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A feeling of anxiety and uncertainty experienced by the reader about the outcome of events or the protagonist's destiny.

Ex. The Landlady

The suspense was in the conversation between the main character and the landlady when and increased when the landlady talked about her stuffed animals.

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A device that gives a hint of what is to happen later in the story. It prepares the reader for the climax, the resolution, and for changes, or lack of changes, in character's attitudes.

Example: The Painted Door by Sinclair Ross

Steve and Ann's Relationship

Steven and Ann have always had hidden emotions towards each other that implied more than just being friends.
"Once she danced with Steven six or seven times in the evening, and they had talked about it for as many months" (pg.2).
This shows that Ann and Steven enjoyed each other's company a little bit more than an unmarried man and woman should in this time period.
This factor eventually lead up to a predicted affair.

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A plot device which shifts the story from the present to the past, usually done in order to illustrate an important point or to reveal a change in character.

Example: The Painted Door by Sinclair Ross

"This now, the winter, was their slack season.... Once she had danced with Steven six or seven times in the morning.... But now, alone with herself in the winter silence, she saw the spring for what it really was" (pg.4)'
Goes from Present-Past-Present.

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A symbol has two levels of meaning a literal level and a figurative level. Characters, objects, events, and settings can all be symbolic in that they represent something else beyond themselves. The dove literally is a bird, but is has come to figuratively represent peace.

Ex. The Painted Door

The painted door in the story was a symbol of isolation, trust and betrayal

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A term used to describe the fictional persons who carry out the action of a story. It also refers to the personality and moral attitudes of a fictional person. Character may be classified as any of the following:

Dynamic (developing character):

This character, often the protagonist, undergoes a significant, lasting change, usually in his or her outlook on life.

Static Character:

This is a character who does not change in the course of a story. Often protagonists who are static characters fail to achieve their goals or are defeated by their unwillingness to change or adapt.

Round Character:

A round character is a realistic character having several sides to his/her nature.

Flat Character:

This is a limited character, usually a minor character who has only one apparent quality.

Stereotyped or Stock Character:

Stereotyped or stocked characters are familiar figures in fiction such as the "hard-boiled" private investigator, the absent-minded professor, the "stiff upper lip" officer, and the imperilled heroine from Victorian melodrama.

Ex. Never Stop On The Motorway

The chasing car was stereotypically a
"killer car" with the intent of harming the main character when in reality, the car was trying to help. The chaser was a stock character.

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A prevailing feeling that is created in a story. It usually sets up the reader's expectations about the ending or outcome of the plot. It is usually created through dialogue and the imagery.

Ex. The Painted Door

The author described the setting and environment of life on the prairies in the winter extremely well, establishing an intense atmosphere.

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A direct or indirect reference to a familiar figure, place, or event from history, literature, mythology, or from the Bible. Most allusions expand or develop a significant idea, impression, or mood.

Ex. The Happiness Machine

"Man was not made to tamper with such things. It's not against God, no, but it sure looks like it's against Leo Auffmann. Another week of this and we'll bury him in his machine!" (pg.3)
They talk about God, who is from the christian Religion.

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The perspective from which a story is told.

First person narrative features the protagonist telling his or her own story directly to the reader using the first person ("I, me, my we, us, our") pronouns. This point of view tells us what the main character thinks and feels from a vantage point "inside" the story and the protagonist him or himself. There are specialized points of view within this category as follows:

First Person Detached:

This is told after considerable time has elapsed and the narrator will have a more balanced perspective on the events.

First Person Observer:

The story of the protagonist is told by a first person observer within the story who might be a confidante of the protagonist.

First Person Subjective:

The protagonist tells his own story as the events unravel. His perspective is limited to what he knows and experiences.

Third Person Objective:

The narrator is similar to a television camera in that he/she only reports what is seen and heard without entering the minds of characters or presenting the author's ideas and observations.

Third Person Omniscient:

This narrator reveals the minds of several of all characters, knowing and telling all from an all-seeing, God-like perspective "outside" the story.

Third Person Limited Omniscient:

This refers to the main character as "he" or "she", and shows us only what one character thinks and feels, but from the perspective of someone "outside" the story.

Ex. The Landlady

This story is in Third Person Limited Omniscient and we know this because the author doesn't give outside information than what they see or think.

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The storyline or organization of incidents in a story is called the plot. It consists of episodes and conflict. Plots usually have rising and falling action. See below:

Rising action

The rising action consists of the events preceding the climax. During this stage of the story, background information is given, conflicts are introduced, and suspense is built up. There may even be moments of crisis. Because it accomplishes so much, the rising action is always longer than the falling action of a story.

Exposition and Antecedent action:

The background information provided by the author to further the plot, conflict, setting, and characterization is called exposition. Antecedent action is the significant action which has taken place before the story actually begins.

Inciting force or initial incident or complicating incident:

This is the incident that initiates or begins the main conflict of the story.

Conflict or Complication:

A conflict is a struggle between opposing characters or forces, usually between the protagonist and someone or something else. All conflicts are either external (physical) or internal (emotional, moral, psychological).

Crisis:

The crisis is a moment of intense conflict leading up to the climax.

Catastrophe:

The final event, usually an unfortunate one.

Climax:

From the reader's perspective, the climax is the highest point of emotional intensity in a story. It usually marks the turning point in the protagonist's fortunes and the major crisis in the story.

Falling action:

The part of story immediately following climax and lasting until the end of the story is the falling action.

Resolution:

The resolution is the solving of all off the conflicts in the story.

Denouement:

A French term to describe the "unknotting" of plot or conflict following a climax. The final episode or incident in which the unexplained facts are finally revealed. There is also an element of foreshadowing for the future, beyond the end of the story.

Ex. The Painted Door

The story had all moments of plot inside and the plot was well established with littles scenes that explains the plot.

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Setting is most often considered to mean the time and place in which a story is placed; however, equally important aspects are the social environment or values generally shared by the society, the minor characters who form a realistic backdrop with which the main characters must act and react. Finally, setting also include atmosphere or mood which descriptive details create.

Ex. The Painted Door

The story is in the cold, lonely prairies, in the winter; the author did a great job explaining how the wind effects the settings and how deserted and dangerous the outside is; also he explains the physique of the house well.

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This is what causes a character to do what he or she does. Circumstances and temperament usually determine the actions of a character, however, characters must also have sufficient and plausible motivation in order for a reader to find a story realistic or effective.

Ex. The Painted Door

Ann wants affection and doesn't want to be isolated.

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A literary device which reveals concealed or contradictory meanings. There are three forms:

Dramatic Irony:

This irony occurs when the author shares with the reader information not known by a character. As a result, the reader becomes aware that a character's actions may be inappropriate for the actual circumstances, that what is to come is the reverse of what a character expects, or that a character has unknowingly made a comment which anticipates the outcome.

Irony of situation or situational irony:

This occurs when set of circumstances turn out differently from what was expected or considered appropriate.

Verbal Irony:

This occurs when contrast is evident between what a character says and what the character actually means. Usually the opposite is stated for emphasis. It slightly resembles Sarcasm, but it is not quite the same.

Ex. Never Stop on the Motorway

Dramatic Irony
The main character was running away from the car that was chasing her that she thought was harmful, when the real harm was actually in the car.

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The representation through language of sense experience. The image most often suggests a mental picture, but an image may also represent a sound, smell, taste, or tactical experience.

Ex. Happiness

"The villa stood above the sea; the vanished sea had left the sky all rosy with its passing, dusted with a golden powder..." (pg.1)

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Giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or an idea. It is really a subtype of metaphor, implying a comparison between two dissimilar things.

Ex. Happiness

"Corsica disappeared into the night, snack back slowly into the sea, its great shadow fading away, which had appeared as if itself to tell the story of the two humble lovers sheltered on its shores." (pg.5)
An Island can not tell a story.

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A comparison between two things which are essentially dissimilar.

Ex. Happiness

"...I went to sit before the door, my heart engulfed by the melancholy of the mournful country..." (pg.3)
A heart can not be engulfed my melancholy literally.

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A comparison between two things which are essentially dissimilar. The comparison is directly stated through words such as like, as than, similar to, or resembles.

Ex. Happiness

"...a soft woman's voice seemed to fill the salon, fluttering through it like a bird, hovering in it like a spirit." (pg.1)
They use the word like to show that it is a simile

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Theme is the central idea of a story, usually implied rather than directly stated. It is the author's idea about and can be implied or directly stated through the voice of a character or through the narrator. It should not be confused with moral or plot. A theme is traditionally stated in a sentence without reference to specific characters or events.

Ex. Happiness

The theme of the story was "No matter the circumstances, it doesn't matter as long as they're happy."