depth guide on Communicating in China.

Table Manners

Our guides will show you the proper, Chinese way of using chopsticks

Do

Don't

See our article on Chinese Dining Etiquette to learn more about Chinese table manners.

Giving and Receiving Gifts

When visiting friends in China, it's common to present your host with a small gift.

Do

Don't

Not sure what to gift your new Chinese friends? Our guides on Gifts for Men and Gifts for Women have you covered.

Etiquette in Historic and Religious Areas

Don't photograph elders in Tibet without permission.

For example, around Tibet and Jiuzhaiguo:

Do

Don't

Don't photograph old folk without permission. It's often assumed that a request to photograph them is an offer to pay - the same in some places on the Silk Road.

Don't touch a Tibetan on the head. Tibetans believe that God resides in your head and may be offended by this gesture.

Don't dip your fingers in the yak butter lamps in temples. You may be tempted to taste the butter but this is highly offensive, not to mention unhygienic and a health risk.

If you're interested in learning more about Chinese temple culture, be sure to check out our guide, How to Visit a Chinese Temple or join us on our popular 7-Day Tibet Discovery Tour by Train where you'll be surrounded by spectacular scenery while travelling via the world's highest railway.

In Mosques and Islamic Areas Around the Silk Road:

Xi'an Great Mosque

Do

Don't

Thinking of travelling to the Silk Road? Be sure to check out our Silk Road Travel Guide, or if it's your first time visiting China, our 13-Day Beijing- Xian- Dunhuang- Urumqi- Shanghai Tour incorporates a visit to the Silk Road with other popular Chinese highlights.

General Etiquette in China

Always remember to keep calm and to never overreact

Chinese people are just as proud, if not prouder, of their country as visitors are of theirs. They can understandably become a little irritated when visitors favor with criticisms of China. Would you be happy to hear criticisms of your home country? Chinese people already know that not everything's perfect, and they also know that they, like other countries, are working hard to deal with issues such as the environment and the population. Discussions regarding politics, state leaders, recent history, and issues pertaining to Taiwan, Xinjiang and Tibet are still seen as sensitive topics, and should be avoided.

Do not overreact when a local asks personal questions. What might be regarded as a personal question in your country could be a perfectly normal, and valid question in China. Don't act shocked if your new friends start asking you questions regarding your marital status, family, age, job or income - they're asking such questions in an attempt to seek common ground and start or keep the conversation going. If you don't feel comfortable answering a question, let the person you're talking to know. Just as there's no need to overreact when asked such questions, there's no need to answer a question that makes you feel uncomfortable.

Keep calm when dealing with government officials and void making situations unnecessarily tense. An angry or upset foreigner sticks out like a sore thumb and draws unnecessary attention. Not only that, but raising your voice or getting angry is considered a loss of face in Asian culture, and China's no exception. Getting frustrated will help with nothing but creating a losing-face situation for everyone involved, and there's few things worse than causing someone to lose face among their peers.

Never write in red ink. Red ink is a symbol of protest or criticism, and best saved for teachers correcting students' homework. Another reason as to why you should never write in red ink, particularly when writing someone's name, is that red ink is used to mark the names of criminals condemned to death in official records, and to write their names on their tombstones. Need another reason? Red ink is sometimes used to convey bad news - such as somebody passing away or a breakup letter. The best thing you can do is to avoid using red ink all together, the last thing you'd want is to upset your new friends by writing them a thank you letter in red ink!

Punctuality is considered a virtue in China (despite the fact that Chinese people are, on average, 10 minutes late for their engagements!). Being on time is a sign of respect toward others. Chinese people may show up earlier to show their earnestness, but be wary of the situation. Showing up early to a meal you were invited to can be considered impolite, as it may give the impression that you're hungry and eager to eat. Being on time for your tour or at any other time shows respect for the guide, and for fellow travelers.

Avoid public displays of affection. Even though public displays of affection in China are not as taboo as they used to be, it's still wise to avoid them. Just like the body contact we mentioned in the "Greetings" section, the person you're with might not be comfortable with PDAs, or the community you're in might frown upon such acts. Play it safe and save all affectionate displays

Discover More Fascinating Chinese Culture

The Potala Palace is a symbol of Tibet, where the do's and don'ts are very different. To plan a trip, see our Tibet Travel Guide.

Getting ready to visit this culturally rich country for the first time? Get in touch with our local experts and they'll help you create your very own customized trip so that you can enjoy China your way. Our knowledgeable travel advisors and local tour guides will ensure you avoid the above cultural do's and don'ts, minimizing the culture shock and maximizing your enjoyment.

If you're still unsure of what to do, be sure to check out a few of our popular tours for inspiration:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do and Don'ts in China - A Guide to Chinese Etiquette

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
First time visiting China? Be sure to read our handy guide to Chinese etiquette, including many do's and don'ts for the discerning traveler.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/China.html
https://www.classbase.com/Countries/china/Education-System

# data[].attributes.body
Renting an apartment in China is different than renting one in America. Renting a one bedroom in the city is about $547.03 but the average in America is $623. Therefore, in America it costs about $100 more for the average renting expense. Buying clothes like jeans in China costs about $60 which is average in America depending on where you get your clothes. American Eagle jeans are more expensive than jeans from Hollister or Walmart. Utilities in China are about $53.67 and America is about $200.
https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=China

# data[].attributes.body
China is a communist country.The president is the chief of state and is elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) for a five-year term. However, the president defers to the decisions and leadership of the NPC. The NPC is responsible for writing laws and policy decisions, decides who gets the authority to do what, and looks over other parts of the government. The highest level in the executive branch of the government is the State Council, which is composed of a premier, a vice premier, councillors, and various ministers. The State Council handles issues of internal politics, defense, economy, culture, and education. The State Council members are appointed and can be removed by the president's decision.

# data[].attributes.body
Business Relations- In China, people are more social in businesses. If you don't get the job done then that is totally acceptable as long as the right amount of socializing is done. In America, people are not so friendly in businesses. If you don't get the job done that is unacceptable and you will get in trouble.
Respect- In China, being sensitive to another person is very important. You must respect other people and treat them well. In America, if you don't get treated right from other people, you don't treat them right. There's a saying here in America and it is, "Treat others the way you want to be treated."
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/10-Major-Cultural-Differences---China-and-the-United-States

# data[].attributes.body
China believes that only good things come in pairs. That is why odd numbers are avoided for birthdays and weddings. So bad things like burials are held on odd number days. Also the number four sounds like the symbol for death so it is also avoided. So apartments like on floor four is used for foreigners. If chopsticks are left straight up in your bowl of rice then it is said that the owner of the business will have bad luck. Another taboo would be during holidays you would share scary stories like about death and ghost.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Every culture has its own taboos, and it is important to remain aware of them when traveling or encountering another culture to ensure you don't commit a social faux-pas. In Chinese culture, some of the most common taboos involve gift-giving, birthdays, and weddings.

According to Chinese tradition, good things come in pairs. Therefore odd numbers are avoided for birthday celebrations and weddings. To avoid bad things happening in pairs, activities such as burials and gift-giving are not performed on even-numbered days.

In Chinese, the number four (四, sì) sounds like the word for death (死, sǐ). For this reason, the number four is avoided-particularly on phone numbers, license plates, and addresses. For addresses that do contain fours, the rent is usually less and apartments on the fourth floor are typically rented by foreigners.

Shopkeepers may opt not to read a book at work because "book" (書, shū) sounds like "lose" (輸, shū). Shopkeepers who read may be afraid their businesses will suffer losses.

When it comes to sweeping, shopkeepers are careful not to sweep toward the door, especially during the Chinese New Year, in case good fortune is swept out into the street.

When eating a meal, never turn over fish when you are with a fisherman as the motion symbolizes a boat capsizing. Also, never offer a friend an umbrella because the word umbrella (傘, sǎn) sounds similar to 散 ( sàn, to break up) and the act is a sign that you will never see each other again.

Young children should not eat chicken feet as it is believed that doing so will prevent them from writing well when they start school. They may also become prone to fighting like roosters.

Leaving food on one's plate-particularly grains of rice-is believed to result in marriage to a spouse with many pockmarks on his or her face. Not finishing a meal is also believed to incur the wrath of the thunder god.

Another Chinese taboo relating to food is that chopsticks should not be left standing straight up in a bowl of rice. This act is said to bring bad luck to restaurant owners as chopsticks stuck in rice look similar to incense placed in urns.

Since good things are believed to come in pairs, gifts given in pairs (except sets of four) are best. When preparing the gift, do not wrap it in white as that color represents sorrow and poverty.

Certain gifts are also seen as inauspicious. For example, never give a clock, watch, or pocket watch as a gift because "to send a clock" (送鐘, sòng zhōng) sounds like "the funeral ritual" (送終, sòng zhōng). According to Chinese taboo, clocks symbolize that time is running out. There are many other such ominous Chinese gifts to avoid.

If you give an unlucky gift by accident, the receiver can make it right by giving you a coin which changes the gift to an item they have symbolically purchased.

It is a Chinese taboo to share stories about death and dying and ghost stories during special occasions and holidays. Doing so is considered extremely unlucky.

There are many Chinese New Year taboos to be wary of. On the first day of the Chinese New Year, inauspicious words cannot be spoken. For example, words such as break, spoil, die, gone, and poor should not be uttered.

During the Chinese New Year, nothing should be broken. When eating fish, diners must be careful to not break any of the bones, and be extra careful not to break any plates. Also, nothing should be cut during Chinese New Year as that signifies one's life could be cut short. Noodles should not be cut and haircuts should be avoided. In general, sharp objects like scissors and knives are avoided during Chinese New Year.

All windows and doors in the home should be open on New Year's Eve to send out the old year and welcome the New Year. All debts should be paid by Chinese New Year and nothing should be lent on New Year's Day.

When preparing paper dragons for the Chinese New Year, it is taboo for women who are menstruating, people in mourning, and babies to be near the dragons when the cloth is being pasted to the dragon's body.

One long noodle is typically slurped on one's birthday. But revelers beware-the noodle should not be bitten or cut as this is believed to shorten one's life.

In the three months leading up to a couple's wedding, they should avoid going to a funeral or wake or visiting a woman who has just had a baby. If one of the couple's parents passes away before the wedding, the wedding must be postponed for 100 days, as attending happy celebrations during mourning is considered disrespectful to the dead.

If a roasted pig is given as part of the bride's gift to the groom's family, the tail and ears should not be broken. Doing so would mean the bride is not a virgin.

The fifth lunar month is considered an unlucky month. It is a Chinese taboo to dry blankets in the sun and build houses during this time.

The Hungry Ghost Festival is held during the seventh lunar month. In order to avoid seeing ghosts, people should not go outside at night. Celebrations such as weddings are not held, fishermen do not launch new boats, and many people opt to postpone their trips during the Hungry Ghost Month.

The souls of those who die by drowning are considered to be in the greatest turmoil, so some people refuse to go swimming during this time to lessen the chance of a run-in with wayward ghosts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every culture has its own taboos, and it is important to remain aware of them when traveling or encountering another culture to ensure you don't commit a social faux-pas. In Chinese culture, some of the most common taboos involve gift-giving, birthdays, and weddings. According to Chinese tradition, good things come in pairs.

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the only political party.The president is Xi Jinping

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.statista.com/statistics/251380/number-of-employed-persons-in-china/

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/China.html

http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat9/sub60/item366.html

# data[].attributes.body
A rudimentary civil code has been in effect since 1987, and new legal codes since 1980. The country continues to make efforts to improve its laws in the civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial areas. The highest court is the Supreme People's Court, which supervises lower courts, hears appeals, and explains national laws.

Public humiliation is a common punishment for crimes such as petty theft. Prisons often put inmates to work in farming or manufacturing. The death penalty is assigned not only for violent crimes but also for acts such as bribery and corruption. The government has been known to deal harshly with political dissidents.The government punishes severely at any displays of opposition. The country has been cited numerous times for human rights violations.

# data[].attributes.body
Paintings and drawings in China revolve around harmony between nature and culture. A lot of Chinese paintings had swirling brush strokes.

# data[].attributes.body
State-run corporations or groups of factories often provide housing, child care, education, medical care, and other services for their employees. They also provide compensation for injury and disability, old age, and survivors' pensions. Many of the government's social welfare initiatives are concentrated in the cities where housing, education, and food are subsidized; in the countryside, the burden of social welfare often falls to companies, organizations, and individual families. The government supplies emergency relief in the case of natural disasters, including floods and crop failures. The government offers financial incentives to families that comply with its one-child policy, giving them preference in housing, health care, and other social services.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese pottery is known around the world for using hard clay to lessen the chances of cracks or gaps in the final product. These techniques are used now in modern times.

# data[].attributes.body
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes the Ground Forces, the Navy (both marines and naval aviation), the Air Force, and the Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force). The People's Armed Police, consisting of internal security troops in times of war acts as an adjunct to the PLA. The government quotes a figure of over $12 billion for military expenses, but many Western analysts place the amount several times higher. Service in the PLA is voluntary and highly selective. Both women and men can serve. There are no ranks in the army.

As of 2015, there were 2.3 million people in the armed forces.Making it the biggest standing army in the world.Fun Fact:China also boasts one aircraft carrier(which costs billions of dollars).

# data[].attributes.body
In late 2014, China's president, Xi, set up a $70 million arts fund. There was 394 grants handed out. Things included to have a chance to win a grant were paintings, plays, calligraphy, and photography.

# data[].attributes.body
Make sure to download a vpn before you go because the internet there is censored so you cant get on Facebook and other blogs. Carry toilet paper around with you it is rare to see a public toilet that supplies you with it. When you see homeless people just keep on walking on by. If someone comes up to you and ask to learn English they should be treated with respect and given a smile back. And also never follow a stranger anywhere.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Once you buy it in China, it is yours. Like most foreign countries, make sure you are happy with the exact merchandise being sold to you. Inspect what you intend to buy, and not a sample with a "factory sealed" package to be delivered upon payment.

2. China has competitive and generally reliable electronics malls in the major cities. Be sure you are geeky enough to make an informed purchase. There are bargains, but do not expect the technical help you might get from your own electronics stores at home.

3. You should be an experienced shopper to know what something is worth in a Chinese market. Generally the shopkeeper will start at 10X what you should counteroffer. You could ask strangers what they would typically pay for it. Taxi prices are set by meter. Food merchants naturally will jack up the price for foreign-looking people, so be sure to bargain. Bargaining is an art in China. If you do not care for it, have someone else buy things for you.

4. Beggars and street people? There are a few, but no where near the number of homeless on the streets of the U.S. Chinese pay them no mind and neither should you. Just walk on.

5. Like anywhere, some tourist attractions are overrated. Avoid visiting mid-morning and mid-afternoon when group bus tours unload hundreds, if not thousands, of tourists to overrun a previously enjoyable attraction. The cacophony of multiple battery-operated bullhorns in several languages will spoil any visit to a Chinese garden, the Great Wall or landscape scenery.

6. Tour groups are a good convenient way to see some outstanding things and get taken to tourist trinket stores. When you ditch the tour you probably see more on your own, but with more time spent planning about being a stranger in a foreign land. You cannot hope to get a pulse of the people on a typical tourism visit, as you will not be exposed to common worker Chinese, the hundreds of millions who form the majority in the country. You will see a lot of Chinese hospitality industry workers who speak some English, and maybe some Chinese tourists who also are enjoying the country. They are not at all representative of the country, 48% of which still live on the farm and do not speak one word of English, even if they allegedly learned it in school.

7. Chinese people are delighted if you make any attempt to speak Mandarin, even if it's only a couple of words. The best way to introduce yourself is with a warm, broad smile. Even when you might be upset or frustrated, smile. It works.

8. Traveling in China on its holidays can be a nightmare. Plan your trip carefully so you know what to expect on the Chinese Official Holidays. China-briefing.com is a good source, so search for the current year. While the holidays may be the same from year to year, even tied to fixed dates, the entire holiday period will shift. New schedules are posted in December, just a week or so before the year begins. Do not assume the May Day holiday is May 1-3. It might be April 29 and 30 and May 1. That mistake might ruin sightseeing and cause you to be stranded without transport tickets.

9. Anyone who approaches you trying to practice English should be greeted with a smile and skepticism. Most Chinese are shy and will not speak to you unless you speak first. Those who overtly approach you and make the first move are likely to be selling something or worse. Many tourists reports scams in Shanghai, so be friendly but careful. Never ever follow a stranger anywhere. Period.

10. Chinese restaurants with lots of foreigners (non-Chinese) are almost always unauthentic, as well as overpriced. Usually frequented by group tours, these places change recipes to conform to what they think are "western tastes." Many middle-class, white linen restaurants, hosting complete nuclear (three-generation) families around big round tables, have English menus with sometimes humorous translations. The more crowded with families it is, the better value and food it has. The menu's color pictures will help also. If they just show you an English menu, ask to see both. They might be pricing the food twice to five-times higher for tourists. If so, just walk out before you drink any tea. Compare the photos and prices. No tipping in restaurants, taxis, or anywhere for that matter.

11. Luxury goods are expensive in China, thanks to a luxury tax. Go to Hong Kong to make a killing on name-brand bargains. In China you can find some good buys in silk, pearls, jade and handicrafts, but you must study a bit to make sure you are getting the real thing. Bone porcelain can be a good buy too, but it must be carefully packed for your air travel.

12. The internet is censored in China. You need a VPN to see Facebook and any blog for that matter. GOOGLE is blocked again (April 2015). This means for android phone users no Google Maps and no Play Store to get a new app - map or otherwise. This made things very difficult when using a local SIM card and no VPN. Hotel internet charges rise along with the room rates. Lower cost three-star hotels will frequently have free wired and WiFi internet. Luxury hotels will charge you USD$15-25 per day. Internet cafes can be a huge inconvenience with lots of smokers and unclean surrroundings. Book a hostel or hotel with free WiFi. They are everywhere.

13. Before you leave home, get a good guidebook and buy street maps on line or in bookstores for cities you wish to explore. Free tourism maps are never to scale or easy to follow, with half the streets not there, names unclear. and big advertising splashed right across where you want to go. Amazing how many people budget well over USD$1,500 per person for China travel, yet won't spend USD$30 for an excellent book to help them along the way. DK Eyewitness Guides are well regarded for their color pictorals of everything there is to see, while Lonely Planet has logistics info on most anywhere you want to go. Other books more resemble a group tour itinerary, only covering the overvisited tourism sights and avoiding any real detail.

City guides unfortunately suggest westernized entertainment zones where only monied upper-class people would care to enter. You can have a lot of fun on food streets, wet and dry markets and such. Walk the Bund at night to people watch. Tiananmen Square is best at night.

14. Personal sanitation is important while traveling. Since you are on the "tourist trail," you are actually mixing with people from dozens of countries on six continents, not just Asians. Bring your own alcohol-based wet wipes for water-free hand sanitation. Never drink tap water! Bottled water is common everywhere and cheap at the corner convenience stores.

15. Bring your own toilet tissue with you, as you will rarely find a public toilet supplied with it. Carry it always in your purse, camera bag or backpack. Small flat travel packs (dry tissue and wet toilet wipes) are now available many places. You may use little packs of alcohol wet wipes to go over places your body will touch.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1. Once you buy it in China, it is yours. Like most foreign countries, make sure you are happy with the exact merchandise being sold to you. Inspect what you intend to buy, and not a sample with a "factory sealed" package to be delivered upon payment. 2.

# data[].attributes.body
https://news.artnet.com/art-world/china-sets-up-70-million-national-arts-fund-but-what-will-it-promote-176276
https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/art-list.htm
http://www.historygraphicdesign.com/prologue-to-graphic-design/the-asian-contribution
https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Going to school costs a lot more in China than going to school in America, its about $10,000 more than America. China's education wants them to learn more about foundation and America's education more on creativity. Chinese students, from elementary to High School, they are not allowed to use calculators either. Chinese education focuses more on strictness and precision and America focuses more on self determination and independence. Which is why comparing America and China, China gets more Math Olympic Competitions, but Nobel Prize winners are often Americans.
https://internationalnewsroom.com/cn-us-education/

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/China.html

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/China.html