# data[].attributes.body
HERBS GROUP :
SITI MAISARAH, SITI HAJAR, ALYSSA LIYANA, MAS AMIRAH.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1v5vLoCfjDdEJ4Nh5K-T13TNFmwNqy7W0

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum dr, my name is Siti Maisarah Mohamad Shariff. Based on what I've read in the 3rd lecture note, I've learned that there are several factors which can impact agriculture. First is climate change. Changes in the average temperature, sea level, ozone layer, atmospheric carbon dioxide affects agriculture greatly. For example, global warming ca increase the world temperature and cause climatic instability. Desertification is also another example of climate change where a fertile land becomes a desert. This is usually due to drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. Both global warming and desertification will cause heat waves, increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. This will affect agriculture greatly as there will be more prevalence of parasites and diseases, less area for agriculture and crops may not grow well due to the increase world temperature, especially crops that need a cooler temperature to live like strawberries and tea leaves. Secondly, pollution can create extensive damage onto agriculture as well. Acid rain can change the normal pH of soil and fresh water to become acidic, rendering it unsuitable for some crops as well as killing any life forms in lakes. Heavy metals also pollute the soil  and render the crops toxic. Excessive use of chemical pesticide affect the biodiversity of plants and animals, not to mention that it also affects the consumers' health. It also can cause eutrophication. To summarize, there are myriads of factors that can greatly danger our agriculture and we need to prevent any more of these factors continue to do so. Thank you Dr.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum dr, my name is Siti Maisarah Mohamad Shariff. Based on what I've read in the 3rd lecture note, I've learned that there are several factors which can impact agriculture. First is climate change. Changes in the average temperature, sea level, ozone layer, atmospheric carbon dioxide affects agriculture greatly. For example, global warming ca increase the world temperature and cause climatic instability. Desertification is also another example of climate change where a fertile land becomes a desert. This is usually due to drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. Both global warming and desertification will cause heat waves, increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. This will affect agriculture greatly as there will be more prevalence of parasites and diseases, less area for agriculture and crops may not grow well due to the increase world temperature, especially crops that need a cooler temperature to live like strawberries and tea leaves. Secondly, pollution can create extensive damage onto agriculture as well. Acid rain can change the normal pH of soil and fresh water to become acidic, rendering it unsuitable for some crops as well as killing any life forms in lakes. Heavy metals also pollute the soil  and render the crops toxic. Excessive use of chemical pesticide affect the biodiversity of plants and animals, not to mention that it also affects the consumers' health. It also can cause eutrophication. To summarize, there are myriads of factors that can greatly danger our agriculture and we need to prevent any more of these factors continue to do so. Thank you Dr.

# data[].attributes.body
Assalamualaikum, I’m Fadzramada Binti Peling. Agroecology is defined as the study of ecological processes that operate in agricultural production systems. There are 4 different climate worldwide. They are tropics, temperate, tundra and desert. Climate change is one of the components that exert great impacts on agriculture. Climate changes include changes in average temperature, rainfall, pests and diseases, atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations, nutritional values of foods and sea level. Global warning is one of the impacts of climate change. It can cause increased in world temperature and cause climatic instability. Besides, it can cause desertification thus lead to less arable land available for agriculture. Increase in prevalence of parasites and diseases due to climate change also affect livestock. Moreover, aside from climate change, pollution also provide impacts on agriculture. Some of the examples that may contribute to pollution are acid rain, heavy metals and chemical pesticides. These can result in killing off life forms as well as affecting crops and animal production.

# data[].attributes.body
Asss

# data[].attributes.body
My name is Muhammad Aidil Muhamad Jani. From what i've learned throughout my readings in the lecture notes, actually there are many importances of agriculture. First thing is agriculture provides the human mankind with many types of foods. This will ensure the survival of the humans as we need foods everyday to carry out our daily life activities. Second thing is agriculture provide some income to those who are interested in this field. To add some more agriculture provides employment opportunities for rural people on a large scale in underdeveloped and developing countries. this agriculture things will help to lower their burden. Lastly is agriculture is the main source of national income for most developing countries. However, for the developed countries, agriculture contributes a smaller per cent age to their national income.

# data[].attributes.body
Assalamualaikum and good day, Dr. My name is Shazza Kamilia binti Shamshir. Here are some notes from topic 1 until 3.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum Dr. I am Alyssa Nurlyana. From what I've learned throughout my readings. I concluded that sgriculture is a method of survival that already started long time ago. Nowadays we also improve agriculture by modernization to increase life stock and get more profit from it. Highly knowledgeable and skilled workers are needed to increase research about agriculture and also help to maintain the green of our mother nature. Other than that, GMO also currently in used to improve yield and quality of products but GMO can give advantages and disadvantages that researchers have to take note to avoid other problems.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum Dr. I am Alyssa Nurlyana. From what I've learned throughout my readings. I concluded that sgriculture is a method of survival that already started long time ago. Nowadays we also improve agriculture by modernization to increase life stock and get more profit from it. Highly knowledgeable and skilled workers are needed to increase research about agriculture and also help to maintain the green of our mother nature. Other than that, GMO also currently in used to improve yield and quality of products but GMO can give advantages and disadvantages that researchers have to take note to avoid other problems.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum Dr. I am Noor Hazlina and I would like to share my understanding towards this topics.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum Dr. I am Noor Hazlina and I would like to share my understanding towards this topics.

# data[].attributes.body
In my point of view, there is specific plants or agriculture that are meant to certain species. There is a lot of plants that have different ecosystem, such as the plants that lives in the desert, in the rainforest and even in the cold weather. This is because certain plants have their own characteristics for survival in this planet. If there is a slight changes in the ecosystem, those plants will be affected too. The changes could be by the pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution or maybe it could be in a form of acid rain that can changed the pH levels of the soil as the optimum pH level is really important in their growth.
Thats why, we need to preserve our nature as good as we can for the biodiversity can still be maintained.
Thank you Dr❤️

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum and good evening Dr and friends. My name is Nurul Fatini. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum and good evening Dr and friends. My name is Nurul Fatini. 

# data[].attributes.body
I would like to share from my reading on topic 2, on green evolution. Green evolution is define as transformation of agriculture that lead to significant increase in agriculture production. The aim of modern agriculture is to obtain highest yield possible, and to get the highest economic profit possible. Also, we learn about the ways to increase high agriculture yield. Which is by new crop cultivars, genetic engineering, use chemical and bioagents, use precision agriculture, and through use of innovation in mechanization and automation. While for topic 3, is about agroecology that define as the study of ecological processes that operate in agricultural production system. In there, i learn about the climate, the water, soil, human resources, impacts of climate change, impacts of pollution.

# data[].attributes.body
Hi dr and everyone. My name is Puteri Nur Dayana and this is my second time taking prt since i was an asper student. Based on today’s topic, i learn that agriculture in one way or another will affect the ecological system. We live in a world that comes with different climates where each one of it has its own benefits. Components that play the most important role in agriculture are soil, water,human resources. Despites all the advantages of agriculture, it also leaves some impacts to the climate causing the rise of problems such as global warming, desertification and impacts on livestock. It can also cause pollution causing the formation of acid rain, heavy metals and many more. Thus, I believe that agriculture is important but we have to take into account all the consequences that come with it.

# data[].attributes.body
Good evening Dr. Im Chong Sze Jie. Precision farming is also known as satellite farmingis an approach to farm management that uses information technology to ensure that the crops and soil receive exactly what they need for maximum health and productivity. It is to ensure profitability, sustainability and protection of the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
From what I have read in the lecture note, there are many reasonable reasons why agriculture is importance to the mankind. First, agriculture provide foods for rhe survival of the humans. Because of agriculture, people gets to consume enough foods like rice to maintain their life. Second

# data[].attributes.body
Climate change isn’t very harmful to the agriculture. The increase in temperature cause harmful effect to the plants and reduce the yield.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hi, my name is Nurafiena Binti Zulkeflee. From what I read, agriculture i

# data[].attributes.subject
Hi, my name is Nurafiena Binti Zulkeflee. From what I read, agriculture i

# data[].attributes.headline
Good evening. My name is Megalashini a/p K Selvanathan. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Good evening. My name is Megalashini a/p K Selvanathan. 

# data[].attributes.body
From what i read just now, there's 4 impacts of climate change. The most important one is global warming. This is caused by carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane which is released by industries and also transportations.This can cause tremendous effect to the planet as it can raise the temperature and can also melt the polar ice.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum and good evening everyone! My name is Nurul Nadia binti Mohd Nazir

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum and good evening everyone! My name is Nurul Nadia binti Mohd Nazir

# data[].attributes.body
The topic that im going to discuss here the impact of agriculture. Agricultural sector is one of the biggest sector that contributes to increase our economic growth. However, massive and uncontrolled agricultural practise can lead to pollution. This is due to excessive usage of fertiliser and pesticides or any other dangerous chemicals. Our ecosystem will be affected by all the pollutions especially the marine ecosystem. All the chemicals that are directed to rivers or ponds will interact with the aquatic life. This will subsequently effect human life as we consumed the polluted aquatic products. Thus, agricultural sector should be closely monitored and handled by educated farmers to minimise the pollution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hello, I'm Siti Nur Izzah binti Zamzuri. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Hello, I'm Siti Nur Izzah binti Zamzuri. 

# data[].attributes.body
From what I've read, I would like to emphasize the major effect of climate change which is global warming. The main causes are the  fossil fuels in industries and transportation releases greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. So, it will increase global temperature and climatic instability. The saddest news that I've read is Maldives, the most beautiful island almost submerge due to the sea level keep increasing. I cant fulfill my dream to go there just because the impact of climate change. I hope we can save others beautiful islands and creatures.

# data[].attributes.body
Assalamualaikum. My name is Aiman Zikri Adnan (192142). Climate change is real. It affects many aspects in life. From human to the crops that we grow, climate change has continue to deteriorate everything in its path. Impact such as desertification has proven that if humanity decides to continue its ignorance in this matter (like some of the politicians do), then the future would suffer the consequences of having shortage in crops and might risk world hunger.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hello I'm Mohamad Nur Armin Ikhmal b Abd Rahman

# data[].attributes.subject
Hello I'm Mohamad Nur Armin Ikhmal b Abd Rahman

# data[].attributes.body
Climate change is a very huge issue that happend nowadays. We can observe effects of climate change in various aspects. What I like to emphasize here is the effects ofclimate change is argiculture sector.Desertification is the commonest effect that we can see and has the highest impact like decrease in harvest. We must open our eyes regarding this issue as we will face a bigger problem in the future.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalammualaikum wbt, Dr. I'm Mas Amirah Binti Azmi.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalammualaikum wbt, Dr. I'm Mas Amirah Binti Azmi.

# data[].attributes.body
From what I've read,I  would like to share why in our country,we nee d modern agriculture.Firstly,to increase high yield.Secondly,to produce new breeds in genetic engineering.Thirdly,to improve yield and quality.Lastly, to save energy and time irrigation, fertigation and controllled environment system.

That's all,Dr.Thank You.I hope you will get well soon.

# data[].attributes.body
From the 3rd lecture, there are 4 types of climates which is tundra, tropical, desert and temperate. For climate such as tropics, there will be a lot of rainfall throughout the years for example like in our countries which is a good thing actually as the weather are suitable for the crops. For temperate countries the weather is neither too warm of too cold and neither too wet or too dry. The crops are planted during spring and harvested during summer for example like maize or wheat and it is suitable for livestock farming. In tundra countries ,the temperature are very low and the dominant vegetation are moses, grasses and lichens. Finally for desert, there are very small precipitation and agriculture only possible with sufficient irrigation.

# data[].attributes.body
Global pollution is one of the if not the biggest threat to the planet. After centuries of harvesting resources in the name of technological advancements and science, mankind has rendered an act of claiming their right on nature and nevertheless the planet was thrown on a path of self destruct. Extensive agricultural practice has caused severe pollution. Usage of excessive chemical pesticides for instance has affected the biodiversity of plants and ecosystem while extensive processing of agricultural products in factories has caused the formation of acid rain impacting all life forms on our planet. Therefore awareness have to be raised on a massive scale before global pollution become the death of us as a species.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum and Hi,I'm Aliff Aiman. I used to study the agriculture subject before during my foundation studies. Here I want to share some point on how the modernization of the agriculture is needed in order for us to obtain high yields and get the highest economic profit from agricultural sector. Firstly, new crop cultivars allows breeding of selected plant species in large numbers. Secondly, genetic engineering helps to produce new breeds of a  crop to enhance their taste or size. Next, the use of pesticides and biocontrol method are important in securing the quality of the crops from being damaged by unwanted organisms. Besides, the use of precision agriculture assists the farmers to create maps and collect information from the farm. In addition, the innovation in the mechanization and automation saves more energy and yields higher total output from the agricultural sector. So, here we can agree that modern agriculture is so important for now and the future. Thank you

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum and Hi,I'm Aliff Aiman. I used to study the agriculture subject before during my foundation studies. Here I want to share some point on how the modernization of the agriculture is needed in order for us to obtain high yields and get the highest economic profit from agricultural sector. Firstly, new crop cultivars allows breeding of selected plant species in large numbers. Secondly, genetic engineering helps to produce new breeds of a  crop to enhance their taste or size. Next, the use of pesticides and biocontrol method are important in securing the quality of the crops from being damaged by unwanted organisms. Besides, the use of precision agriculture assists the farmers to create maps and collect information from the farm. In addition, the innovation in the mechanization and automation saves more energy and yields higher total output from the agricultural sector. So, here we can agree that modern agriculture is so important for now and the future. Thank you

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum everyone, I'm Nabilah Rasyid.Actually, there are various things I've learned from topic 3. First, regarding climate especially in our country which is temperate. The condition of neither too warm nor too cold should be one of the  reasons why we must be grateful to live in this country as it provides us the best condition for us to do daily activities such as planting and farming.Moreover, human resources which includes teaching institution of agriculture proves that UPM is the top leading university contributes to this field. Plus, we do have scientists and supporting specialists in this faculty.Howe, there are some eye-opening points in this topic such as climate change could lead to desertification instead of global warming. Pollution also can negatively effect agroecology even by using chemical fertilizers excessively.To sum up, food sovereignty should be our platform in determining what is the best for our field of agriculture in terms of food producing as well as systems applied.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum everyone, I'm Nabilah Rasyid.Actually, there are various things I've learned from topic 3. First, regarding climate especially in our country which is temperate. The condition of neither too warm nor too cold should be one of the  reasons why we must be grateful to live in this country as it provides us the best condition for us to do daily activities such as planting and farming.Moreover, human resources which includes teaching institution of agriculture proves that UPM is the top leading university contributes to this field. Plus, we do have scientists and supporting specialists in this faculty.Howe, there are some eye-opening points in this topic such as climate change could lead to desertification instead of global warming. Pollution also can negatively effect agroecology even by using chemical fertilizers excessively.To sum up, food sovereignty should be our platform in determining what is the best for our field of agriculture in terms of food producing as well as systems applied.

# data[].attributes.body
Climate change can have a huge impact on Agriculture through global warming as it increases world temperature causing climatic instability and desertification which will reduce available land needed for agricultural purposes.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalammualaikum. My name is Nur Farhana Fazureen. From what i have read from lecture notes, i learn about the impacts of pollution on agriculture. The first one is acid rain. The acid rain is caused by the polluting gases such as sulfur dioxide released into the air. It will affect the crops and animal production and also killing off life forms. The second impacts of pollution is heavy metals such zinc, copper and lead. The heavy metals will easily transported to plants and animal and caused toxicity to the soil. The last one is the excessive use of chemical fertilizer. High level of nitrate from the fertilizer can cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrient salts that causes structural changes to the ecosystem such as: increased production of algae and aquatic plants and depletion of fish species. Thats all from me. Thank you 😊

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalammualaikum. My name is Nur Farhana Fazureen. From what i have read from lecture notes, i learn about the impacts of pollution on agriculture. The first one is acid rain. The acid rain is caused by the polluting gases such as sulfur dioxide released into the air. It will affect the crops and animal production and also killing off life forms. The second impacts of pollution is heavy metals such zinc, copper and lead. The heavy metals will easily transported to plants and animal and caused toxicity to the soil. The last one is the excessive use of chemical fertilizer. High level of nitrate from the fertilizer can cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrient salts that causes structural changes to the ecosystem such as: increased production of algae and aquatic plants and depletion of fish species. Thats all from me. Thank you 😊

# data[].attributes.body
Assalammualaikum and hai..my name is natrah..today i would like to share about the impacts of climate change which are global warming,desertification and lastly impact on life  stock.First and foremost,climate change will cause increased world temperature and caused
climatic instability.It also will cause less arable land available for
agriculture and increase the prevalence of parasites and
diseases.

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum and hello everyone,I am Ammar Thaqief.

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum and hello everyone,I am Ammar Thaqief.

# data[].attributes.body
From what i ve read,there are 4 types of climate worldwide which are Tropics,Temperate,Tundra and Dessert.
Basically in tropical countries the temp. is high and so does the rainfall.It is suitable for agricultural activities to be done and some examples of crops planted there are oil palm,cocoa and rubber.Meanwhile,Temperate countries have 4 seasons annually.Crops would be planted in the spring and harvested in summer.However it can be continously grown during winter by growing it in a glasshouse.Raising lifestock is also favourable in ths type of climate. Futhermore,Tundra can be described as having a very cold temp.,dark and long winter.It has a short growing season and crops hardly grow due to unsuitable climate.Lastly,the vegetations in the desert is very sparse.The temp. during the day is higher compared to the night which is much lower.Growth of crops is only possible with proper irrigation.Thats all and thank you.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hi,I am Afdal.From what I have read,there are 4 types of climates which is tundra,tropical,desert and temperate.For tropics,there are a lot of rainfall throughout the years which is suitable for agricultural countries such as ours Malaysia.For temperate countries the weather is neither too warm of too cold.The crops there are plated during spring and harvested during summer.In tundra countries,the weather are very cold and the crops are moses,grasses and lichens.Finally for desert,there are very small precipitation and agriculture only possible with sufficient irrigation.

# data[].attributes.subject
Hi,I am Afdal.From what I have read,there are 4 types of climates which is tundra,tropical,desert and temperate.For tropics,there are a lot of rainfall throughout the years which is suitable for agricultural countries such as ours Malaysia.For temperate countries the weather is neither too warm of too cold.The crops there are plated during spring and harvested during summer.In tundra countries,the weather are very cold and the crops are moses,grasses and lichens.Finally for desert,there are very small precipitation and agriculture only possible with sufficient irrigation.

# data[].attributes.headline
Good evening everyone. My name is Siti Nur Aisyah. Based on my reading in chapter Agroecology, it is defined as the study of ecological process in agriculture. Some ecological factors that affect agricultural activities are the climate, water and soil. The climate plays an important role in maintaining crops since different crops favour different kind of climate to survive. Most crops in agricultural acrivities are done in the tropics climate such as rubber and oil palm plantation. Water is another essential factor in Malaysian agricultural aspect. Since rice is highly demanded, water is necessary to maintain quality paddy fields in Kedah-Perlis region. Last but not least, an efficient soil system is crucial to yield crops with high grades as well as to keep the soil in high nutrient for subsequent plantation. That's all from me, thank you :)

# data[].attributes.subject
Good evening everyone. My name is Siti Nur Aisyah. Based on my reading in chapter Agroecology, it is defined as the study of ecological process in agriculture. Some ecological factors that affect agricultural activities are the climate, water and soil. The climate plays an important role in maintaining crops since different crops favour different kind of climate to survive. Most crops in agricultural acrivities are done in the tropics climate such as rubber and oil palm plantation. Water is another essential factor in Malaysian agricultural aspect. Since rice is highly demanded, water is necessary to maintain quality paddy fields in Kedah-Perlis region. Last but not least, an efficient soil system is crucial to yield crops with high grades as well as to keep the soil in high nutrient for subsequent plantation. That's all from me, thank you :)

# data[].attributes.headline
Assalamualaikum, my name is Imran Kamal (192001)

# data[].attributes.subject
Assalamualaikum, my name is Imran Kamal (192001)

# data[].attributes.body
From the first lecture, some of the importance of agriculture is that first it provides job opportunity for most of the population. About 40% of the world population are employed in agriculture field. Next, agriculture is needed for the survivality of human beings as it provides foods as well as providing raw materials for developed or industrialized countries as their source of income. Lastly agriculture maintains the social-political stability of a country.

Agriculture is always evolving from the ancient times until now. The evolution of agriculture can be from many aspect. For example, based on tools or technologies, method, cross breeding, irrigation systems, dams and reservoirs and many more. But the main reason for these evolution is to increase the yield of the crops significantly.

Finally from the 3rd lecture, there are 4 types of climates which is tundra,tropical,desert and temperate.For tropics,there are a lot of rainfall throughout the years which is suitable for agricultural countries such as ours Malaysia.For temperate countries the weather is neither too warm of too cold.The crops there are plated during spring and harvested during summer.In tundra countries,the weather are very cold and the crops are moses,grasses and lichens.Finally for desert,there are very small precipitation and agriculture only possible with sufficient irrigation.

# data[].attributes.body
Hi my name is Asyaari. From the notes that i have read i would like to share some points about the agricultural practices/systems. We have subsistence farming and commercialized farming. Subsistence farming is a self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers
focus on growing enough food to feed themselves
and their entire families while commercialized farming is a commercial agriculture which the producer is involved in agriculture business by selling some or even all of his/her production.
Thank you.

# data[].attributes.body
Hai i'm haziq. So i would like to share some points from what i have read. In transformation of agriculture, there are 3 stages of evolution of agriculture which are prehistoric, middle ages, and modern agriculture. In prehistoric era there are 3 age system which are stone age, bronze age and iron man(joking it is iron age). In middle ages, new crop were introduced such as peas and beans for the protein diet (for workout too). In modern agriculture, it is mainly based on machine and technology to produce more yield. That's all from me. Thank you.

# data[].attributes.body
Hello i am taqi, medic second year student. From the notes that i have read there is several importance of agriculture which are agriculture can be the source of food for under developed country, produce raw material for industralized nations, maintain socio-political of a country in difficult times and income for certain country. Thats all from me thank you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Week 3-PRT2008 Chapter 3 The Agroecological System_nik_20Sept2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Week 2-PRT2008 Chapter 2 Transformation of Agriculture_NIK_19SEPT2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Week 1-PRT2008 Chapter 1 Introduction and Scope of Modern Agriculture_nik_28918

# data[].attributes.body
Please share some points from Topic 1-3 and put your name so that I can take the attendance from that. I can trace from the date.
For eg: What is Precision Farming (Give a short answer - Your Name )

Thanks,
Nik

# data[].attributes.body
Dear All,

Please read Topic 3 and study Topic 1-3 for quiz next week.

I am MC today, please spend the PRT class by study Topic 1-3 for your quiz preparation.

Please update you attendance in the padlet so that I know you are coming virtually. The attendance will be based on the padlet. Please update the group member in the padlet too.

Thanks,
Nik

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Nik Norasma Che Ya
Department of Agriculture Technology

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang

Selangor, Malaysia

Email: niknorasma@upm.edu.my

# data[].attributes.body
Hello.. Kindly introduce yourself here. Don't forget to put a clear picture of yourself and please tell us your background and your study interest.