# data[].attributes.headline
What you need to do before the conference

# data[].attributes.subject
What you need to do before the conference

# data[].attributes.headline
JOB DESCRIPTIONS: POSITIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY

# data[].attributes.subject
JOB DESCRIPTIONS: POSITIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY

# data[].attributes.body
Secretary General - Samantha Thong
Deputy Secretary General - TBC
Environment Secretary - Neha Ramesh
Historian - TBC
Conference team - TBC
Design and Advertising team - TBC

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
UNITED NATIONS UN Climate Change Summit 2019

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world is in a race to limit climate change. To meet the urgent need to address climate change and achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, UN Secretary-General António Guterres is convening a Summit in September 2019 to raise ambition and increase climate action. The race is on.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
中新网移动版是知名的中文新闻移动版门户网站，也是全球互联网中文新闻移动版资讯最重要的原创内容供应商之一。依托中新社遍布全球的采编网络,每天24小时面向广大网民和网络媒体，快速、准确地提供文字、图片、视频等多样化的资讯服务。在新闻报道方面，中新网移动版动态新闻及时准确，解释性报道角度独特，稿件被国内外网络媒体大量转载。

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
桃园大潭电厂昨天（15日）下午4时51分6部机组全数跳机，造成全台17县市大规模停电。台电启动罕见的分区限电抢修后，终于在晚间9时40分恢复供电。有台湾民众指出，不管是谁的错，民众铁定一肚子火！台当局"经济部长"李世光请辞被获准。蔡英文竞选时曾打着"点亮台湾"的口号，如今全台出现大规模停电。香港《大公报》指出，台湾民众当初投民进党一票，原本是寄望民进党能带领台湾走向更光明的未来，然而，不过是...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the decades prior to World War I universal conscription along broadly Prussian lines became the norm for European armies, and those modeled on them. By 1914 the only substantial armies still completely dependent on voluntary enlistment were those of Britain and the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Technically still at war with North Korea, South Korea has a strict system of national military service. All able-bodied males are required to complete 21 months of national service in the army, 23 months in the navy or 24 months in the air force. There are also options to serve in the police force, coast guard, fire service and in some special cases government departments.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Reality Check: Which countries have military service?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Technically still at war with North Korea, South Korea has a strict system of national military service. All able-bodied males are required to complete 21 months of national service in the army, 23 months in the navy or 24 months in the air force.

# data[].attributes.body
Member states should abolish conscription and national service without exception

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The current law and practice of capital punishment in every country that retains it, including death row and execution numbers, death-eligible crimes, methods of execution, appeals and clemency, availability of lawyers, prison conditions, ratification of international instruments, and recent developments.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Indonesia defends death penalty for drug crimes - BBC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
His last words were "I love you", followed by a Muslim prayer. Then Charles Brooks Jr - a convicted murderer - looked away from his girlfriend and felt death creep in.

He was lying on a white stretcher, dressed head-to-toe in typical 80s fashion, including gold pants and a shirt with all the buttons open. He had an intravenous line in one arm and doctors hovered nearby. The man could have been a hospital patient.

Instead, his final moments were spent in the death chamber at a Texas prison. It was 1982 and this was the first time the lethal injection had been used to kill a criminal in the United States.

Before this pioneering moment, the nation's favourite mode of execution was the electric chair, which is today widely regarded as torture. It was so violent, sometimes the victim's eyeballs would pop out and rest on their cheeks. It regularly set hair on fire, leading guards to stash extinguishers nearby, just in case.

The lethal injection was hailed as kinder and more technologically advanced, with no blood and no screaming. One witness to Brooks' death said that he simply yawned and heaved his stomach. Minutes later, a doctor said "I pronounce this man dead."

You might also like:
* 'My genes made me do it'
* Are mass shooters mentally ill?
* The myth behind long prison sentences

To this day, the method is the first choice in every US state where capital punishment is legal. But it might not be quite as peaceful as it looks. The problem is, no one actually checked. There was no research or testing of any kind.

Back in 2005, when more than a thousand deaths-by-injection had already taken place, a team of scientists decided to take a look. Led by Leonidas Koniaris, a surgeon based in Indiana, Indianapolis, they studied execution records from Texas and Virginia and discovered that 44% of inmates may have been aware as they died - and likely in agonising pain. They weren't able to writhe or scream, because the toxic cocktail contains a muscle paralytic.

Several executions have been botched

Further research revealed one of the drugs, which was supposed to stop the heart, wasn't working. "What one comes away with based on the data is this very, very disturbing conclusion that the mechanism of death was suffocation," he says. "It's a nightmare scenario. If you step back, you might say we've just moved away from visually brutal methods of killing people." Though the majority of Americans agree with the death penalty, very few think that it should hurt.

Now an ongoing shortage of execution drugs has led some states to experiment with alternatives. As a result, several executions have been botched, including one in which the man reportedly took two hours and 640 gasps before he died. It's safe to say the lethal injection is in crisis.

Is there a more humane option?

For thousands of years, execution was a spectacle to be relished by the public. From drowning people in sacks with animals, to pulling out their lungs through their backs, humankind seemed to have no shortage of imaginative ideas - and few moral qualms about enacting them.

In ancient Persia, there was "schapism", in which the victim was sandwiched between two rowing boats - one on top of the other, with the person's arms and legs sticking out - then covered in milk and honey and left to be eaten alive by vermin. Meanwhile one traveller visiting Delhi, India, in the 14th Century, reported that elephants had been trained to slice prisoners to pieces using blades attached to their tusks.
The guillotine
However, interest in more humane capital punishment is hundreds of years in the making. The movement started in 1789, with the introduction of the guillotine. At the time, the French Revolution was just getting started and the heads of Parisian nobles were beginning to roll. After a series of gory, drawn-out executions - sometimes several blows of the axe were necessary - it was clear the process was in need of some modernising.

Enter Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a doctor who was determined that executions should be conducted more humanely. He suggested using guillotines instead, boasting in a speech "Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it." They were later named after him, though he didn't actually invent them.

The guillotine involved a slanted knife, suspended over the victim by a wooden frame. Some models also featured a collection basket for their head. It proved to be quicker and more reliable than beheading by hand, due to the weight of the blade.

So how humane is it? Laboratory mice can provide some clues, because decapitation is a standard way of killing them for certain kinds of experiments, using tiny guillotines.

One study from 1975 reported that signs of conscious awareness persisted for between nine and 18 seconds after the animals were beheaded. This timeframe has since been demonstrated in other animals too, so it could be a reasonable proxy for humans.
Hanging
Beheading is still practiced to this day, particularly in Saudi Arabia where 146 people were executed by beheading in 2017. But by far the most widespread form of execution today is hanging.

There are two ways this is done: the 'short drop' and the 'long drop'. As the names suggest, the former involves dropping the person from a lower height and leads to death by suffocation. This is generally considered to be extremely painful.

The 'long drop' is thought to be the more humane option. In the "best-case" scenario, the rope will break the second bone on the victim's neck. The 'hangman's fracture' also severs the spinal cord, causing their blood pressure to plummet to zero in less than a second. The victim usually loses consciousness immediately, though it may take up to 20 minutes for their heart to stop beating.

The catch is that the method requires scrupulous calculation. If the drop is too long, the person's head will come clean off. If it's too short, they'll choke to death. "In my experience there are so many administration errors that even though a method should work in theory, because of either errors or incompetence, mistakes happen," says Megan McCracken of the Death Penalty Clinic at UC Berkeley. No one has been hanged in the US since 1996.
Firing squad
Though it's often associated with war and military crimes, death by firing squad has recently been re-adopted by the State of Utah as a back-up, and it is already routinely used in North Korea.

In the typical set up, a criminal is strapped to a chair with a hood over their head. Then five anonymous marksmen fire shots at their chest. One gun contains a blank.

In 1938, the very same state used the method to execute a 40-year-old man, John Deering, who was convicted of murder. He took the unusual decision to have himself hooked up to an electrocardiogram while it happened, so we have an idea of how swiftly the method works.

The monitor revealed that Deering's heart stopped beating just 15 seconds after being hit. It's impossible to know for sure how long he was in pain, but once again rodents can provide some hints. A 2015 study of cardiac arrests in rats suggests that they're usually followed by a surge of brain activity that lasts around 30 seconds, which may explain why those who have survived near-death experiences report feelings of heightened awareness. Then the world goes dark.
Electric chair
The electric chair was first invented as a more humane alternative to hanging. Like the guillotine and the lethal injection, it was seen as civilised and scientific. It all started with a chilling report commissioned by the State of New York in 1887, which evaluated 34 ways to kill a human.

One of its authors, a dentist, recalled hearing about a drunken dock worker who had touched an electric generator some years before and died instantly. He came up with the idea for the electric chair, which was used to dispatch an axe murderer just three years later.

The honeymoon phase didn't last long. It soon became clear to the public that these deaths were often messy and drawn-out, with chairs acquiring nicknames such as "Gruesome Gertie" and "Sizzling Sally". Nine US States have retained the method as a back-up, though this is controversial.
Nitrogen hypoxia
Which brings us to the latest idea: "Nitrogen hypoxia", which involves replacing air with an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium. It first gained traction after a BBC documentary presented by former Conservative MP Michael Portillo. In How to Kill a Human Being, he declared that the method is "a perfect killing device".

For a start, air is 78% nitrogen anyway, so it's easy to get hold of. The method is also a surprisingly quick demise. One study from the 1960s found that volunteers breathing pure nitrogen lost consciousness in around 17-20 seconds. Based on animal studies, it's thought that they would have stopped breathing after three seconds.

And due to a quirk of biology it's apparently painless. That's because the body can't actually detect a lack of oxygen - just an excess of carbon dioxide, which acidifies the blood and causes that aching feeling in your legs after exercise. This means it doesn't feel like suffocation.

So what does it feel like?

John Levinson, a cardiologist and pilot based in Boston, Massachusetts, has some insights. Some years ago he was flying his prized Mooney plane at 23,000 feet (7km) , a height at which the Earth's atmosphere is thinner and pilots must use supplemental oxygen.

Then he did something risky: he tilted up a corner of his mask and kept breathing. "After about 30 seconds I felt truly weird," he says. "I didn't have hallucinations, or pain, or confusion, I just felt weird. It wasn't like alcohol or any other substance like that."

The subtle symptoms of hypoxia make it particularly deadly to pilots at high altitude, who may not recognise that anything is wrong. It's thought to have claimed the life of a man earlier this year, who appeared unconscious in his small plane before going missing over the Gulf of Mexico.

In Levinson's case, he was flying with his instructor, who would have brought the plane down safely in the event that he passed out. The idea was to get a sense of what hypoxia is like, so that he could recognise when it was happening in the future. Years later, while flying with his wife, he started to get the same weird feeling. He recognised it immediately and fixed a kink in his oxygen line before anyone got hurt.

Three US States have now authorised the method as a back-up. But is this just another mistake?

No pharmaceutical company wants its drugs used to kill people

Robert Dunham, a litigator and the Executive Director of the Death Penalty Information Center, certainly thinks so. "The American Veterinary Medical Association and World Animal Protection both say that nitrogen hypoxia is inappropriate for veterinary euthanasia," he says. "It's not quick as has been advertised - cats and dogs are aware of their impending death before they lose consciousness and it takes at least seven minutes to put to death a pig."

One of the primary issues is that the method relies on the cooperation of the prisoner: if they hold their breath, or their breathing is too shallow, it might take much longer to kill them. "I understand, of course, the theory behind it, that suggests it would be a humane method," says McCracken. "But that is a far cry from how it would actually be performed in an execution chamber."

According to Dunham, in all likelihood the victim would have to be anaesthetised first. And this brings us back to the issues facing the lethal injection: no pharmaceutical company wants its drugs used to kill people.

"The key problem the United States has is that it doesn't want the gruesome or visceral aspects of capital punishment. It wants the prisoner executed, but it doesn't want on its conscience that it's brutally killing somebody. That's an internal contradiction," he says.

"When it comes to execution, I think people need to understand that the death penalty is not a humane act."

--

If you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called "If You Only Read 6 Things This Week". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The people rethinking methods of execution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
His last words were "I love you", followed by a Muslim prayer. Then Charles Brooks Jr - a convicted murderer - looked away from his girlfriend and felt death creep in. He was lying on a white stretcher, dressed head-to-toe in typical 80s fashion, including gold pants and a shirt with all the buttons open.

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-reading

# data[].attributes.body
The United Nations calls upon member states to do more to prevent the spread of cyber bullying and the abuse of social media by introducing stricter domestic policies regarding the internet and its use by member state citizens.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Their dramatic report on keeping that rise under 1.5 degrees C says the world is now completely off track, heading instead towards 3C.

Keeping to the preferred target of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels will mean "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".

It will be hugely expensive - but the window of opportunity remains open.

After three years of research and a week of haggling between scientists and government officials at a meeting in South Korea, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has issued a special report on the impact of global warming of 1.5C.

The critical 33-page Summary for Policymakers certainly bears the hallmarks of difficult negotiations between climate researchers determined to stick to what their studies have shown and political representatives more concerned with economies and living standards.

Despite the inevitable compromises, there are some key messages that come through loud and clear.

"The first is that limiting warming to 1.5C brings a lot of benefits compared with limiting it to two degrees. It really reduces the impacts of climate change in very important ways," said Prof Jim Skea, who co-chairs the IPCC.

"The second is the unprecedented nature of the changes that are required if we are to limit warming to 1.5C - changes to energy systems, changes to the way we manage land, changes to the way we move around with transportation."

What's the one big takeaway?

"Scientists might want to write in capital letters, 'ACT NOW, IDIOTS,' but they need to say that with facts and numbers," said Kaisa Kosonen, of Greenpeace, who was an observer at the negotiations. "And they have."

The researchers have used these facts and numbers to paint a picture of the world with a dangerous fever, caused by humans. We used to think if we could keep warming below two degrees this century, then the changes we would experience would be manageable.

Not any more. This new study says that going past 1.5C is dicing with the planet's liveability. And the 1.5C temperature "guard rail" could be exceeded in just 12 years, in 2030.

We can stay below it - but it will require urgent, large-scale changes from governments and individuals and we will have to invest a massive pile of cash every year, about 2.5% of global gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all goods and services produced, for two decades.

Even then, we will still need machines, trees and plants to capture carbon from the air that we can then store deep underground - forever.

What can I do?

The report says there must be rapid and significant changes in four big global systems:

energy * land use * cities * industry

But it adds that the world cannot meet its target without changes by individuals, urging people to:

buy less meat, milk, cheese and butter and more locally sourced seasonal food - and throw less of it away * drive electric cars but walk or cycle short distances * take trains and buses instead of planes * use videoconferencing instead of business travel * use a washing line instead of a tumble dryer * insulate homes * demand low carbon in every consumer product

Lifestyle changes can make a big difference, said Dr Debra Roberts, the IPCC's other co-chair.

"That's a very empowering message for the individual," she said. "This is not about remote science; it is about where we live and work, and it gives us a cue on how we might be able to contribute to that massive change, because everyone is going to have to be involved."

"You might say you don't have control over land use, but you do have control over what you eat and that determines land use.

"We can choose the way we move in cities and if we don't have access to public transport - make sure you are electing politicians who provide options around public transport."

Five steps to 1.5

1. Global emissions of CO2 need to decline by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030

2. Renewables are estimated to provide up to 85% of global electricity by 2050

3. Coal is expected to reduce to close to zero

4. Up to seven million sq km of land will be needed for energy crops (a bit less than the size of Australia)

5. Global net zero emissions by 2050

It won't come cheap. The report says to limit warming to 1.5C, will involve "annual average investment needs in the energy system of around $2.4 trillion" between 2016 and 2035.

Experts believe this number needs to be put in context.

"There are costs and benefits you have to weigh up," said Dr Stephen Cornelius, a former UK IPCC negotiator now with WWF. He says making big emissions cuts in the short term will cost money but be cheaper than paying for carbon dioxide removal later this century.

"The report also talks about the benefits as there is higher economic growth at 1.5 degrees than there is at 2C and you don't have the higher risk of catastrophic impacts at 1.5 that you do at two."

The researchers say that if we fail to keep temperature rises below 1.5C, we are in for some significant and dangerous changes to our world.

You can kiss coral reefs goodbye, as the report says they would be essentially 100% wiped out at two degrees of warming.

Global sea-level will rise about 10cm (4in) more if we let warming go to 2C. That may not sound like much but keeping to 1.5C means that 10 million fewer people would be exposed to the risks of flooding.

There are also significant impacts on ocean temperatures and acidity, and the ability to grow crops such as rice, maize and wheat.

"We are already in the danger zone at one degree of warming," said Kaisa Kosonen, from Greenpeace. "Both poles are melting at an accelerated rate; ancient trees that have been there for hundreds of years are suddenly dying; and the summer we've just experienced - basically, the whole world was on fire."

Analysis by David Shukman, BBC science editor

The countdown to the worst of global warming seems to have accelerated. Seriously damaging impacts are no longer on a distant horizon later this century but within a timeframe that appears uncomfortably close.

By the same token, the report's "pathways" for keeping a lid on temperatures all mean that hard decisions cannot be delayed:

a shift away from fossil fuels by mid-century

coal phased out far sooner than previously suggested

vast tracts of land given over to forests

It's mind-bending stuff and some will say it's hopelessly unrealistic, a climate scientists' fantasy. So is any of it plausible? On the one hand, the global economy relies on carbon and key activities depend on it. On the other, wind turbines and solar panels have tumbled in price and more and more countries and states such as California are setting ambitious green targets.

Ultimately, politicians will face a difficult choice: persuade their voters that the revolutionary change outlined in the report is urgently needed or ignore it and say the scientists have got it wrong.

The idea of keeping the global temperature rise to 1.5 is something very close to the hearts and minds of small island and low-lying states, which fear being inundated with flooding if temperatures go to two degrees.

But over the three years that the report was in preparation, more and more scientific evidence has been published showing the benefits of staying close to 1.5C are not just for island nations in the Pacific.

"If you save a small island country, then you save the world," said Dr Amjad Abdulla, an IPCC author, from the Maldives. "Because the report clearly states that no-one is going to be immune. It's about morality - it's about humanity."

How long have we got?

Not long at all. But that issue is now in the hands of political leaders. The report says hard decisions can no longer be kicked down the road. If the nations of the world don't act soon, they will have to rely even more on unproven technologies to take carbon out of the air - an expensive and uncertain road.

"They really need to start work immediately. The report is clear that if governments just fulfil the pledges they made in the Paris agreement for 2030, it is not good enough. It will make it very difficult to consider global warming of 1.5C," said Prof Jim Skea.

"If they read the report and decide to increase their ambitions and act more immediately, then 1.5C stays within reach - that's the nature of the choice they face."

Campaigners and environmentalists, who have welcomed the report, say there is simply no time left for debate.

"This is the moment where we need to decide" said Kaisa Kosonen. "We want to move to clean energy, sustainable lifestyles. We want to protect our forests and species. This is the moment that we will remember; this is the year when the turning point happened."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Final call to save the world from 'climate catastrophe'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Top scientists from around the world urge changes "in all aspects of society" to limit climate warming.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"The death penalty has no place in the 21st century."

UN Secretary-General António Guterres' remark reflects the global trend away from capital punishment. More and more Member States from all regions acknowledge that the death penalty undermines human dignity, and that its abolition, or at least a moratorium on its use, contributes to the enhancement and progressive development of human rights.

Some 170 Members States of the United Nations with a variety of legal systems, traditions, cultures and religious backgrounds, have either abolished the death penalty or do not practice it. Yet, prisoners in a number of countries continue to face execution.

The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, with its mandate to promote and protect all human rights, advocates for the universal abolition of the death penalty. The UN Human Rights Office argues this position notably in light of the fundamental nature of the right to life; the unacceptable risk of executing innocent people; and the absence of proof that the death penalty serves as a deterrent to crime.

In line with General Assembly resolutions, the UN Human Rights Office supports Member States, civil society and other stakeholders campaigning for a moratorium on the death penalty and ultimately its abolition worldwide.

The international framework

From the early 1960s, although a majority of countries still used the death penalty, the draftees of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) had already begun moves for its abolition in international law.

Although Article 6 of the ICCPR permits the use of the death penalty in limited circumstances, it also provides that "nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to prevent the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party to the present Covenant."

Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty
In 1984, the UN Economic and Social Council adopted Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty.

Second Optional Protocol to ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty
In 1989, 33 years after the adoption of the Covenant itself, the UN General Assembly adopted the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR that gave abolition decisive new momentum. Member States which became parties to the Protocol agreed not to execute anyone within their jurisdictions.

UN General Assembly resolutions
In a series of resolutions adopted in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, the General Assembly urged States to respect international standards that protect the rights of those facing the death penalty, to progressively restrict its use and reduce the number of offences whichare punishable by death.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"The death penalty has no place in the 21st century." UN Secretary-General António Guterres' remark reflects the global trend away from capital punishment. More and more Member States from all regions acknowledge that the death penalty undermines human dignity, and that its abolition, or at least a moratorium on its use, contributes to the enhancement and progressive development of human rights.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres has said he wants the US to end its "barbaric practice" of the death penalty.

This was the leader of the world body's first statement on the death penalty.

"Please stop the executions," Mr Guterres said at an event at UN Headquarters in New York, titled "Transparency and the death penalty."

"The death penalty has no place in the 21st century."

Mr Guterres made mention of his home country of Portugal, abolishing the practice nearly 150 years ago and two African nations - Gambia and Madagascar - which have taken "major steps" towards getting rid of it.

In 2016, executions worldwide were down 37 per cent from 2015 as 170 countries have decided to abandon the practise, Mr Guterres said.

According to Amnesty International, just four countries make up 87 per cent of executions - Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Pakistan.

China has the most number of known executions in the world, but figures have been hard to come by due to state controls.

It is thought to be much thousands higher than the reported 1,032 in 2016 according to the human rights watchdog.

The US was actually included in this top five group between 2006 and 2016, but fell out last year.

The 20 executions carried out in the US was the lowest number since 1991. This still put it in the seventh position, just shy of Egypt, and the only country in the Americas to impose the death penalty.

Five American states carried out executions last year but 31 still have the penalty on the books.

So far in 2017, 19 executions have been carried out, all through lethal injection.

Texas alone killed five inmates sentenced to death.

The Trump administration recently voted against a UN motion that condemned the death penalty for LGBTQ people.

The motion passed the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council despite the US being joined by countries like Japan, Saudi Arabia, India, Iraq, Botswana, Burundi and others.

US Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley's response to criticism from the LGBT Q community and her predecessor Susan Rice was confusing because she tweeted there was "no vote" but that the US voted the same way as it had under the Obama administration on the issue.

But, State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert clarified the vote by saying: "We voted against that resolution because of broader concerns with the resolution's approach in condemning the death penalty in all circumstances, and it called for the abolition of the death penalty altogether."

In fact, no US administration has supported a UN motion against the death penalty primarily for this reason and usually elects to abstain from voting on it.

As Newsweek reported: "In 2014 the Obama administration abstained from a resolution on capital punishments in the Human Rights Council, which did not highlight LGBTQ rights."

Mr Guterres made it clear at the event that he wanted to "reaffirm my opposition to the death penalty in all circumstances."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The UN is demanding America stop using the death penalty

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres has said he wants the US to end its "barbaric practice" of the death penalty. This was the leader of the world body's first statement on the death penalty. "Please stop the executions," Mr Guterres said at an event at UN Headquarters in New York, titled "Transparency and the death penalty."

# data[].attributes.headline
Debate scheduled for Tuesday 20th November

# data[].attributes.subject
Debate scheduled for Tuesday 20th November

# data[].attributes.body
The United Nation calls for all member states to immediately cease the practice of capital punishment within the borders of all member states. What alternative punishment and legislation (laws) can be adopted by member states to replace capital punishment?

# data[].attributes.body
Speak for yourself

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Korean boy band BTS became the first ever K-Pop group to address the United Nations this week, telling young people to "speak yourself" and believe in their own convictions: https://cnn.it/2DtLNZb...

# data[].attributes.headline
Debate scheduled for Tuesday 9th October

# data[].attributes.subject
Debate scheduled for Tuesday 9th October

# data[].attributes.body
Should wealthier countries (historically responsible for the most emissions) be required to contribute money to help poorer countries deal with the effects of climate change? Should developing countries have restrictions/ international laws imposed on them about how much fossil fuels they are allowed to burn each year while they are trying to industrialize?

# data[].attributes.headline
SEE MR DAVIS OR MS SOON TO SIGN UP TODAY!

# data[].attributes.subject
SEE MR DAVIS OR MS SOON TO SIGN UP TODAY!

# data[].attributes.body
Structure

# data[].attributes.headline
Key features of Writing to Persuade/ Argue

# data[].attributes.subject
Key features of Writing to Persuade/ Argue

# data[].attributes.body
Use a range of these features when you debate

# data[].attributes.headline
Can we trust all news sources in the same way?

# data[].attributes.subject
Can we trust all news sources in the same way?

# data[].attributes.body
Do all news sources report stories in the same way? Who decides what is the main stories and headlines? Which stories are not reported? Why are they called stories if they are factual events

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Live news, investigations, opinion, photos and video by the journalists of The New York Times from more than 150 countries around the world. Subscribe for coverage of U.S. and international news, politics, business, technology, science, health, arts, sports and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
News, sport and opinion from the Guardian’s global edition | The Guardian

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Latest international news, sport and comment from the Guardian

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
News, analysis from the Middle East & worldwide, multimedia & interactives, opinions, documentaries, podcasts, long reads and broadcast schedule.

# data[].attributes.body
Follow at least one news website per week to develop your awareness and understandings of current global issues

# data[].attributes.headline
Debate speeches - some guidance and help

# data[].attributes.subject
Debate speeches - some guidance and help

# data[].attributes.headline
How to write and submit your country's position paper

# data[].attributes.subject
How to write and submit your country's position paper

# data[].attributes.body
General Assembly Debate process and structure

# data[].attributes.body
A summary

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Simplified Version
This simplified version of the 30 Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been created especially for young people.

Nobody has any right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our slave.

Do you know your rights? This free interactive course will introduce you to your human rights so you will know them and defend them for yourself and others.

Do you know your rights? This free interactive course will introduce you to your human rights so you will know them and defend them for yourself and others.

An illustrated guide for children that explains human rights, with each of the 30 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in easy-to-understand language.

An illustrated guide for children that explains human rights, with each of the 30 articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in easy-to-understand language.

SUBSCRIBE FOR UPDATES AND WAYS TO HELP

Subscribe to Youth for Human Rights News and get our latest news and updates in your inbox.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Summary: Youth For Human Rights Video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Read a Simplified Version of The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Teens and Young Adults. Watch Videos and Learn More About the Fundamental Rights and Privileges That Everyone Has For Being Human.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
United Nations | Peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet