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Because of this new fear of being in minority in Congress, seven Southern states seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860. In February 1861, those states came together, creating the Confederate States of America.
Source: Youtube.com (Crash Course)

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The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion: Crash Course US History #18

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14. Abraham Lincoln is Elected as President

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14. Abraham Lincoln is Elected as President

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In the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won with just forty percent of the votes, most of which were in the North. The election made the South realize that they were in now in minority. With Lincoln in office, they feared that Congress was bound to abolish slavery.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTjYG1Tyaos

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Biography of Abraham  Lincoln for Kids: Meet the American President for Kids - FreeSchool

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John Brown was an abolitionist who decided to take a more violent approach to solving the issue of slavery. He and his men went on a raid to seize the Souths' arsenal and use it to arm slaves in a rebellion. This did not end successfully and him and his men were captured and killed.
Source: https://cdn.essaywriting.expert/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/american-flag65.jpg

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A debate between Abraham Lincoln and Senator Stephan A Douglas that was centered around slavery. Lincoln argued that the Dred- Scott Decision did not settle the issue of slavery, but Douglas disagreed. Lincoln also believed that slavery was not to be dealt with as a legal matter, but more of a moral one. Lincoln lost the election, but he became national figure.
Source: https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/debates.htm

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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 - Lincoln Home National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)

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The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of formal political debates between the challenger, Abraham Lincoln, and the incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas, in a campaign for one of Illinois' two United States Senate seats. Although Lincoln lost the election, these debates launched him into national prominence which eventually led to his election as President of the United States.

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A decision made by the Supreme Court that stated no African American was able to become a US citizen. Chief Justice Roger Taney came to this conclusion because he argued that slaves were property and the Constitution says that property cannot be taken from people. The decision pleased slaveholders, but abolitionists were shocked and raging with fury.
Source: Youtube.com (Hip Hughes)

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The Dred Scott Decision Explained: US History Review

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Senator Charles Sumner voiced his suspicions of Senator Stephan A. Douglas making alliances with the South in speech named "The Crime Against Kansas". This caused much anger among Southerners eventually leading to the death of Sumner. In the Senate, he was beat by the South Carolina representative, Preston Brooks.
Source:https://todayinhistoryblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/sumner3.jpg

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After the Nebraska-Kansas Act was passed, white settlers scrambled to Kansas. Both pro slavery people and abolitionists were now living in the same state together. On May 21, 1886, pro slavery settlers attacked the part of Kansas that was home to abolitionists. This only resulted in the a revenge attack led by John Brown, a antislavery figure, who killed five men that were suspected of supporting slavery.
Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/John_brown_v2.jpg

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A final version of a bill that Senator Stephan A. Douglas ordered for a railroad to be built through California. It created two new territories Kansas and Nebraska and left it up to the settlers who lived there to decide if they were free or slave states (popular sovereignty).
Source: Youtube.com (Hip Hughes)

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act Explained: US History Review

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This act ensured runaway slaves had no legal rights if caught by slave catchers and if anyone helps a slave escape or does not help aid a slave catcher, is arrested.
Source: History.com

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Sound Smart: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 | History

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A plan created by Kentucky senator, Henry Clay, in 1850 and brought to Daniel Webster. After nine months, Congress agreed to his plan that allowed California to be admitted as a free state and allowed New Mexico and Utah territories to choose their stance. This compromise also helped create a stronger fugitive slave law and ended slave trade in the nation's capital. After the plan was adopted, most people were happy , but there were some Southerners were still uneasy about it.
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Henry_Clay.JPG

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Another compromise was made so that Missouri Compromise line was extended all the way to the Pacific. In 1849, California applied to be in the Union as a free state. People worried that the balance between free and slave states would be disrupted by California's admission.
Source: http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35228?ret=True

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The Admission of California into the Union | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives

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On this date, the bill admitting California as a free state into the Union passed the House by a vote of 150 to 56. Every northerner who voted supported the measure. Moreover, a significant number of southerners-27 Members-approved the bill as well.

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After being asked for funding for war with Mexico in 1846, David Wilmot added an amendment to the gag rule that stated there was not to be any form of slavery in the new territory won from Mexico. This addition was rejected by the Senate.
Source: https://freedmenspatrol.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/david-wilmot.png

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After Nat Turner's Rebellion, many individuals slaves started running away to freedom. Slave owners began demanding a law to be passed so they could earn back the fugitives that fled.
Source:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ift9LKM2yXc/UH1in9qG8-I/AAAAAAAABe8/Yyb3P97AuXo/s1600/fsa.jpg

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As the Second Great Awakening began, a lot more antislavery petitions occurred only causing the "Gag Rule", which silenced and shut down all debate over slavery. Despite this, abolitionists still persisted, sharing their opinions and ideas in newspapers and other media.
Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E8b5RqwNcEE/Td5FKYvTdtI/AAAAAAAABSg/99Z4dy42erg/s1600/gag_rule.jpg

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A compromise Congress made in 1820 in order to maintain balance in slave and free states when they admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Congress also created a border where north of the imaginary line, slavery was banned. Unfortunately, this  action only upset the North and the South more.
Source: http://www.thomaslegion.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/missouricompromisemap.jpg.w560h365.jpg