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We need a backpack that can stand water, freezing temperatures, is light, can hold a lot of stuff and, also keep water from freezing and can be cleaned easily, can be scratched on rock but the fabric won't cut

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Can be muddy at some parts, is below freezing temperatures on land and on shore snow everywhere, water rises often

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During winter the islands connect with thick sheets of ice

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The ice partially thaws in the summer and refreezes In the winter

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The water is -70 degrees and the land is -30 degrees

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from keeping water from freezing in your backpack.

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from keeping water from freezing in your backpack.

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Stanford researchers have developed a reversible fabric that, without expending effort or energy, keeps skin a comfortable temperature whatever the weather.

In a paper published Nov. 10 in Science Advances, a team led by Yi Cui, professor of materials science and engineering, created a double-sided fabric based on the same material as everyday kitchen wrap. Their fabric can either warm or cool the wearer, depending which side faces out.

This project came out of Cui's interest in energy efficiency and his expertise in manipulating nanoscale materials. He thought if people could be more comfortable in a range of temperatures, they could save energy on air conditioning and central heating.

"Why do you need to cool and heat the whole building? Why don't you cool and heat individual people?" asked Cui.

Thirteen percent of all of the energy consumed in the United States is simply dedicated to indoor temperature control. But for every 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) that a thermostat is turned down, a building can save a whopping 10 percent of its heating energy, and the reverse is true for cooling. Adjusting temperature controls by just a few degrees has major effects on energy consumption.

Cooling kitchen wrap

Our bodies have many ways of controlling our temperature. When it's cold, the hairs in our skin stand out to trap warm air. Eventually, we may start shivering to produce more radiant heat in our muscles. When it's hot, we release heat as infrared radiation from our skin, and if we're still warm we start to sweat. Water evaporating away from our bodies carries a large amount of heat with it. But those mechanisms only help within a few degrees. Get outside the temperature range to which our bodies can adapt, and we reach for the dial on the heating or air conditioning.

In 2016 the team announced a first step toward a solution: fabric that allowed the body's heat to pass through, cooling the skin. Although they were inspired by transparent, water-impermeable kitchen wrap, their new material was opaque, breathable and retained its ability to shuttle infrared radiation away from the body. Compared to a cotton sample, their fabric kept artificial skin 2 C cooler in a laboratory test - possibly enough to stop a person from ever reaching for a fan or the building thermostat. The team's first textile could save a building full of workers 20 to 30 percent of their total energy budget.

Reversible progress

"Right around when we figured out cooling, then came the question: Can you do heating?" said postdoctoral fellow Po-Chun Hsu, who was first author on the recent paper. It was a particularly chilly winter, and he was headed to a conference in Minneapolis with a carry-on bag full of coats. Could he create an article of clothing that would serve him in a crowded warm conference room as well as on the frosty street?

Hsu realized that controlling radiation could work both ways. He stacked two layers of material with different abilities to release heat energy, and then sandwiched them between layers of their cooling polyethylene.

On one side, a copper coating traps heat between a polyethylene layer and the skin; on the other, a carbon coating releases heat under another layer of polyethylene. Worn with the copper layer facing out, the material traps heat and warms the skin on cool days. With the carbon layer facing out, it releases heat, keeping the wearer cool.

Combined, the sandwiched material can increase a person's range of comfortable temperatures over 10 F, and Hsu predicts that the potential range is much larger - close to 25 F. With inhabitants wearing a textile like that, buildings in some climates might never need air conditioning or central heating at all.

Practical polymers

The white-colored fabric isn't quite wearable yet, the team said.

"Ideally, when we get to the stuff you want to wear on skin, we'll need to make it into a fiber woven structure," said Cui. Woven textiles are stronger, more elastic, more comfortable, and look much more like typical clothing. But good news: They've already started testing to make sure their fabric will be machine washable.

"From my perspective, this work really highlights the significant opportunities in combining thermal engineering concepts with nanophotonic structures for creating novel functionalities," said Shanhui Fan, a professor of electrical engineering who participated in the work.

The team's ambitions are to create an easily manufactured, practical textile that people could use to save huge amounts of energy around the world. And they don't stop there - Cui, Hsu and Fan envision clothing with medical devices and even entertainment printed right into the fabric.

"I think we are only seeing the beginning of many creative ideas that can come out of such combinations," Fan said.
Cui is also professor of photon science at the The work was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and a member of Stanford Bio-X, the Precourt Institute for Energy and the Stanford Neurosciences Institute. Fan is also an affiliate of the Precourt Institute for Energy. Other Stanford researchers who contributed to the study are postdoctoral fellows Chong Liu, Alex Y. Song, Jin Xie, Kai Liu and Lili Cai; graduate students Ze Zhang, Yucan Peng, Chun-Lan Wu and Shang Zhai; senior research engineer Peter B. Catrysse; and Arun Majumdar, a professor of mechanical engineering and of photon science and co-director of the Precourt Institute for Energy.

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Double-duty textile could warm or cool | Stanford News

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Stanford researchers have developed a reversible fabric that, without expending effort or energy, keeps skin a comfortable temperature whatever the weather. In a paper published Nov. 10 in Science Advances, a team led by Yi Cui, professor of materials science and engineering, created a double-sided fabric based on the same material as everyday kitchen wrap.

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A: I feel your pain. I'm in the midst of a big review of rain shells for the parent magazine of this site, and it does indeed get confusing with all the different fabric names out there.

But it can be simplified a bit. Basically, there are two kinds of waterproof-breathable materials out there: Membranes, and coated fabrics. Membranes are themselves waterproof (Gore-Tex is a membrane), without any modification. Coated fabrics are just garden-variety fabrics of one sort or another, with a coating (usually polyurethane-based) that has a microscopic structure which allows water vapor generated by the wearer to escape, while keeping rain water out. One confusing thing is that coated fabrics sometimes are used like a membrane - that is, sandwiched between two other fabric layers the way Gore-Tex is in three-ply construction.

You also can break things down this way: As a general rule, all the Xalt's and H2NO's and Triplepoints of the world do a pretty good job, but don't breathe quite as well as Gore-Tex. On the other hand, they're cheaper, breathe pretty well, and in some instances - particularly if the face fabric on the outside of the garment is very wet - may perform better. About all you can go on are generalities and personal impressions. There simply is not a single standard - at least, one that everyone agrees on - that measures the waterproof-breathable qualities of the many fabrics out there.

That said, a few recommendations: Kokatat's Lite Wave Drytop ($314) is a high-quality Gore-Tex piece that you just won't be sorry you got, although it is a bit pricey. Rapidstyle's Cataract top ($185) uses a coated fabric for a jacket that performs well at a considerably lower price than a Gore-Tex piece. At an in-between price, Stohlquist makes a basic top called the Contour that uses Gore-Tex and costs just $200.

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What's the best waterproof-breathable fabric available?

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I have been looking for a paddling jacket in a waterproof-breathable fabric. It seems not so long ago that the choice was either Gore-Tex or Sympatex. Now it appears every manufacturer has its proprietary fabric (Xalt, WaveTex, H2NO, etc.) Are you aware of any side by side comparison of these fabrics available?

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Going winter camping? Get the tips you need about clothing, gear and shelter to make camping in the snow comfortable and enjoyable.

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Backpack basics Anders, M. "Backpack basics." Boys life, strockzone.com

Mark Anders about the basics of backpacks. About having it be adjustable. How much the backpack can hold and the weight is called liters not pounds.

It explains about that you really need a comfortable and easy fitting backpack.

Whats the best wate

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The Icebreaker was designed for handling the bitter freezing ice and the awful temperatures. Also help you study climatology It keeps your items from freezing and getting so cold that they fracture. This back pack can withstand the Antartic Circumpolar Trough of the Antarctic tundra of bitter wind and cold. It's has so many uses that it is endless it can withstand the worst of frozen lands. This backpack can also be adjusted  to anyone and is comfortable fitting for the back and legs. The back pack is the ice breaker because the ice can't break it, it breaks the ice.  It will stay warm in a blizzard  and endure to the end.