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Industrial Process Control

Microprocessor are the indispensable part of our day to day machines we come across.Be it an elevator,gasoline pump,computer server,digital kiosk,surveillance systems etc. The transport industry also heavily depends on the information provided by the microprocessor

Mediical Field

Many Medical Devices use microprocessors such as insulin pump,diabetes checker.The microprocessors perform various function such as bio sensors,storing measurements, and analysing results.Microprocessors , in present age have transformed into a major part of the defense industry and its application are growing with time giving a whole new dimension to Military Combat.

Microprocessors are heavily used in Communication industry for various puposes like sattelite communication

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Since the birth of microprocessors in 1971, the IC industry has successfully maintained an incredibly rapid increase in performance. Recently this has given rise to developments in two main directions: 1) to utilize instruction level parallelism (ILP) more aggressively by means of more powerful optimizing compilers, and innovative techniques. 2) to also make use of parallelism at a higher-than-instruction (i.e., thread) level. Performance may be increased basically either by raising the clock frequency or by increasing the efficiency of the microarchitecture. The major outbreak in micro-architectural developments was the introduction of superscalar processorsin our computers which is aCPU that implements a form of parallelism called instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. It therefore allows faster CPU throughput(the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time) than would otherwise be possible at a given clock rate. The types of parallelism that are used are namely Temporal, Issue and Instrainstruction level Parallelism which are named in a chronological sequence.

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We are grateful to Dr. Santosh Mahapatra , professor of Technical Report Writing for all the help and guidance given for this report to be possible . We would also like to thank him for introducing us to padlet , which helped us to start a wonderful discussion due to its efficient way of presenting and promoting ideas about a specific topic .

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MIroprocessors are the core of all digital computings and processing systems . They are the most indispensable part of all computing devises as they provide the device logic and specific algorithms to carry out a task effeciently and consume minimal resources . This report mainly focuses on advancement that have occured in its electronic

design and its evolution

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Views

Microprocessors ,in the present age, have transformed into an indispensable part of the Defense Industry and its applications are growing in numbers giving a whole new dimension to the Military Combats.

Suggestion:

The Artificial intelligence ,which is nothing but using several algorithms on this piece of silicon, should be the present age's primary area of concern whose magnificence and accuracy can be more effectively harnessed by the different Defense Institutions of the world.

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Since Industries are the backbone of economic development,without the use of microprocessor machinery cannot function in an efficient way .They are used in Automobiles as well ,due to which the exact information about the heat engine can be received by the processor .This leads to more efficient handling of fuel and better mileage.Its also responsible for handling the complex tasks of controlling an air plane .etc

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1)extrapolation;Process estimation beyond observational range.

2)Algorithm;Procedure on Formula for solving problem .

3). Cache Memory:smaller,faster memory to reduce avg. time to access data.

4)PLD: Programmable logic Device ,used to build digital circuits.

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Decisive Aspects in the evolution of microprocessors.

1)ILP- Instruction Level Parallelism

2)IPII-Instruction per Issue Interval

3)CPII-Cycles per Issue Interval

4)IPC-Instructions Per Cycle

5)SIMD-Single Instruction Multiple Data

6)VLIW-Very Long

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What is the future of Microprocessor,give an example ?

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Microarchitecture - The resources and methods. used to achieve architecture specification.

Lithography - The process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing.

Pollack's Rule- It states that microprocessor "performance increase due to microarchitecture advances is roughly proportional to [the] square root of [the] increase in complexity".

Crytography Accelerators - It is a form of co-processor that performs computationally intensive encoding and decoding of information while freeing the host CPU to perform other tasks.

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1) A technical paper from IEEE. Author- Dezsö Sima (Harlow, U.K.: Addison-Wesley, 1997)

2)An article from Britannica on ICs.

http://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit

3)A talk by Dr. William Haley

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1ImS3gbg08&feature=youtu.be

4)MIT Lectures on Electronics Engineering and Computer Science from ocw.mit.edu

5)video on Impact of ICs by BBC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNVcj5A6yDE

6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MckeAmnDeTk&feature=youtu.be

7) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qcta3RStYSM&feature=youtu.be

8)A Reference Material on Parallelism in Microprocessors by Dottorato di Ricerca in Informatica,Universita Di Torino,Italy

)Product Insights from www.intel.in, www.nvidia.com ,www.amd.com .

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What is Bottleneck ?

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Rishi - List of Sources on future of microprocessors 

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Rishi - List of Sources on future of microprocessors 

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1)Shekhar Borkar : Future of Microprocessors ( Article May 2011)

2) David A. Patterson : Microprocessor in 2020 ( Journal Sept 1995)

3) https://youtu.be/FPtDc2qvXeQ
4) https://youtu.be/ECQzXJZHFQs

5) https://youtu.be/Fjs5S_UWD4U

6)Product insight from
www.intel.in
7) Article from Wiley online library
www.onlinelibrarywiley.com

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Rishi - Application of Microprocessor in Medical Field

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Rishi - Application of Microprocessor in Medical Field

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Many medical devices uses microprocessor such as an insulin pump. The microprocessors perform various functions that are processing data from bio-sensors, storing measurements, and analysing results.

For these applications, designers often select a microprocessor with a rich instruction set and proven track record, ensuring a reliable operation and maximizing the investment in code generation can be leveraged in the next generation medical products. The increasing use of microprocessors in external medical devices poses special analytical challenges. Programmable pacemakers, long-term portable ECG recorders, and ECG arrhythmia detection monitors, for example, contain cardiac arrhythmia detection software. Examination of such devices is difficult, especially because failures are rare and transient.

Machinery such as blood sugar detector , CT scan, MRI Scanning, etc

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VLSI-Very-large-scale integration

SSI-Small scale integration

IC-Integrated circuit

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1. W.C. Randle and N.kerth,"Microprocessors in instrumentation,"Special report

2." The computer society",Time,feb.20,1978

3. J.B. Peatman , Microcomputer-Based Design.New York.McGraw - Hilll,1977

4. G.Moore,"VLSI:Some Fundamental Challenges," IEEE Spectrum,Apr. 1979

5.Electronics,May 10,p.90,1979

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So guys after brainstorming we all have found out that microprocessors have numerous application in various field.Microprocessors is a very vital tool in medical field .

Also the best use of microprocessor is in medical science.

Connection between the medical science and microprocessor can be seen everywhere for example it is used in MRI Scanning CT scanning etc .

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Public Feedback Form

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Rishi - 22nm future chip  microprocessor

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Rishi - 22nm future chip  microprocessor

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Future Technology 22nm Intel microprocessor

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THE FUTURE OF MICROPROCESSORS

As discussed in the journal Microprocessors — single -chip computers—are the building blocks of the information world. Their performance has grown 1,000-fold over the past 20 years but in the next two decades, diminishing transistor-speed scaling and practical energy limits create new challenges for continued performance scaling .
Microprocessor technology has delivered three-orders-of-magnitude performance improvement over the past two decades, so continuing this trajectory would require at least 30x performance increase by 2020. Microprocessor-performance scaling faces new challenges precluding use of energy-inefficient microarchitecture innovations developed over the past two decades. Note that over the next 10 years we expect increase in the number of total transistor count, following Moore’s Law, but logic transistors increase by only 3x and cache transistors increase more than 10x.The next 20 years the pretty good new days will be more difficult and we will see a little improvement in transistor speed and energy.
Moreover, the challenges processor design will faces in the next decade will be dwarfed by the challenges that is posed by these alternative technologies, rendering today’s challenges a warm-up exercise for what lies ahead.

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How was MOORE'S law led to downfall in the 20th century ?

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Sarthak-Theoretical Insight about the Scalability in Microprocessor Evolution and its application

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Sarthak-Theoretical Insight about the Scalability in Microprocessor Evolution and its application

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How did the first IC look like ?

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When was the first IC chip developed?

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The some of the recent microprocessor that are used in daily life are octa core ,i3 , i5 , i7 , Xeon ,

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What is a Core i3, Core i5, or Core i7 as Fast As Possible

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What the heck is the difference between a Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7?? What do these terms mean? Vote for my next punishment: http://bit.ly/linuschoice Check out Fractal Design's excellent products: http://www.fractal-design.com/ Intel's Naming Scheme Guide: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/processor-numbers.html

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Which microprocessors are used on the daily basis nowdays ?

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"In about 10 years or so, we will see the collapse of Moore's Law," Kaku said. "In fact, we already see a slowing down of Moore's Law. Computing power simply cannot maintain its rapid exponential rise using standard silicon technology."

The prediction was made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965. It holds that the number of transistors on a chip doubles about every two years and can be done inexpensively.

Kaku, like so many scientists before him, said recently the two main problems that will derail Moore's Law are heat and leakage. "That's the reason why the age of silicon will eventually come to a close," he said.

This is far from the first prediction that Moore's Law is failing.

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Microprocessor :How it Evolved-Kartik Bali 

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Microprocessor :How it Evolved-Kartik Bali 

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this is a short clip about the history of microprocessors for a school project

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Sources of information on History of Microprocessors by Kartik Bali 

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Sources of information on History of Microprocessors by Kartik Bali 

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1)Nick Tredenick :Forces Driving Microprocessor Evolution :journal )

2)Microprocessor Architecture Program ;Ramesh S (publisher:Prentice Hall 1988)

4)History of Microprocessors :Beatrice Inc. (Journal;Michael R Betker ,John S Fernando,Shaun P Whalen

5)Wiley online library :History of Microprocessors

onlinelibrarywiley. com

6)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSKGVncs_ZQ

7) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qP0ox5F-6I

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Bottlenecks are the glitches that affect the performance of microprocessor by slowing down the exchange process of the information between the CPU and the memory.

Bottlenecks can also affect the network performance by hindering the transmission process of information across the networks.

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Yash-VlSI

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At .intro. the heart of all personal computers and mostworkstationssits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost alldigital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injectionsystemsfor automobiles.Their performance has grown 1,000-fold over the past 20 years, driven by transistor speed and energy scaling, as well as by micro-architecture advances that exploited the transistor density gains from Moore’s Law. Our aim here is to reflect and project the macro trends shaping the evolution of microprocessors and sketch in broad strokes where processor design is going.Microprocessor technology has delivered three-orders-of-magnitude performance improvement over the past two decades. To appropriately scale aggregate bandwidths of nextgeneration CPU interfaces while keeping the aforementioned factors of latency, form factor, power and cost in check, it will be essential to optimize the I/O system at the platform level and not focus solely on piecemeal architecture, circuit or interconnect solutions.Such a forthright view, solidly grounded, best supports our goals for this article.

Our aim here is to reflect and project the macro trends shaping the future of microprocessors and sketch in broad strokes where processor design is going. We enumerate key research challenges and suggest promising research directions. Since dramatic changes are coming, we also seek to inspire the research community to invent new ideas and solutions address how to sustain computing’s exponential improvement.

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INTEL first 8 core CPU

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Intel's First 8-Core Desktop CPU & DDR4 Memory!

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Audible: http://www.audible.com/tomorrow Learn more about all Intel's new releases here: http://www.techoftomorrow.com/2014/pc/intel-reinvents-the-desktop-for-2014-and-introduces-4-new-overclocking-products/ Subscribe! http://bit.ly/SubTechofTomorrow Try Amazon Prime FREE for 30 Days & Support Tech of Tomorrow! http://amzn.to/12JFYau Don't forget to check out the website! http://www.techoftomorrow.com Check us out on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/TechofTomorrow Stay updated on Twitter! http://www.twitter.com/techof_tomorrow Tech of Tomorrow Music!

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Present and Upcoming FUTURE of Microprocessors

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Rishi -  Present Newly Released Microprocessor 

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Rishi -  Present Newly Released Microprocessor 

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Intel recently releses its 6th gen processors known as "SKYLAKE". It comes in i5 and i7 version.

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Skylake specs leaked, 10nm chips in 2017, Radeon 300 series coming soon

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Specs for Intel's Skylake chipset are leaked, as well as info on 10nm chips coming in 2017; AMD says they're putting the "finishing touches" on the Rx 300 series; SAFFiR is a firefighting robot with sea legs.

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HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR EVOLUTION

First generation (1934-1954) computers worked with vacuum tunes as the main hardware. It's Design was bulky, slow and hard to maintain since it operated on mechanical switches powered by electromagnetic. They used filaments to turn on or off and could burn out very easily. Only large organizations such as the US Military could afford such bulky devices. SecondGenerationcomputers(1954-1959) involved use of transistors which were essentially switches that turned on or off based on potential difference between junctions. This ability was utilised in generating logic for computers. They reduced a lot in size and grew more efficient. A breakthrough occurred in 1959 in terms of computer hardware when Jack Kilby contributed to development of Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) by assembling multiple transistors and connecting them on a single silicon chip. Over time transistor size was further reduced and the hardware became to be known as an "Integrated Circuit". Various computing electronics companies like Intel, IBM and Fairchild researched on its design and developed transistors which could practically be "written" on silicon wafers. They could be made by using thinner lines of semiconducting materials. This lead to formation of Microprocessors (1971 - present) which could implement logic and carry complex calculations equivalent to millions of transistors per second. This could be possible since all necessary components were embedded within the Silicon chip. It reduced power consumption, increased power efficiency and made computers compact the level they are today. Over the years they have continued to improve and shrunk in size due to greater no.of transistors due to shrinking line size on chips from few millimeters to microns. Present day microprocessors have greater clockspeed, can handle, multiple tasks at once, higher cache size and are therefore much faster.

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Sarthak- Journal on Microprocessor Evolution

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Sarthak- Journal on Microprocessor Evolution

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Decisive Aspects in the Evolution of Microprocessor

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Yash-Journal on VLSI impact on microprocessor Evolutions

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Yash-Journal on VLSI impact on microprocessor Evolutions