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1. What caused the Great Depression? Describe the Crash of 1929; is this only factor? Explain and defend your answer.

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1. What caused the Great Depression? Describe the Crash of 1929; is this only factor? Explain and defend your answer.

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The stock market crash in 1929 caused the Great Depression. The Crash of 1929 started when the prices of stock dropped drastically. Millions of shares were offered for sale, but no one bought. New York financiers used their resources to buy stock and stop the decline. This only worked for that day and speculators did not have the extra cash and opted to sell the stock. This resulted in a new wave of selling at the stock exchange and an accompanying drop in prices. The crash was not the only factor because WWI had caused money loss and the taxes were being raised. The government did not have a firm control over the countries' money. The other problems causing the Great Depression were economic problems of European powers, government pursuit of monetary policies, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1932, and the Fed's easy money policy.

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2. What were “Hoovervilles” and “Hooverflags?”  What does this demonstrate about Hoover’s Presidency during the Great Depression?

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2. What were “Hoovervilles” and “Hooverflags?”  What does this demonstrate about Hoover’s Presidency during the Great Depression?

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As the Depression worsened and millions of urban and rural families lost their jobs and diminished their savings, they also lost their homes. Homeless citizens built cardboard shacks in parks and vacant lots of American cities across the nation and called them "Hoovervilles". "Hoover flags" were pants pockets that had been turned inside out. This demonstrates that Hoover was not prepared for money issues and couldn't find a good solutions to establish more money in the nation.

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3. What was the Bonus Army? Describe their March on Washington and how Hoover had it handled.

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3. What was the Bonus Army? Describe their March on Washington and how Hoover had it handled.

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The Bonus Army were a large group of unemployed WWI veterans of wanting an early payment of a bonus that was promised to them. These veterans were of the American Expeditionary Force. The March on Washington included over 20,000 veterans who built a "Hooverville" on the edge of the city and moved into vacant buildings near the Capitol because Hoover would not help them get support from the Congress to get their bonus. Police with nightsticks marched up to the buildings and got in fight with the veterans. Hoover sent troops under General MacArthur to stop the big fight and to destroy the "Hooverville". The troops marched in with tear gas, tanks, and bayonets. MacArther was able to clear all the buildings and destroy the shacks. Hoover took full responsibility for this affair even though it was much harsher than he had intended.

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4. Why did so many banks close down in the early 1930s? What did FDR do to save the Banking system?

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4. Why did so many banks close down in the early 1930s? What did FDR do to save the Banking system?

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The nation's bank was on the edge of collapsing. Depositors were rushing to the banks to withdraw their money before it was too late. The banking system was unable to keep up with the panicked withdrawals that customers were making from their bank accounts, making the banks incapable of providing money many customers had deposited. The financial markets of the nation were at a standstill. To save the banking system, FDR declared a "bank holiday" which closed all banks for 4 days. After this "holiday", banks were allowed to reopen and this helped to reduce panic withdrawals.

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5. What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?  What was the intended purpose? What impact did this have?

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5. What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?  What was the intended purpose? What impact did this have?

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The CCC put young, unmarried men to work in reforestation and soil conservation projects under the supervision of the army. They were responsible for planting billions of trees, altering flood plains, treating erosion, and created recreation areas. There is a theory that the CCC was actually a cover for preparing men for military service. The impact was that it gave jobs and good pay to people who wanted to live their lives not on the streets being poor.

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6. What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?  What was the intended purpose? Did it work?

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6. What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?  What was the intended purpose? Did it work?

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The AAA established a new method of subsidizing farm products and aided debt-ridden farmers in danger of losing their farms to foreclosure. The AAA intended to offer benefit payments to farmers who plowed up cotton and slaughtered pigs to reduce the crop surplus and to restore the purchasing power of American farmers to the way there were before WWI. This policy was awful to a nation in which thousands of children wore rags and remained undernourished which brought rampant criticism to the program.

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7. What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)? Why was it so controversial?

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7. What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)? Why was it so controversial?

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The TVA undertook an extensive project to build dams along the Tennessee River that would provide navigation, flood control, and cheap electricity fo the valley residents. It was so controversial because power companies resented the cheaper energy the TVA provided and saw the agency as a threat to private enterprise. Also it would drive out families and towns from the area causing great hardship.

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8. What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? Did it have a positive impact on solving the Great Depression?

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8. What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? Did it have a positive impact on solving the Great Depression?

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The WPA was created in an attempt to eliminate the despised relief doles. It employed almost anyone in almost any kind of job. The WPA built and repaired roads and constructed public buildings and recreational areas. This did not have a positive impact on solving the Great Depressions because many people considered the WPA unnecessary jobs with lackluster efforts. It was no enough to eradicate widespread unemployment.

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9. Describe the causes and effects of the Dust Bowl in the American Midwest.

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9. Describe the causes and effects of the Dust Bowl in the American Midwest.

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The Depression brought falling farm prices combined with a disastrous drought that began in 1932. Rainfall was rare and the region's produce vanished. The prairie winds started to pick up the dust from the plains and carry it across the land. Clouds of dust flooded the region, the dirt would sift through the cracks of houses and people had to sleep with wet cloths over their faces to keep from breathing the dust. Some farmers had to resort to relief through WPA jobs while other gave up and moved away heading west to California. There they sought jobs as migrant farm workers. The farmers who remained on the land had to learn to adjust their farming methods to the needs of the dry land.

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10.Who were Huey Long and Charles Coughlin? What were their views on FDR?

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10.Who were Huey Long and Charles Coughlin? What were their views on FDR?

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Huey Long and Charles Coughlin were men who complained that FDR was not doing enough in the government and not dealing with the low money problems. Huey Long was a senator in Congress who was a former governor of Louisiana. He proposed that the government heavily tax the rich and redistribute that wealth to the poor. Charles Coughlin was a Roman Catholic priest from Michigan that turned his radio program of sermons into a political broadcast. He said that the nation needed to abandon the "pagan god of gold" and coin large amounts of silver, thereby inflating the money supply.

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11. Discuss the opposition to FDR from the Supreme Court. What was FDR’s “Court Packing Plan?”  How did it turn out?

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11. Discuss the opposition to FDR from the Supreme Court. What was FDR’s “Court Packing Plan?”  How did it turn out?

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The Supreme Court had delegated various New Deal measures unconstitutional in 1935 and 1936 which disturbed FDR greatly. FDR's "Court Packing Plan" states that for every justice over 70 who did not retire, he could have the right to appoint an additional justice up to a max of 6. FDR wanted to "pack the court" with liberal New Dealers. After this new plan was announced, one of the justices retired from the Court, giving Roosevelt the opportunity to replace him with a liberal. Roosevelt eventually was able to nominate several other members of the Supreme Court. Even though there was extensive opposition to the plan, FDR ended up getting his way.

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12. Discuss the contributions of individual people (besides FDR) to Great Depression history.  Include names such as Bonnie and Clyde, Dorothea Lange and Francis Perkins.

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12. Discuss the contributions of individual people (besides FDR) to Great Depression history.  Include names such as Bonnie and Clyde, Dorothea Lange and Francis Perkins.

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Dorothea Lange photographed the unemployed men who wandered the streets. Her photographs of migrant workers were often presented with captions featuring the words of the workers themselves. She allowed these men to have a voice and let them be heard in the nation. Frances Perkins was FDR’s Secretary of Labor and the first woman to serve as a cabinet secretary. She made a name for herself and for women by becoming America’s leading advocate for industrial safety and workers’ rights. Bonnie and Clyde with their gang were evolved from petty theives to nationally-known bank robbers and murderers. They became well-known in the United States and captured the nation's attention through their elaborate encounters with police and the suspense of their exploits by the country’s newspapers.