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Program Music

·         Music intended to convey an impression of a definite series of images, scenes, or events.

·         Instrumental music that carries some extramusical meaning.

·         Some “program” of literary idea, legend, scenic description, or personel drama.

·         A type of music usually instrumental in form, that is intended to evoke a scene, communicate an idea, or tell a story.

Art Song (Lied)

·         A typically 19th century German art song’

·         Characterized by :

ü  the setting of a poetic text in either strophic or through-composed style

ü  the treatment of the piano and voice in equal artistic partnership Schubert lieder.

Nocturne

·         A composition inspired by, or evocative of the night

·         Cultivated in the 19th century primarily as a character piece for piano.

·         The form originated with the Irish composer John Field.

ü  Published the first set of nocturnes in 1814

ü  Reached its zenith in the 19 examples of Frédéric Chopin.

·         In Germany, the nocturne, or Nachtstuck, attracted composers from Robert Schumann to Paul Hindemith (Suite for Piano,1992).

·         Claude Debussy most successfully transferred the genre to the orchestra with three brilliant pieces so entitled.

Etude

·         In French (étude) for a study.

·         Basically a piece of music that emphasizes a certain technique.

·         A short composition for a solo instrument

·         Intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity

·         Type of composition, musical composition, opus, piece, and piece of music.

Polonaise

·         A French word meaning Polish.

·         A folk dance spread throughout Europe.

·         Had a folk roots that dated to the 16th century in Poland.

·         Known as a dance of the gentry or aristocracy.

·         The music was distinguished by its rhythm.

·         Always in ¾ time.

·         Played at a moderate tempo.

·         A slow dance of Polish origin, in triple meter, consisting chiefly of march or promenade in couples.

Serialism

·         A technique that has been used in some musical compositions roughly since World War I.

·         Aserial pattern in music:

ü  merely one that repeats over and over for a significant stretch of a composition.

Impressionism

·         A style initiated by French composer Claude Debusy at the end of the 19th century.

·         The term which is somewhat vague in reference to music.

·         Was introduced by analogy with contemporaneous French painting.

·         Termed impressionistic include:

ü  static harmony

ü  emphasis on instrumental timbres

ü  melodies that lack directed motion

ü  an avoidance of traditional musical form

Expressionism

·         A penetrating vision of the inner psyche.

·         The music by composers :

ü  Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

ü  Alban Berg (1885-1935)

·         Was marked by extreme dissonance, wide ranges, disjunct melodies, and passionate expression.

Minimalism

·         A reductive style or school of modern music utilizing only simple sonorities, rhythm, and patterns.

·         With minimal embellish mentor orchestra trational complexity.

·         Characterized by:

ü  protracted repetition of figurations

ü  structural rigor

ü  often a pulsing

ü  hypnotic effect

Neoclassicism

·         In an attempt to recollect the balance and symmetry of the classical period, and returned to a formally ordered style known as neoclassicism

·         The harmony, rhythm, and timbre were clearly modern.

·         The adherence to earlier formal principles informed neoclassic works with grace and clarity of expression.

Aleatoric Music

·         Employing the element of chance in the choice of tones, rests, durations, rhythms, dynamic, etc.

·         Also called chance music

·         Aleatory from Latin alea， “dice”.

·         20th century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are compositions with performer to realize.

·         The term is a loose one.

·         Describing compositions with strictly demarcated areas for improvisation according to specific directions.

·         Unstructured pieces consisting of vague directives - “Play for five minutes.”

Music Concrète

·         Another term, Musique concrète.

·         Experimental technique of musical composition using recorded sounds as raw material.

·         The technique was developed about 1948 by the French composer Pierre Schaeffer.

Prepared Piano

·         A piano in which some strings have been damped by having objects placed between them or tuned differently from the rest for specific tonal effect.

·         This process was pioneered by John Cage.

·         A grand piano that has been altered for some modern compositions by having various objects attached to its strings to change the sound and pitch

·         Performance on which typically involves:

ü  playing the keys,

ü  plucking the  strings,

ü  slapping the body of the instrument,

ü  slamming the keyboard lid.

(Goh Ching Yee-60859)

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Impressionsm Composer
Biography
CLAUDE DEBUSSY (Achille-Claude Debussy) (1862-1918) was a 20th-century French composer.

Life&Music

claude was born on the August 22,1862, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

Died March 25, 1918, Paris.

Married; with Emma Bardac (m.1908-1918)

Children: Claude-Emma Debussy

During this period,debussy dedicted himself to the piano,

His first piano volume,tittled 'Pour Le Piano'(three movements — Prélude, Sarabande, and Toccata ),untilized rich harmonies and textures that woud pave the way for jazz music.

His use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism

NOTABLE WORKS

“Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun”

“Suite bergamasque”

“Pelléas et Mélisande”

“Clair de lune”

“Nocturnes”

“The Children’s Corner”

“Voiles”

MOVEMENT / STYLE
Impressionism

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Bigraphy
Active (1960s - 2000s)
Terrence Mitchell (Terry Riley)

Life&Music

was born June 24, 1935 in Colfax, California,

American Composer

His work is deeply influenced by both  jazz and Indian classical Music

He began performing professionally as a solo pianist during the '50s;

by the middle of the decade, he was studying composition in San Francisco and Berkeley, where among his classmates was fellow minimalist innovator Monte Young.

In 1965 he move to New York and joined La Monte Young’sTheater of Enternal Music

1967 was the year of his first all night concert at the Philadelphia College of Art and he began a collaboration with visual artist Robert Benson resulting in more all night concerts.

Genre

Avant-Garde

Classical

Electronic

Jazz

Movemen&tStyles

Minimalism

Modern Composition

Tape Music

Chamber Music

Ambient

World Fusion

Avant-Garde Music

Keyboards

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Biography
Name; PHILIPS GLASS,American composer of innovative instrumental, vocal, and operatic music.

Life&Music

born on January 31, 1937, in Baltimore,

Glass took classes at the Peabody Institute’s conservatory and later studied at the University of Chicago and The Juilliard School. He also took up the violin and flute and began performing before reaching his teens.

He  graduated in 1956

traditional formal qualities as harmony, tempo, and melody in his music.

He began creating ensemble pieces in a monotonous and repetitive style.

In September 2015, President Barack Obama presented Glass with a National Medal of Arts.

MOVEMENT / STYLE

Minimalism

NOTABLE WORKS

"Concerto for saxophone Quartet and Orchestra"

"Violin Cocerto No.2"

"Words without Music"

AWARDS AND HONORS

National Medal Of Arts (2015)

Praemium Imperiale (2012)

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Biography
Active(1960s - 2010s)

Stephen Michael Reich (Steve Reich)-20th Century, Contemporary

Life&Music

BORN;October 3, 1936 ,New York.

Married with Beryl Korot in  1976

He was a American composer who was one of the leading exponents of minimalism, a style based on repetitions and combinations of simple motifs and harmonies.

Reich is the son of an attorney and a singer-lyricist

He majored in philosophy at Cornell University (1953–57) and  then he studied composition at the Juilliard School  (formerly the Juilliard School of Music) before receiving a Master's Degree from Mill's College (1963), where his teachers included composers Darius Milhaud and Luciano Berio. Reich also played keyboard instruments and percussion. By 1966, when he formed his own ensemble, he was already creating minimalist compositions.

he studied African drumming in Ghana (1970), Balinesemgamelan usic in seattle and Berkeley, California (1973–74), and Middle Eastern chanting in New York City and Jerusalem (1976–77).

Reich’s early works include Four Organs (1970), for four electric organs  and maracas; Drumming (1971), for small tuned drums, marimbas, glockenspiels, two voices, whistling, an piccolo; and Clapping Music (1972), for two pairs of clapping hands

in 1976 he completed Music for 18 Musicians,

Genre

Classical

Avant-Garde

MOVEMENT / STYLE

Minimalism

Avant-Garde Music

Chamber Music

Tape Music

Vocal Music

AWARDS AND HONORS

Polar Music Prize (2007)

Praemium Imperiale (2006)

Grammy Award (1998)

Grammy Award(1989)

Pulitzer Prize

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Biography
JOHN ADAM; The best American Composer. (Minimalist Compuser 20th Century).

Life&Music

Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1947, Adams grew up in New England.

married with Deborah O'Grady,

His was study  encouraged by his parents, and both of whom were amateur is musicians.

he studied clarinet with Felix Viscuglia, a member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Adams also performed on the clarinet as the soloist

at Harvard University, where he enrolled in 1965, Adams studied composition with Leon Kirchner,

Adams was the first undergraduate in the history of Harvard University to be allowed to submit a musical composition

in 1972, He moved to San Francisco  to teach at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music until 1984.

Adams worked in an electronic music studio and was the conductor of the New Music Ensemble.

NOTEABLE WORKS;

Composer-in-residence, Marlboro Festival, 1970;

member of composition faculty, San Francisco Conservatory, 1972–82;

director and founder, 1978, of San Francisco Symphony's "New and Unusual Music" series;

composer-in-residence, San Francisco Symphony, 1982–85; 10-CD Earbox career retrospective released, 1999;

commissioned by New York Philharmonic Orchestra to compose On the Transmigration of Souls, 2002.

AWARS AND HONORS

Friends of Switzerland, Julius Stratton Prize, 1969;

Guggenheim Foundation fellowship, 1982;

Grammy Award for Nixon in China, 1987;

Grawemeyer Prize for Violin Concerto, 1995.

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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1. Mood and Emotion

Music of the romantic period  was a about making big splash or overhelming the audiences with emotional of music,romantic composers is a good love story,

such as the opera had a been  the main of musical story genre,but some composers a wanted to communicate with the audiences through the instrument music and start to focus on telling story without a lyrics or a singer,to do this composers should create the highly emotional in music

2.Tone Color

The romantic orchestra was larger and more varied in tone color than a classical orchestra its almost 100 musicians.

Then the composers increased the power of tthe brass section for spectacular sounds effect. For example woodwind section made the piccolo,bass and clarinet and also English horn members of the orchestra

3.Harmony

In Melody and rhythm can exist without harmony,in music, is the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously

4.Ryhthm

In Romantic period,the rhythm  are became more complex, and extremities of speed were explored.

Musical features  of music composed during the early 20th century
1. Tone Colour

In 20th century the tone colour is unusual playing techniques for sounf effects, for example glissando,flutter tongue,col legno and extended notes.Next the percussion is use greatly,new instruments is added or created like xylophone celesta,and the other instrument is typewriter

2.Melody

Melodies in the twentieth century are even more complicated and rather difficult to play and are usually unpredictable.

3.Harmony

concepts basic to traditional harmony began to lose their importance. In counterpoint harmonies became the incidental result of the combination of melodic lines

4.Ryhthm

In 20th of century rhythm is organization of time in music which mean the rhythm is always changing.

The rhythm is also irregular and unpredictable.

(Nurassima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Serialism music composer in 20th century

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Serialism music composer in 20th century

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Arnold Schoenberg

-Arnold Schoenberg was born into a lower middle-class Jewish family in the leopoldstadt district of Vienna, at "ObereDonaustraße 5". His father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a shopkeeper, and his mother Pauline was native of Prague.

-Developt twelve-tone method.

Alban berg

-Berg was born in vienna, the third of four children of Johanna and Konrad Berg.

-Studied counterpoint, music theory, and harmony. By 1906, he was studying music full-time; by 1907, he began composition lessons.

-Berg's best-known piece is his elegiac Violin Concerto.

Anton Webren

-The remarkable Austrian composer, Anton von Webren was born in Vienna, Austria on December 3, 1883.

-Received his first instruction in music from his mother, an amateur pianist then studied piano, cello, and theory with Edwin Komauer in Kiagenfurt.

-Webern left relatively few works, and most of them are of short duration (the 4th of his 5 Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10, scored for clarinet, trumpet, trombone, mandolin, celesta, harp, drum, violin, and viola, takes only 19 seconds to play), but in his music he achieves the utmost subtilization of expressive means.

Pierre Boulez

-Pierre was born in Montbrison, Loire, France on March 26,1925

-Boulez was influenced by Messiaen's research to extend twelve-tone technique beyond the realm of pitch organization, serialising durations, dynamics, mode of attack, and so on

-Pierre Boulez's totally serialized, punctual works consist of Polyphonie X (1950-1951; withdrawn) for 18 instruments, the two musique-concrète Études (1951-1952), and Structures, book I for two pianos.

-Boulez's strongest achievement in this method is his masterpiece Le marteau sans maître (The Hammer without a Master) for ensemble and voice, from 1953 to 1957, a "keystone of 20th-century music", and one of the few works of advanced music from the 1950s to remain in the repertoire.

Milton Babbitt

-born May 10, 1916, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

-American composer and theorist known as a leading proponent of total serialism.

-Babbitt attended public schools in Jackson, Mississippi; he played violin as a young child and then turned to piano, clarinet, and saxophone. In his youth he loved jazz and other popular music.

-Babbitt’s Composition for Synthesizer (1961) displayed his interest in establishing precise control over all elements of composition; the machine is used primarily to achieve such control rather than solely to generate novel sounds.

Karlheinz Stockhausen

-Stockhausen was born in 1928 near Cologne. Orphaned as a teen, he immersed himself in artistic pursuits and showed promise both as a writer and a musician

- He took classes at the new music school in Darmstadt with Adorno before moving to Paris, where he studied with Messiaen and met Boulez and Pierre Scaffer.

-Karlheinz Stockhausen emerged early on as one of the most influential and unique voices in the post world war II.European musical avantgarde and his prominence continued throughout the rest of the twentieth century and into the twenty first.

(Willson Meringgai Anak Aing-64399)

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Nationalist composer during the Romantic Period

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Nationalist composer during the Romantic Period

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a.       Frédéric Chopin

·         Born in Warsaw, Poland; composer, pianist

·         French father, Polish mother

·         Age twenty-one: moved to Paris, artistic center in 1830s

·         Affair with Aurore Dudevent(George sand)

·         Composed for Parisian salon, gathering of musicians, artists and intellectuals

·         Output revolved around the piano

i.      works central to piano repertoire

ii.      originated modern piano style

iii.      ornamented melodies: trills, grace notes,

iv.      widely spaced chords in bass line

v.      ballads, sonatas, concertos, preludes, études, mazurkas,

vi.      polonaises, scherzos, waltze, impromptus, noctunes, chamber music, and songs

b.  The Russian Five - Mily Balakirev César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakovand Alexander Borodin.

·         Nationalism in Russia featured a group of composers that have beentermed “The Russian Five,” or sometimes “The Mighty Five.”

·         Actually,the music of only three of them is heard much today.

·         The leader, MilyBalakirev, was successful in terms of convincing other composers thatthey didn’t need to imitate the German style, but he was not a successfulcomposer himself.

·         A second composer associated with the movement,César Cui was not all that successful as a composer either

·         AlexanderBorodin was a chemist and also an excellent composer.

·         Hecomposed several symphonies, a widely played string quartet, aprogrammatic work In the Steppes of Central Asia, and an opera PrinceIgor.

·         Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov was especially attracted to the Middle East andAsia, and his music represents an aspect of Romanticism calledexoticism.

·         His music includes the tone poem Scheherazade and twooperas in Asian settings.

·         He also wrote nationalistic music and worked toadvance the cause of Russian music.

·         The most recognized of the Russian Five was Modest Mussorgsky.

·         He hadthe most limited musical training of the Five, but seems best to reflectthe Russian character and culture.

·         His greatest work was his opera BorisGodunov.

c.       Bedřich Smetana

·         During the nineteenth century. Bohemia was part of the Austrian Empire, but it had its own language and culture. Today most of it is part of the Czech Republic. It produced two nationalistic composers, Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák. Dvořák composed a large amount of music, some of which was not nationalistic. However, Smetana confined his efforts almost entirely to nationalistic compositions.

·   Smetana: The Moldau

• The river Moldau runs through Bohemia

• Music is associated with scenes along it

– “Two springs”

– “Mighty stream”

– “Hunter’s horn”

– “Wedding feast

– “Water nymphs”

– “Fortresses and castles”

– “St. John’s Rapids”

– “Majestic peace”

d.      Antonín Dvořák

·         is a Czech composer at the end of Romantik music, which uses Moravian folk idioms and originally Bohemian.

·         During the nineteenth century. Bohemia waspart of the Austrian Empire, but it had its ownlanguage and culture. Today most of it is partof the Czech Republic. It produced twonationalistic composers, Bedřich Smetana andAntonín Dvořák. Dvořák composed a largeamount of music, some of which was notnationalistic. However, Smetana confined hisefforts almost entirely to nationalisticcomposit

e.       Edvard Grieg

·         Full name Edvard Hagerup Grieg

·         born June 15, 1843, Bergen, Nor.—died Sept. 4, 1907, Bergen

·         composer who was a founder of the Norwegian nationalist school of music.

·         His father, Alexander Grieg, was British consul at Bergen.

·         His  mother, Gesine Hagerup, who belonged to a well-established Norwegian family, studied music at Hamburg.

·         of Scottish origin, the composer’s grandfather having emigrated after the Battle of Culloden.

·         From the age of six Grieg received piano lessons from her, and in 1858, at the recommendation of the violin virtuoso Ole Bull, he entered the LeipzigConservatory, where he was influenced by the tradition of Mendelssohn and Schumann.

·         In the winter of 1864–65 Grieg became one of the founders of the Copenhagen concert society, Euterpe, for the production of works by young Scandinavian composers.

·         He spent the winters of 1865–66 and 1869–70 in Rome, where he first met Ibsen and also Liszt, who was roused to enthusiasm by his piano concerto.

·         Between 1867 and 1901 he wrote ten collections of Lyric Pieces (Lyriske Stykker) for piano.

·         His harmonies, developed from the late Romantic style, were considered novel. In his few works in the larger forms—the Piano Concerto, Opus 16; the String Quartet in G Minor, Opus 27; and the three violin and piano sonatas—he uses a free sonata form. His original Ballad for piano, Opus 24, is a set of variations on a folk theme.

·         Among his most popular works are his incidental music to Peer Gynt, Opus 23, and the suite Holberg, Opus 40.

·          His arrangements of Norwegian dances and songs, Opus 17 and Opus 66, and especially his Slåtter, Norwegian Peasant Dances, Opus 72, show his characteristic sense of rhythm and harmony.

·          His vocal works include the songs on texts of A.O. Vinje, Opus 33; and the Haugtussa cycle, Opus 67. Intuitively, he identified himself with the poet’s imagery in these songs and discovered its musical equivalent.

f.       Jean Sibelius

·         Johan Julius Christian Sibelius(8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods.

·          He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and, through his music, is often credited with having helped Finland to develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia.

·         The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies which, like his other major works, continue to be performed and recorded in his home country and internationally.

·          His other best-known compositions are Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony Kullervo, and The Swan of Tuonela (from the Lemminkäinen Suite).

·          Other works include pieces inspired by nature, Nordic mythology, and the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, over a hundred songs for voice and piano, incidental music for numerous plays, the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower), chamber music, piano music, Masonic ritual music,and 21 publications of choral music.

g.      Béla Bartók

·         25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945

·         was a Hungarian composer, pianist and an ethnomusicologist.

·          He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers (Gillies 2001).

·          Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became ethnomusicology.

(Muhammad Alif Haiqal Bin Shaiful Bharin-61582)

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Maurice Ravel was a 19th and early 20th century French composer of classical music.

Life&Music
Active 1890s - 1930s

Born; on March 7,1875,in Ciboure,France.

In 1887, he began studying harmony, counterpoint and composition with Charles-René. Charles-René found Ravel to be a highly musical boy, whose conception of music was natural. Ravel’s earliest known composition was written sometime during this period.

In 1888, Ravel befriended the young pianist Ricardo Viñes, who eventually became an important link between him and Spanish music. A friend for life, Viñes also became an important interpreter of Ravel’s works.

In 1889,at age of 14. He began taking courses at the Paris conservatoire,a prestigious music and dance school located in capital of France.

Studying under Gabriel Faure

First important work in the line was ’Miroirs’, a piece written for piano in 1904-1905. It consisted of five movements. In 1906, Ravel orchestrated its thirds and fourth movement, ‘Une barque sur l'océan’ and ‘Alborada del gracioso’.

During this period, Ravel also wrote many original works, premiering ‘Histoires Naturelles’ in 1907. Consisting of satirical verses on animals and biting music, it led him into another controversy. Critics claimed that he had plagiarized Claude Debussy’s work.

Died; December 28,1937, Paris,France.

Parents; Joseph Ravel, Marie Delouart

MOVEMENT / STYLE

Impressionism

Orchestral

Ballet

keyboard

Opera

Vocal Music

Concerto

GENRE

Classical

NOTABLE WORKS

“Boléro”

“The Child and the Enchantments”

(Nurasima Binti Hakim-64099)

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Electronic music composer in 20th Century

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Electronic music composer in 20th Century

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l  Krzysztof Penderecki

-composer and conducter

-born on 23rd of November 1993 in Debica

-first symphony in 1973

-wrote film music “The Manuscript Found in Saragossa” by WojciechJerzy Has

-worked as a professor, an artistic director and music director

-twice reveived the Prix Italia

-granted honorary doctorates from universities

-Award for Best Clasiccal Compendium

2.  Edgard Varèse

-composer and innovator

-born 23rd of December 1883 in Paris, France

-style of composition is Chamber music, orchestral, vocal music, experimental           electronic

-regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the twentieth century

Characteristics of music

A) Romantic Period

l  Mood and emotion expression

-not just about the emotion of love, also be about hate or death(positive or negative feeling)

l  Tone color

-orchestras became increasingly massive to find more variation in expression and dynamics.  Saxophone and the Wagner tuba are one example of developed instrument for variety of tonal color

l  Melody

-Rich melodies.  A lot of soloist dazzled audiences with their unprencedented instrument skills

l  Harmony

-more complex adding chromaticism, semitones used and unusual progressions.

l  Rhythm

- more complex and extremities of speed were changes.  Improved musical training and the emergence of virtuoso soloist led music to be more complex

l  Dynamics

- long grdual increasing (crescendo) and decreasing (diminuendo) dynamics

B) Early 20th Century

l  Mood and emotion expression

- song has been created and explorer into different feeling.

l  Tone color

-some composers have brought the most important element in their music and such may write music that is a rough surface but with no melody

l  Melody

-the concept of melody has exploded. A melody may be a single note or may also be no melody at all

l  Harmony

-composer approach harmony from any number of angles.  Microintervals smaller than a semitone, noises, sound fields, spectral sound.  Non-musical sound often used as part of a soundscape

l  Rhythm

-Technology and a long tradition of performing complicated rhythms enable both minimalist repetitive structures and complex rhythmic landscape.  Indeterminate rhythm

l  Dynamics

- Reaches beyond the extremes of the symphony orchestra through sound technology

(Marley Arwady Agang-61375)