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Color blindness is the inability to distinguish certain colors. It is a X-linked disorder. Most people cant distinguish green and red. Others cant see blue and yellow, and the most rare means you only see black and white. Color blindness affects 8% of men and 1% of women.

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The two genes that change green and red light sensitivity in the eye are in the X-Chromosome. Different sensitivity can make a person colorblind. It can be very insignificant, or be as extreme as only being able to see in black and white.

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Deuteranopia: Red is brown, green is beige.

Protanopia: Red is black, orangeand green appear yellow.
Tritanopia: Blue is green and yellow is grey.

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http://www.bausch.com/your-eye-concerns/diseases-and-disorders/color-blindness

http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/causes-of-colour-blindness/

https://nei.nih.gov/health/color_blindness/facts_about

http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/living-with-colour-vision-deficiency/

http://www.color-blindness.com/what-is-color-blindness/

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On this website you can discuss problems with others who are colorblind. You can also locate doctors to help cope with colorblindness.
https://www.dailystrength.org/group/color-blindness

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There are many ways for someone to cope with colorblindness. The most widely available option is custom lenses. These glasses or contacts don't cure colorblindness, they enhance the color to make it look more like what a not-colorblind  person would see. Gene therapy has sucsessfully cured colorblindness in a monkey, but has not been deemed same for humans yet. The technology is on the way

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The first scientific paper on colorblindness was in 1793 by John Dalton. Dalton was red-green colorblind. Later, Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz described the trichromatic color blindness.