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https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/aukus-is-a-sign-of-eu-impotence

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It is hard to overstate the importance of the so-called Aukus alliance between the US, the UK and Australia - and the implicit geopolitical disaster for the EU. The alliance is the culmination of multiple European failures: naivety at the highest level of the EU about US foreign policy; Brussels's political misjudgements of Joe Biden and his China strategy; compulsive obsession with Donald Trump; and the attempt to corner Theresa May during the Brexit talks. If you treat the UK as a strategic adversary, don't be surprised when the UK exploits the areas where it enjoys a competitive advantage.

The EU has outmanoeuvred itself through lazy group-think. While German political parties are still discussing the pros and cons of Nato, the Biden administration is moving beyond Nato towards a multipolar defence strategy. Nato remains a pillar but it is now supplemented by informal Indo-Pacific alliances. One of them is the quad: the US, Japan, India and Australia. Five Eyes is an informal intelligence alliance between the US, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand. Aukus is a nuclear submarine pact between the US, the UK and Australia. This is the variable geometry of the new international order - whereas the monolithic EU is stuck with its 27 veto-wielding members in the foreign affairs council.

The UK's investment in modern defence technologies (and some of their civilian offsprings) are of a different order to other European states. It is natural that the US turns to the UK for this specific project aimed at containing the influence of China.

Rory Metcalf, head of the National Security College at the Australian National University, writes in the New Statesman that the deal was struck on the sideline of the Cornwall G7 summit in June. Australia was seeking greater protection. What persuaded the Australians to drop the French contract was the willingness by the US and the UK to share their nuclear technology. Metcalf concluded that the UK had become part of something momentous in the Indo-Pacific.

The Aukus alliance brings risks for the UK too. The main one is not so much the ire of the EU but the possibility of being drawn into a future war in the Indo-Pacific. Theresa May, now a backbench MP, yesterday raised the possibility of a war in Taiwan. But right now this alliance constitutes another post-Brexit triumph for Boris Johnson after the quick deployment of vaccines.

So where does this leave Europe? At this point, there are three broad options for the EU. The first option is to continue to muddle through without direction, accompanied by some ineffective grand-standing schemes like a special reaction force. This is the PR-based version of European integration. It would work well with the media but wouldn't solve the problem. Second, move towards strategic autonomy from the US, developing the freedom to strike a distinct relationship with China based on strategic interests. This presupposes a discussion of what the strategic interests are. In a second step, the EU would need to create a legal and political framework in which these strategic interests to be enforced, a monumental task. Third, reinforce the strategic alliance with the US.

The option of strategic autonomy seems the most desirable one - but it requires a total reboot of the EU's constitutional order. This is not a policy shift or another PR exercise. The issue goes beyond qualified majority voting in the foreign affairs council. The reason Trump and Biden did what they did is that they campaigned for their policies and got elected. The EU is built for a customs union and a single market. It is only half-built for a monetary union. It is not at all build for a strategic defence union.

Real strategic autonomy requires treaty change: the creation of a federal union in which foreign policy and security constitutes a delineated area of EU competence. It would need to be complemented by a fiscal union to tax and raise debt. It would require constitutional change in some member states, like Germany for example. The adult version of strategic autonomy is a very serious undertaking. The discussions that have been taking place on this subject in European capitals are not in that category.

Aligning with the US is not a good option since Washington is clearly pushing its own unilateral interests. This means that the default option is to continue muddling through and pretending that some symbolic military co-operation - like joint headquarters or a small fast-reaction force - constitute something real. In the meantime, member states will pursue their own national trade and investment policies with the likes of Russia and China - the EU's role will continue to be relegated to setting some minimum legal protection under current EU treaties. The EU did not manage to dissuade Germany from the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, but the European Court of Justice did manage to enforce rules about access and fair competition within the German-Russian deal. That's better than nothing, but the EU forgoes an opportunity to pursue its geostrategic interests.

So what of France, the spurned member in an isolated EU? Paris is still shell-shocked. Backstabbed and betrayed is how Jean-Yves Le Drian, defence minister, described the impact. This new alliance has economic, strategic and political implications for France and Europe that are yet to be evaluated. France is one of the few nuclear powers present in the Indo-Pacific through its overseas territories. It is home to 1.5 million French citizens and 8,000 soldiers. Naturally, it has a strong strategic interest in the region.

The US has demonstrated that it can bully everyone around it and make its allies swallow nearly anything. It is understandable that Drian, who negotiated on behalf of France during the original Australian deal, must feel like it was a waste of time. But maybe not if he and Macron can find the right way to move forward.

What role will France play in the future? It is the only EU country with a serious stake in the Indo-Pacific and it is the only nuclear power in Europe apart from the UK. The biggest risk is falling back on historic narratives. Charles de Gaulle grew hostile to US and UK dominance in Nato. He pulled the French navy out of the joint command and prohibited Nato nuclear weapons from being stationed in France. This time may be different. France made it clear in its first statement in response to Aukus that co-operation with Australia and the US is to continue. Its longer-term response will need to be predicated on avoiding the temptation to burn bridges. The US, UK and Australia better come up with some ideas.

Domestically, this new geopolitical reality plays right into the election campaign for the French presidency. France also holds the next EU rotating presidency, with a common European defence strategy already on the agenda. Suddenly, the geopolitical role of France is back on the table. This is home turf for Macron, more so than for his opponents. The question is whether Macron can steer France through the motions of humiliation and build a fresh European narrative in this new world of geopolitical alliances.
This was first published in the EuroIntelligence morning briefing. For a trial subscription click .
The US has demonstrated that it can bully everyone around it and make its allies swallow nearly anything

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Aukus is a disaster for the EU | The Spectator

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It is hard to overstate the importance of the so-called Aukus alliance between the US, the UK and Australia - and the implicit geopolitical disaster for the EU.

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BRUSSELS, Sept 1 (Reuters) - Poland's challenge to the primacy of European Union law over national law is holding up the release of 57 billion euros in EU recovery funds to Warsaw, European Economic Commissioner Paolo Gentiloni said on Wednesday.

Poland, like all other countries of the 27-nation group, is to receive large grants and cheap loans from the EU to rebuild its economy greener and more adapted to the digital age after the economic deep slump caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

But each country is to get its share of the money only once the European Commission, the EU's executive arm and the guardian of EU laws, approves its national spending plan that has to comply with criteria set out in EU law.

The Commission has already given the green light to 18 national plans, but has withheld approval for Poland and Hungary because it is concerned that the two countries undermine the independence of courts and media freedom.

To make matters worse, the Polish government has recently asked the Polish constitutional tribunal to rule that EU law does not stand above national law -- a claim that undermines the basis of the EU's legal order.

Gentiloni, speaking to the economic and budget committee of the European Parliament, said that latest move by the Polish government was now an additional factor holding up the Commission's approval for disbursements to Warsaw.

If approved, Poland could get 23 billion euros in EU grants and 34 billion euros in cheap loans, while Hungary can expect 7.2 billion euros in grants.

"The fact is that we are not yet there, that the discussion is continuing," Gentiloni said.

"We know that this is about the requirements of the regulation and about the country specific recommendations and also the discussion, as the Polish authorities know very well, includes also the issue of the primacy of EU law and the possible consequences of this issue on the Polish recovery and resilience plan," he said.

European Commission Executive Vice President Valdis Dombrovskis, also present at the parliamentary hearing, said the money would not be released until the Commission was satisfied Poland and Hungary complied with the EU requirements.

"We are seeking additional clarifications from Poland and Hungary concerning compliance, making sure that all conditions of the regulation are being met. We need to receive those assurances before we are able to conclude positively on this."

Ten EU countries are already getting EU cash -- Italy, Spain, France, Greece, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Lithuania, Denmark, and Luxembourg have received in total almost 49 billion euros in pre-financing for projects listed in their national plans that got the Commission's OK.

Some of them, like Spain, France, Greece, or Denmark could even get next tranches of cash in the coming months if they show the Commission they have reach agreed milestones and targets in their reforms and planned projects, Dombrovskis said.

Bulgaria and the Netherlands have not yet submitted their national plans to the Commission because of elections and continuing difficulties in forming a government.

Reporting by Jan Strupczewski Editing by Alistair Bell

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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Questioning primacy of EU law holding up recovery money for Poland -Gentiloni

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BRUSSELS, Sept 1 (Reuters) - Poland's challenge to the primacy of European Union law over national law is holding up the release of 57 billion euros in EU recovery funds to Warsaw, European Economic Commissioner Paolo Gentiloni said on Wednesday.

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very unpleasant or violent, usually involving injury or death

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gruesome - 定義, gruesome の発音音声とその他: very unpleasant or violent, usually involving injury or death: : Learner's Dictionaryをもっと見る - Cambridge Dictionary

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to leave a place quickly because you are in danger or are afraid

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flee - 定義, flee の発音音声とその他: to leave a place quickly because you are in danger or are afraid: : Learner's Dictionaryをもっと見る - Cambridge Dictionary

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a shorter of a word or phrase, especially used in writing

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abbreviation - 定義, abbreviation の発音音声とその他: a shorter form of a word or phrase, especially used in writing: : Learner's Dictionaryをもっと見る - Cambridge Dictionary

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Permission to stay in a country because you are escaping danger in your own country.

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asylum - 定義, asylum の発音音声とその他: 1. permission to stay in a country because you are escaping danger in your own country 2. a...: Learner's Dictionaryをもっと見る - Cambridge Dictionary

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not done according to a plan but done at different times in different ways

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piecemeal 意味, 定義, piecemeal は何か: 1. not done according to a plan but done at different times in different ways: 2. not done.... もっと見る

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Schengen Area signifies a zone where 26 European countries, abolished their internal borders, for the free and unrestricted movement of people, in harmony with common rules for controlling external borders and fighting criminality by strengthening the common judicial system and police cooperation.

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Schengen Area, signifies a zone where 26 European countries, abolished their internal borders, for the free and unrestricted movement of people, in harmony with common rules for controlling external borders and fighting criminality by strengthening the common judicial system and police cooperation.

Schengen Area covers most of the EU countries, except Ireland and the countries that are soon to be part of: Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Cyprus. Although not members of the EU, countries like: Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Lichtenstein are also part of the Schengen zone.

Schengen Area Countries

Currently, Schengen Area consists of 26 member countries. All of these countries are located in Europe, from which:

22 members fully implement the Schengen acquis,

Four of them - members of the EFTA, implement Schengen acquis through specific agreements related to the Schengen agreement.

Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein are associate members of the Schengen Area but are not members of the EU.

Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have opened their borders with, but are not members of the visa free zone.

The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands are special members of the EU and part of the Schengen Zone even that they are located outside the European continent.

There are five more EU members, that have not joined Schengen zone: Ireland - that still maintains opt-outs and Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Cyprus - that are seeking to join soon.

The external borders of the Schengen Zone reach a distance of 50,000 km long, where 80% of it is comprised of water and 20% of land. The area counts hundreds of airports and maritime ports, many land crossing points, an area of 4,312,099 km2, and a population of 419,392,429 citizens.

Note: Although most of the Schengen countries are in the European Union, you should not confuse the Schengen Area with the EU.

Visa Information for Schengen countries

A holder of a Uniform Schengen visa can travel to all 26 member countries of the Schengen Area:

One of the richest countries in the world by per capita GDP terms, Austria, has an area of 83,871km2, and is inhabited by 8,712,137 residents. The country signed the Schengen agreement on 28 April 1995. However, it started its implementation more than two years later on 1 December 1997.

Austria is located in the central Europe, and is bordered by 8 countries, more than most of the other European countries. Its capital, Vienna, remains one of the top European destinations for travelers.
In 2017 alone, the Austrian embassies around the world received a number of 304,556 visa applications. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Austria
Belgium is one of the five first countries that signed the Schengen agreement on 14 June 1985, and started its implementation on 26 March 1995. It is a small and densely populated country, with an area of 30,528km2 and a number of 11,358,379 residents.

Located in Western Europe the country is bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. Its capital, Brussels, is the administrative center of the European Union, which is often referred to as the EU's capital city.
A number of 231,437 travelers from all around the world applied for a visa to Belgium in 2017. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Belgium
Shortly known as Czechia, the country was founded as late as in 1993, with the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The central European country has an area of 78,866km2 and is bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.

It has a population of 10,610,947, 64.3% of which are Czechs while the rest are Slovaks, Moravians, Ukrainians and others. The country has a considerable income from tourism, with Prague listed as the fifth most visited cities located in the old continent.

The Czech Republic signed the Schengen agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation years later, on 21 December 2007.
Last year, 623,255 foreigners in need of a visa, applied for one at the Czech embassies around the world. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to the Czech Republic
Denmark is the southernmost country of the Scandinavian countries. It has an area of 43,094 km2 and is located in the south-west of Sweden and south of Norway. Whereas, to the south it is bordered by Germany.

The Danish government signed the Schengen agreement on 19 December 1996 and started its implementation on 25 March 2001. However, Denmark is currently one of the six Schengen countries with reintroduced border checks due to the security situation in Europe and threats resulting from the continuous significant secondary movements.

The Nordic country has a population of 5,785,864 residents who have one of the highest standards of living, not only in Europe, but in the whole world as well.
In 2017, it received 152,467 visa applications. Figures show that Denmark has received 1 million more tourists in 2017, in comparison to 2014. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Denmark
The northern European Republic of Estonia is bordered to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, to the north by the Gulf of Finland and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. With an area of 45,338 km2 and 1,312,442 residents, it is one of Europe's least crowded countries. This flatland country also consists of 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea.

Throughout the centuries, the territorial area of today's Estonia has been ruled by the Danish, the Swedish and recently by the Soviet Union. Its government signed the Schengen agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation on 21 December 2007.
In 2017, the country received 138,249 visa applications. However, figures show that 3.54 million foreigners stayed overnight in Estonia, 6.6% more than in the previous year. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Estonia
Officially known as the Republic of Finland, the Nordic country is bordered by Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east. It is famous for its educational system, and for being one of the safest and most eco-friendly countries on earth. Its 5,503,132 residents populate the happiest country in the world.

Finland has an area of 338,145 km2. It signed the Schengen agreement on 19 December 1996 and started its implementation on 25 March 2001.
It remains one of the most visited Schengen countries, since last year alone, it received 827,520 visa applications. Statistics show that out of around 3,1 million tourists that entered Finland in 2017, 1,5 million of them were from the EU states. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Finland
The most visited country in Europe, France, is not all about the Eiffel Tower. Known for its fine wine, sheer diversity, heritage sites and luxury skiing resorts, the country lured 85.7 million foreign tourists in 2013, the highest number ever.

The 551,695km2 country borders eight European countries: Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast, Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and Andorra and Spain in the south and southwest.

It is home to 64,720,690 residents, who can move freely within the Schengen Area, since the country is one of the five founding countries of the Schengen Zone on 14 June 1985. The implementation of the agreement in France started on 26 March 1995.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to France
The land of invention and innovation and the second most visited Schengen country, Germany, consists of an area of 357,386km2 and 16 constituent states. The most populous EU member is also the European country that borders most other countries.

It is located in Western and Central Europe, with Denmark bordering to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east. It has Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the south-southwest, France, Luxembourg and Belgium lie to the west, and the Netherlands to the northwest.

The German passport is amongst the top three most powerful passports in the world, since its 81,914,672 residents can visit 188 countries visa-free.

Germany is one of the five founding countries of the Schengen agreement, signed on 14 June 1985. It started its implementation year later on 26 March 1995.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Germany

The cradle of Western civilization, Greece, is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Hellenic Republic is considered as the birthplace of democracy, western literature, historiography, political science, Olympic games, etc.

Despite of the fact that its borders have changed throughout the year, today Greece shares land borders with Albania in the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey in the northeast. Despite that Greece signed the Schengen agreement on 6 November 1992 and started its implementation on 1 January 2000, none of its neighbors have joined the area yet.
In 2017, it received 1,029,564 visa applications from travelers worldwide, what makes it the fifth Schengen country with most applications received. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Greece
The country has an area of 131,990 km2 and 11,183,716 residents. Greece has a unique cultural heritage, beautiful island and beaches, which makes it a favorite destination for many travelers.

Located in Central Europe, Hungary has an area of 93,030 km2 and is home to 9,753,281 residents. It shares land borders with Slovakia in the north, Ukraine in the northeast, Austria in the northwest, Romania in the east, Serbia in the south, Croatia in the southwest, and Slovenia in the west.

A high number of travelers visit the country each year. In 2017, it received 263,940 visa applications. When it comes to tourism, Hungary is one of the main medical tourism destinations in Europe. In dental tourism alone, it has a share of 42% in Europe and 21% worldwide.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Hungary
It signed the Schengen agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation on 21 December 2007.

The Nordic island country is located in the North Atlantic and is volcanically and geologically active. It has a population of 348,580, two-thirds of which reside in the capital of Reykjavik and the surrounding area. The country has an area of 103,000 km2.

Ecotourism and whale-watching are amongst the top tourist attractions in Iceland. However, in 2017, the country received 7,610 visa applications, least among all other states.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Iceland
It first signed the Schengen agreement on 19 December 1996. It signed a second agreement, which replaced the first, on 18 May 1999 following the incorporation of the agreement into EU law by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Iceland finally started the implementation of the agreement on 25 March 2001.

The sovereign state of the Italian Republic is located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of 301,318 km2and is bordered by France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, and the Vatican City. With 59,429,938 residents, it is the fourth most populous EU member.

Italy is the successor of what was known as the enormous Roman Empire, that left behind a rich history and a lot of cultural attractions, what have affected Italy to become one of the top destinations in Europe. Italy is also the country that gave the world some of the most famous scholars, artists and polymaths as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Galileo and Machiavelli.
In 2017, it was the third Schengen state with most visa applications received (1,850,260). >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Italy
It started the implementation of the Schengen agreement on 26 October 1997 after having signed it previously on 27 November 1990.

The Republic of Latvia shares borders with Estonia in the northern region, Lithuania in the south, to the east is Russia, and Belarus to the southeast. The 64,589km2 country has a population of 1,970,530 inhabitants.

Latvia is currently a member of the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, CBSS, the IMF, NB8, NIB, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. It signed the Schengen agreement on 16 April 2003, and started its implementation on 21 December 2007, thus becoming part of the European borderless territory.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Latvia
Its capital, Riga is known for its architecture, multicultural heritage, and the Old Town, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Riga was named the European Capital of Culture for 2014.

Principality of Liechtenstein is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in Central Europe. It has an area of only 160 km2 and 37,666 residents, what makes it the fourth smallest European country.

Liechtenstein shares borders with Switzerland to the west and south, and Austria to the east and north. The country is mainly mountainous, thus an alluring winter sport destination.

It is the last country that joined the border-free Schengen area, after it signed the agreement io

The 65,300km2 country is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. It has a population of 2,908,249 residents, and uses EUR as its currency.

Lithuanian is one of the oldest languages in the world today. And along with Latvian, it is also one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Lithuania signed the Schengen agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation later on 21 December 2007.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Lithuania
In 2017, Lithuania received 413,966 visa applications, which is more than countries like Austria, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, or Norway. There are three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Lithuania.

Luxembourg is a country of 2,586 km2 and has a population of 575,747 residents. It is one of the founding states of the Schengen agreement, which was signed on 14 June 1985 in the village of Schengen in Luxembourg. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the three official capitals of the European Union.

Ranked by its GDP, Luxembourg is the second richest country in the world. It has the highest minimum wage in the EU while also being one of the safest countries in the world.

The motto of the country is 'mir wëllebleiwewatmirsinn', which means ' we want to remain what we are'.

The Southern European island country consists of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 316 km2 and a population of 429,362 residents.

Despite of its small area, the country received a number of 37,881 visa applications is 2017. In tourism terms, it is mostly known for its sun, sea and beaches. Some of its most alluring destinations for travelers are also ancient wonders as the 5,000 years old Hagar Qim or the 4,000 years old Hal Saflieni Hypogeum.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Malta
Malta signed the Agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation on 21 December 2007.

Mostly known for the colorful tulips, numerous windmills and delicious cheese, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces. The country borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest. It has an area of 41,526 km2 and 16,987,330 residents.

It is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD, and WTO. Moreover, it is one of the five founding states of the Schengen agreement, signed on 14 June 1985.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to the Netherlands
The largest port in Europe and world's largest port outside Asia, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in the Netherlands. This Western European country has the highest English-proficiency in the world and it is the world's second biggest beer exporter, after Mexico.

The land of the midnight sun, Norway, has an area of 385,155 km2. It has a population of 5,254,694 residents known as Norwegians. It is bordered by Finland and Russia to the northeast, and the Skagerrak strait to the south, with Denmark on the other side.

The country attracts visitors mainly because of its stunning fjords and its Viking heritage. In 2017, the Norwegian embassies around the world received 196,082 visa applications.

Norway signed the Schengen agreement on 19 December 1996. A second agreement, which replaced the first, was signed on 18 May 1999 following the incorporation of the agreement into EU law with the Treaty of Amsterdam. Norway started the implementation of the agreement on 25 March 2001.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Norway
It is known as the land of the midnight sun because certain areas of the country get 24 hours of sunlight for part of the summer.

Poland is an EU country located in the Central Europe. It is divided on 16 administrative subdivisions and has an area of 312,683 km2. Home to 38,224,410 residents, the country shares border land with Germany, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Belarus.

Its most famous and visited cities are Warsaw, the medieval town of Malbork, Lublin, Torun, Krakow and Poznan. Poland is also known for the Tatra National Park and the Bialowieza Forest. Figures show that most of the visitors are from Germany, followed by Britons and Russians.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Poland
In 2017, Poland received 823,101 visa applications, what makes it the seventh country with most applications received. The country signed the agreement on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation in the late 2007.

The westernmost European country, Portugal, shares borderland only with Spain, to the north and east. It has an area of 92,391 km2 and 10,371,627 residents.

It is the oldest state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe. Known for football, beautiful beaches and historic sites, the country manage to allure many visitors throughout the whole year. Most visited Portuguese spots are the capital of Lisbon, the subtropical island of Madeira, the second largest city - Porto, the small fishing village of Ericeira, and Óbidos - which is known for its many medieval castles.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Portugal
Portugal signed the Schengen agreement alongside with its only neighbor Spain, on 25 June 1991 and started its implementation on 26 March 1995.

A landlocked country in Central Europe, Slovakia has a territory of 49,037km2. Its 5,444,218 residents are known as Slovak who speak the Slovak language. The country shares borders in the north with Poland, Ukraine to the east, the Czech Republic to the west, Hungary to the south, and Austria in the southwest.

Slovakia became an independent country after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia on 1 January 1993. Ten years later, on 16 April 2003 it signed the Schengen agreement. On 21 December 2007, it started the execution of this convention.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Slovakia
Slovakia has the world's highest number of castles and chateaux per capita. The Spiš Castle, which is part of the UNESCO List of World's Cultural and Natural Heritage, is one of the most famous.

Slovenia has a territory of 20,273 km2 and a population of 2,077,862. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast,

After Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Malta, Slovenia is the smallest Schengen state. The country joined the Schengen Area on 16 April 2003, and started the full implementation of the convention four years later on 21 December 2007.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Slovenia
Slovenia is known for the scenic Lake Bled, the Postojna Cave, Triglav National Park and its many castles. In 2017, Slovenian embassies and consulates around the world received 29,257 visa applications.

Spain has an area of 510,000 km2 and shares land borders in the north and northeast with France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest with Portugal. It is the second largest country in the EU bloc with a population of 46,347,576 residents.

The Spanish cities, Madrid and Barcelona, are some of the cities that allure most foreign visitors in Europe. Bullfights, La Tomatina festival and Ibiza's Parties are among the best-known and attended events in Spain.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Spain
Spain signed the agreement alongside with Portugal, on 25 June 1991 and both of them started its implementation on 26 March 1995.

Sweden is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. It has an area of 449,964 km2 and shares land borders with Norway and Finland. The country connects with Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund, a strait at the Swedish-Danish border. Its 9,837,533 residents are known as Swedish or Swedes.
In 2017, Swedish embassies around the world received and processed 248,347 visa applications. >> Requirements to apply for a visa to Sweden
Sweden signed the agreement on 09 December 1996 and started implementing it later on 25 March 2001.

The non-EU country, Switzerland, became part of the Schengen area after it signed the agreement on 26 October 2004 and started its implementation on 12 December 2008.

The country is landlocked between Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It has an area of 41,285 km and four national languages: French, German, Italian and Romansh.

Switzerland has one of the most powerful European economies and its 8,401,739 citizens have one of the highest living standards in the world.
>> Requirements to apply for a visa to Switzerland
In 2017, Switzerland received 517,010 visa applications. This makes it the tenth Schengen state with most applications received, despite of having a smaller territory than most of the other member states.

The Essential Features of The Schengen Zone

1. Nationals of any world country, when in the Schengen Area, to liberally cross the internal borders of the state members, free from border checks

2. Shared standards for crossing the external borders

3. Harmonized entry and short-stay visa conditions for all state members

4. Improved collaboration between the police of member countries

5. Privileged judicial collaboration between members, including a faster extradition of criminals, and easier relocation for execution of criminal verdicts

6. An advanced shared database, assisting member countries to quickly exchange information about people and goods between them, known as SIS

7. Despite the extent of the freedom guaranteed by the Schengen Area, the police enjoys the authority to carry out checks at internal borders and in border areas, in specific circumstances, but this is not considered a border check. The police can require information from people at internal borders about the stay in Schengen Zone and additional associated questions

8. If lacking to have a complete internal security due to a serious threat, a member country can temporarily reintroduce border checks at its internal borders, but for not more than 30 days

The abolition of borders between European countries has resulted with:

The Criteria to Become a Schengen Member Country

To be able, that on behalf of other member countries, to control the external borders of the Area as well as to issue Uniform Schengen Visas

To possess the competence that after the abolishment of border controls between member states, to capably collaborate with other member countries' law enforcement agencies for a greater level of security

To be equipped in applying "Schengen Acquis" or rules for controlling land, sea and air borders, issuing short-stay visas, police collaboration as well as protection of personal data

To be ready to join and put in use the Schengen Information System (SIS)

Many European countries possess the determination to be part of or to join the Schengen Area, but not all essentially can do this instantly. This for the fact that there are some pre-conditions or criteria that countries willing to join must have the capacity, or, need further preparation, to deal with, such as:

*Note: Before joining the visa free Area, the aspirant country is prone to a Schengen Evaluation. Afterwards, a member country undergoes a periodical evaluation to ensure the appropriate application of Schengen Acquis.

Which Are the Non-Schengen Countries in Europe?

The European countries that are not part of the Schengen zone are: Albania, Andora, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Ireland, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, The United Kingdom and Vatican City.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is UK part of the Schengen Area?
No. United Kingdom is not part of the Schengen zone and therefore you are not allowed to enter the UK with a Schengen visa.

UK residents might need to apply for Schengen visa if they want to travel from the UK to other countries in the EU.

What is the Schengen Borders Agreement?
The Schengen Borders Agreement permits people to travel freely within the area, if the traveler otherwise qualifies to enter the Schengen Zone, by crossing an official external border during regular hours of operation and obtaining an entry stamp in the passport.

Am I able to travel within the Schengen Area with the residence permit?
The residence permit allows you to freely travel throughout the whole Schengen Area, without any additional documents needed. The residency permit is stamped in your passport. However, you have to notify the authorities if you intend to make trips in and out of the Schengen space.

Can I travel to more than one member country with the same Schengen visa?
Yes, once you are issued the visa you can travel within the Schengen Zone as long as you don't exceed the timeframe granted your visa.

Last Updated on August 3, 2020

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Schengen Area - Visa Information for Schengen Countries

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Schengen Area, signifies a zone where 26 European countries, abolished their internal borders, for the free and unrestricted movement of people, in harmony with common rules for controlling external borders and fighting criminality by strengthening the common judicial system and police cooperation.

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to decide not to take part in something or to stop taking part in it

opt out of: The firm opted out of the company car scheme last year.

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OPT OUT (phrasal verb) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary

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Definition of OPT OUT (phrasal verb): decide not to be involved in something

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an exit by the United Kingdom from the EU

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Brexit definition: 1. an exit (= act of leaving) by the United Kingdom from the European Union (short for "British.... Learn more.

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united and working together effectively

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

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connected with (public) money

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fiscal 意味, 定義, fiscal は何か: 1. connected with (public) money: 2. connected with (public) money: 3. relating to public money.... もっと見る

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agreement between and support for the members of the group, especially a political group.

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solidarity definition: 1. agreement between and support for the members of a group, especially a political group: 2.... Learn more.

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the authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments

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jurisdiction 意味, 定義, jurisdiction は何か: 1. the authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments : 2. the.... もっと見る

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a person who is not accepted by a social group, especially because he or she is not liked, respected, or trusted

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pariah 意味, 定義, pariah は何か: 1. a person who is not accepted by a social group, especially because he or she is not liked.... もっと見る

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The difference between the council of Europe and the European Council is so difficult, so I searched and find it.

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Lately, the council has become preoccupied with the problems of terrorism, organised crime, money laundering and human trafficking. Its broad remit also includes the fields of education, the environment, health and culture.

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Lately, the council has become preoccupied with the problems of terrorism, organised crime, money laundering and human trafficking. Its broad remit also includes the fields of education, the environment, health and culture.

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an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something

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something that you cannot see clearly

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For the OIC Committee of Permanent Representatives, see OIC Committee of Permanent Representatives.

COREPER, from French Comité des représentants permanents, is the Committee of Permanent Representatives in the European Union, made up of the head or deputy head of mission from the EU member states in Brussels.

Its defined role is to prepare the agenda for the ministerial Council of the European Union meetings; it may also take some procedural decisions. It oversees and coordinates the work of some 250 committees and working parties made up of civil servants from the member states who work on issues at the technical level to be discussed later by COREPER and the Council. It is chaired by the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.

There are in fact two committees:

Representatives of the Council Secretariat from the relevant Directorates and from the Legal Directorate are also present.

Weekly meetings are held in private; the agenda of the meeting is divided into

a part "I" (I points, items scheduled without debate) and

a part "II" (II points, items scheduled for debate).

They divide the ministerial agenda into three categories:

I points which are for information and no ministerial decision is needed;

A points where the decision can be made without debate (but it has to be put off the agenda of this meeting if any national delegation opposes it being decided) and is often on a subject outside the detailed responsibility of the particular group of ministers;

B points where debate is needed and the decision may not be known in advance.

An item may be described internally as a false B point - this is to give the public impression as a B point that ministers are actively debating it because of its importance when in fact it could have been treated as an A point because negotiation and compromise has already taken place in COREPER. Relatively few decisions are taken by ministers on true B points: they are usually sent back to COREPER until they can be returned as an A point or a false B point.

The deliberations and decisions of the Council itself under the co-decision procedure are, unlike all other Council meetings, including COREPER and Council working group meetings, public.

Article 240 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union lays down the legal basis of COREPER.

Coreper I, comprising the Deputy Permanent Representatives, prepares the ground for the following Council configurations:

Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs;

Competitiveness (internal market, industry, research, space and tourism);

Transport, Telecommunications and Energy;

Agriculture and Fisheries;

Environment;

Education, Youth, Culture and Sport (including audiovisual);

Coreper II, comprising the Permanent Representatives, prepares for the other configurations:

General Affairs

Foreign Affairs (including European security and defence policy and development cooperation);

Economic and Financial Affairs (including the budget);

Justice and Home Affairs (including civil protection).

Both Coreper I and Coreper II are, in turn, prepared by two other groups of high ranking diplomats. Coreper I is prepared by the Mertens Group, while Coreper II is prepared by the Antici Group.

The EU command and control (C2) structure, as directed by political bodies which are composed of member states's representatives and generally require unanimous decisions, as of April 2019:

Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work

*In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relation with the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown.

**Other Component Commanders (CCs) and service branches which may be established

***The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the NATO Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr).

****Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level.

*****The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The Council determines the role of the High Representative (HR/VP), who serves as Vice-President of the European Commission, attends European Council meetings, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) and may chair the Political and Security Committee (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions.

******Same composition as Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC.

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Committee of Permanent Representatives - Wikipedia

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For the OIC Committee of Permanent Representatives, see OIC Committee of Permanent Representatives. COREPER, from French Comité des représentants permanents, is the Committee of Permanent Representatives in the European Union, made up of the head or deputy head of mission from the EU member states in Brussels.

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to examine something very carefully in order to discover information

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scrutinize definition: 1. to examine something very carefully in order to discover information: 2. to examine something.... Learn more.

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the total amount by which money spent is more than money received

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

deficit

These are words often used in combination with deficit.

Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.

annual deficit

We could still be left with an annual deficit of about £16 billion over the next four or five years.

cognitive deficit

In contrast, lexical memory and hearing appear to be relatively spared, and there is no convincing evidence for a general cognitive deficit.

These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. These are words often used in combination with deficit. Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.

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used to show that something is almost, but not completely, the thing described

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quasi- 意味, 定義, quasi- は何か: 1. used to show that something is almost, but not completely, the thing described: 2. used to show.... もっと見る

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to try to make someone agree to give you something that is better for you, such as a better price or better working conditions

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bargain 意味, 定義, bargain は何か: 1. something on sale at a lower price than its true value: 2. an agreement between two people or.... もっと見る

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the number of people who are present at an event, especially the number who go to vote at an election

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turnout 意味, 定義, turnout は何か: 1. the number of people who are present at an event, especially the number who go to vote at an.... もっと見る

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having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions

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eligible definition: 1. having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions: 2. An eligible person is.... Learn more.

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① an uncomfortable feeling that something is wrong, especially with society, and that you cannot change the situation
② (of a person) unwilling to obey orders or to do what should be done, or (of an animal) refusing to be controlled

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malaise 意味, 定義, malaise は何か: 1. a general feeling of being ill or having no energy, or an uncomfortable feeling that something.... もっと見る

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Table of Contents
Introduction

A person can be a citizen of the United States or of the European Union (EU)-and of one of the union's member states, of course. But a person cannot be a citizen of NATO. This simple fact is symbolic of a basic truth about the transatlantic security architecture that, consciously or not, is often overlooked: the United States and the EU are the two main political actors in the alliance. They operate at the level of grand strategy; they have the capacity to set objectives and apply instruments in all dimensions of power--political, economic, and military.

Whether or not a successful transatlantic alliance will continue to exist into the next decades depends, in the first instance, on whether the United States and the EU continue to share a broad outlook on the world. If they do, the transatlantic partners can optimize the functioning of their security architecture in light of the main strategic orientations on which Washington and Brussels agree. If they do not, the question of whether NATO and the EU will implement all seventy-four points of cooperation in their 2016 and 2018 joint declarations will be mostly irrelevant. ¹ An EU-U.S. strategic dialogue is therefore crucial.

Issues at Stake

Who Does Strategy?

In many instances, the EU does not use its capacity to act strategically, because its member states are too divided. But that sad fact does not detract from the centrality of EU-U.S. relations, because individual European states cannot step in. They are sovereign states but mostly lack the means for autonomous action on the global stage. Moreover, in many key areas of grand strategy, EU member states have pooled their sovereignty and can make meaningful decisions only through the supranational EU. For the EU, with its single market, single currency (for most members), and one external border, there can be only single decisions vis-à-vis third parties on trade and investment relations, sanctions, migration regimes, and the status of the political relationship.

Sven Biscop

If, for example, the EU had no position on Russia and Ukraine, it would be very difficult for the United States to bring Europe's political and economic power to bear to support its own strategy, and a comprehensive approach would be well-nigh impossible. The United States could still mobilize the military power of individual European states, because in this dimension, the EU-just like NATO-operates on an intergovernmental basis. This is especially true if the absence of a European consensus is the result of inertia. But if European states actively oppose each other, they will be as divided when they meet at NATO as when they meet in the EU. In such cases, short of a scenario that invokes the alliance's Article 5 mutual defense clause and its obligation to render assistance, the United States may find that it can recruit only a portion of European allies and partners for any NATO military action. That was the case in the 2011 air campaign in Libya. Some states may even veto the use of NATO structures, leaving only a coalition of the willing as a viable option, as happened in the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

The United States and the EU therefore have a strong interest in permanent and structured cooperation on grand strategy. Yet, counterintuitively, no forum for such cooperation exists. Of course, the allies plan for collective defense in the military sense, and NATO standardization and the integrated military command structure are at the heart of the alliance's capacity to act on Article 5. But when and where do Europeans and Americans systematically discuss, and make decisions on, the political, economic, and military aspects of strategic problems in an integrated manner?

Aside from the participation of high-level EU representatives in NATO summits, in permanent bodies, such as the North Atlantic Council, the United States discusses only with individual European countries. In such forums, at least one nation always blocks discussion of the EU dimension of the issue at hand. Conversely, someone always vetoes discussion of supposed NATO issues in any EU meeting. And there, the United States is not, and cannot be, present. Meanwhile, direct EU-U.S. strategic dialogue is intermittent at best and often nonexistent.

EU-U.S. Strategic Divergence

The absence of a true EU-U.S. strategic dialogue risks becoming increasingly problematic, because strategies have been diverging since the administration of former U.S. president Barack Obama introduced a pivot to Asia. This was a fundamental reorientation of U.S. grand strategy in response to a structural change in the global balance of power. The United States identified China as a systemic competitor, and that competition will first and foremost play out in Asia. Russia, despite having a lot of nuisance power, ranks second to the Chinese challenge in U.S. thinking.

For the first time since World War II, Europe is no longer the primary theater for U.S. strategy. That does not render NATO irrelevant. But arguably, the United States is coming to see Europe in a more instrumental way: Washington has a much better chance of coming out on top in a strategic competition with Beijing if it has Europe on its side.

For European allies and partners, however, deterring Russia remains NATO's primary role, and U.S. involvement in Europe's defense remains essential for that purpose. Many European governments have realized that they have been too naive about China and should prevent Beijing-and other powers-from gaining undue influence in Europe. The EU has already taken initial measures in this area, notably by creating an investment-screening mechanism that allows willing member states to limit foreign ownership of critical infrastructure.

But Europe's overall view of China, for now, is more nuanced than that of the United States: for the EU, China is simultaneously a cooperation partner, a negotiating partner, an economic competitor, and a systemic rival. Whether this strategy continues depends on how China behaves in the future, but the EU is unlikely to follow the same confrontational approach as the United States. ²

The combative style of the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump has dramatized this divergence on China, while differences on Syria, Iran, and trade have further blurred EU-U.S. relations. The shift in U.S. strategic focus toward China enjoys bipartisan support in Washington, however. A future president may act less confrontationally toward the European allies but will likely continue to pressure them into adopting a harder line against China.

The Americans and Europeans cannot manage this divergence simply by putting China on the NATO agenda. If the United States pushes hard enough, the Europeans will accept it, as they did at the alliance's seventieth anniversary meeting in Washington in April 2019, but they will only pay lip service to it afterward. In the end, this EU-U.S. divergence requires an EU-U.S. strategic dialogue.

Recommendations

EU-U.S. Strategic Dialogue

The precondition for a useful strategic dialogue is sound strategy making on both sides of the Atlantic. In the United States, the National Security Council (NSC) can underpin the rational formulation of strategy-if the national security adviser and the president are so inclined.

In the EU, decisionmaking is more dispersed, as is the institutional capacity for strategic thinking. During the 2014-2019 sitting of the European Parliament, the European Political Strategy Center had the ear of the president of the European Commission for its out-of-the-box thinking, but it is at one remove from foreign policy and defense. In the European External Action Service, the EU's foreign policy arm, strategic policy planning plays a role to support the high representative, the union's foreign policy chief. Strategic reflection also takes place in the EU Military Staff, but it is not directly linked to political decisionmaking on the use of military power by the member states in the Council of Ministers. The European Parliament has its own research services but plays no direct part in the executive.

Given the EU's institutional setup, the president of the commission, on the one hand, and the Council of Ministers and the high representative, on the other, both need a strategy service. But they could be significantly strengthened and create joint task forces to deal with challenges such as the rise of China that have an external and an internal dimension. The transatlantic partners could then establish a substantial permanent dialogue between these EU services and the NSC. NATO's Policy Planning Unit could participate on issues with political and military aspects. Such a dialogue could underpin more regular EU-U.S. political consultation at the highest level.

The strategic dialogue between political leaders need not be institutionalized-that would probably just result in sclerosis. But if leaders on both sides of the Atlantic are serious about being allies, they need to develop the habit of consulting each other whenever they envisage decisions with a major mutual impact. The format and means of such consultation can vary according to the case at hand but must include the EU as an organization in addition to the individual European states. Having a substantial strategic conversation will not in itself make divergences go away, but it will make them easier to manage.

Obviously, a strategic dialogue makes sense only if it leads to decisions. For now, the EU lacks the agility that strategic action requires, because on foreign policy and defense, the union operates on an intergovernmental basis and makes all decisions by unanimity. It only takes one member state that prioritizes its bilateral relations with an external power to weaken or block any EU position. Governments may be more reluctant to break consensus in NATO on the military dimension of strategy, but they can easily hamper other crucial dimensions in which only the EU can take the lead. Not only the EU but also NATO and the United States therefore have an interest in strengthening the agility of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy by introducing decisionmaking by majority.

NATO-EU Cooperation

The more EU and U.S. strategies converge and complement each other, the more the pair can act together. In some dimensions of strategy, however, NATO and NATO-EU cooperation will remain the main vehicles for implementation.

One such area lies in the hybrid part of collective defense. A central question is how to deter attempts to subvert allies' sovereignty, such as stealing data, spreading fake news, corrupting officials, supporting nondemocratic parties, and engaging in economic blackmail. Deterrence and defense, including retaliation, can take different forms and may occur in a completely different domain from that of the act that they seek to punish. It is entirely possible that an offending act targets military systems at NATO, while the response falls under the EU's purview. This clearly demands much closer NATO-EU coordination than currently exists. Such close cooperation presumes a broader EU-U.S. strategic consensus on the political, economic, and military approach-for example, toward Russia, which is perceived as the main source of hybrid threats today.

The EU is also playing a growing role in developing military capabilities. In many areas of modern warfare, such as air reconnaissance or air-to-air refueling, individual European countries have become too small to make meaningful contributions. The union's Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) mechanism should therefore become the one-stop shop where EU member states-all of which except Cyprus are either NATO allies or partners-cooperate on jointly developing or acquiring new capabilities for NATO, the EU, and themselves. The commission's planned European Defense Fund will be a core instrument to steer defense investment.

Taboos must be broken, however. NATO should accept that the most promising way for the European allies and partners to meet NATO targets is by using EU instruments. Consequently, when it comes to capabilities such as strategic enablers, it would make sense for NATO to set a collective target for the allies and partners that make up the EU and leave it up to them to decide how to generate the capability.

Meanwhile, the EU should accept that the point of PESCO is not to raise forces for the mostly low-intensity operations that have so far been undertaken through the EU but to address the shortcomings in European armed forces in their entirety. This requires that EU member states aspire to produce a comprehensive and consistent force package that fulfills NATO, EU, and national levels of ambition. While capability development should ideally take place through the EU, this does not preclude the choice of command for any specific operation. The circumstances of a given crisis will dictate how Europeans act: through NATO (with or without their North American allies), the EU, the United Nations, or an ad hoc coalition.

An alliance that has endured for seventy years is more likely to endure a few decades more than to suddenly fall apart. But will NATO survive because of inertia or out of conviction? That conviction must be actively constructed, for there is a serious risk of ever-growing strategic divergence between the two sides of the Atlantic. The consolidation of the EU as a strategic actor is a prerequisite for an effective transatlantic security architecture. There is, alas, no guarantee that the EU will be entirely successful in creating a more agile foreign policy and integrating the defense efforts of its members.

But the choice is not between EU and national strategies. The real choice is between the EU being a strategic actor and an effective U.S. ally, on the one hand, and not being an actor at all and ending up as a mere hanger-on of the United States, on the other. That is a choice that only the Europeans can make.

Notes

¹ "Joint Declaration," NATO, July 8, 2016, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133163.htm; "Joint Declaration on EU-NATO Cooperation," NATO, July 10, 2018, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_156626.htm.

² Sven Biscop, European Strategy in the 21st Century: New Future for Old Power (London: Routledge, 2019).

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EU-U.S. Consensus and NATO-EU Cooperation - New Perspectives on Shared Security: NATO's Next 70 Years

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Table of Contents A person can be a citizen of the United States or of the European Union (EU)-and of one of the union's member states, of course. But a person cannot be a citizen of NATO.

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Something that exists apart from other things; something that is independent.

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As entity names provide important content in a text document, named entity recognition is a very important step in information extraction.

例文に含まれる意見はCambridge Dictionary の編集者または Cambridge University Press とその使用許可を得ている会社などの意見を表わすものではありません。

entity

entity とよく一緒に使われる言葉

collocation をクリックして例をもっと見る。

abstract entity

The soul (the form of the body) is an eternally existing abstract entity.

autonomous entity

An agent is also an autonomous entity, which plays some roles and pursues goals.

biological entity

It is suggested that the device is so sophisticated that it could make complicated decisions and constantly evolve like a real biological entity.

例文は Cambridge English Corpus とそのウェブサイトの典拠からのものです。例文に含まれる意見は Cambridge University Press の辞書編集者やその使用許可を得ている会社などの意見を表わすものではありません。

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As entity names provide important content in a text document, named entity recognition is a very important step in information extraction. 例文に含まれる意見はCambridge Dictionary の編集者または Cambridge University Press とその使用許可を得ている会社などの意見を表わすものではありません。 entity とよく一緒に使われる言葉 collocation をクリックして例をもっと見る。 abstract entity The soul (the form of the body) is an eternally existing abstract entity.

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Cultural Appropriation vs Cultural Appreation

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Cultural Appropriation vs Cultural Appreation

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Cultural exchange and appreciation are the core values of Greenheart Club. Learning to understand a culture that is different than your own is so important in becoming a global citizen and leader. Through our participants, we've heard so many wonderful stories of people of different backgrounds coming together to exchange ideas through service.

It is important to understand, however, that there is a difference between appreciation and appropriation. Appreciation is when someone seeks to understand and learn about another culture in an effort to broaden their perspective and connect with others cross-culturally. Appropriation on the other hand, is simply taking one aspect of a culture that is not your own and using it for your own personal interest. Appropriation could mean of purchasing a piece of jewelry or clothing that may have important cultural significance to that culture, but simply using it as a fashion statement. It could be taking a photo of a ritual ceremony simply for the sake of getting as many likes on Facebook as possible. Regardless, taking a part of another culture without understanding what it truly means can be harmful not only to those whose culture you are using but also to those with whom you share it.

So, how can you explore and take part in a culture without exploiting it for your own use? Here are a few great ways!

Still unsure? Use the infographic below to check yourself and make sure that you are respecting and appreciating other cultures in an appropriate way!

At Greenheart Club, our participants are actively engaged in mutual exchange and cultural appreciation. What are some ways that you show your appreciation of other cultures?

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Cultural Appreciation vs. Cultural Appropriation: Why it Matters

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By Kelsey Holmes, Greenheart Club Program Assistant Cultural exchange and appreciation are the core values of Greenheart Club. Learning to understand a culture that is different than your own is ...

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Using one's culture for another's benefit.

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Definition of cultural appropriation | Dictionary.com

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Cultural appropriation definition, the adoption, usually without acknowledgment, of cultural identity markers from subcultures or minority communities into mainstream culture by people with a relatively privileged status. See more.

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the act of buying or selling goods illegally
the act of buying or selling people, or of making money from work they are forced to do, such as sex work

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trafficking definition: 1. the act of buying or selling goods illegally: 2. the act of buying or selling people, or of.... Learn more.

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to discover the meaning of something

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fathom definition: 1. a unit for measuring the depth of water, equal to 1.8 metres or 6 feet 2. to discover the.... Learn more.

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A reciprocal action or arrangement involves two people or groups of people who behave in the same way or agree to help each other and give each other advantages.

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reciprocal definition: 1. A reciprocal action or arrangement involves two people or groups of people who behave in the.... Learn more.

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Many policies and improvements have been made within the EU to bring the various countries together, and I was wondering what impact this has had on the world.

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EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission

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The European Union plays important roles in diplomacy, the promotion of human rights, trade, development and humanitarian aid and working with multilateral organisations.

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the power of a country to control its own government

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sovereignty 意味, 定義, sovereignty は何か: 1. the power of a country to control its own government: 2. the power of a country to control its.... もっと見る

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Supranationalism focuses on a large amount of power being given to a higher authority than the state.
Intergovernmentalism focuses on the importance of member states and the authority that they have in regards to the European Union.

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Supranationalism and intergovernmentalism are two central concepts in understanding the institution that is the European Union. Both concepts revolve around the decision-making process in the European Union, however, with contrasting approaches. Supranationalism focuses on a large amount of power being given to a higher authority than the state. In this instance, the higher power would be the The European Union's success regarding supranationalism can be attributed to the Union's prosperities that have been achieved over time. For example, the European Union has achieved economic interdependence, a reduction of tariffs and the adoption of the Euro through member states in the Union all working collectively to achieve these goals. Of the major institutions in the European Union, both the European Union. Intergovernmentalism contrasts with supranationalism in that it focuses on the importance of member states and the authority that they have in regards to the European Union.
The term "supranationalism" can be defined as "a view that emphasizes the common good or goals of the EU as opposed to the separate interests of the member states"...show more content...European Commission and European Court of Justice tend to operate supranationally (Olsen et al., 2017). The European Commission upholds as well as manifests the common interest of the European Union. The Commission is made up of representatives appointed by their respective member state governments and they also have to be approved by the European Parliament. Known officially as Members of the College of Commissioners, these members are responsible for acts such as introducing legislation and implementing budgets and programs adopted by
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With these two contrasting systems in place, power in the European Union and among member states stays more balanced. With supranationalism, decisions are being made in the Union independent of national governments, focusing more on a higher authority which is the European Union in this case (Olsen et al., 2017). On the other hand, with regards to intergovernmentalism, decisions are being made between governments and their heads of state in the European Union rather than by representatives of those member states. Although both the representatives and national governments serve different roles and purposes in systems that operate supranationally and intergovernmentally, these two systems maintain a balance of power between the two in order for neither to have too much power. If either the European Union or the singular member states had too much power, then it could plausibly be argued that order would be lost. If the Union had a virtual abundance of power among the states, then the interests of single states would be at stake. Conversely, if states had an abundance of power compared to the Union, then the common interests of Europe as a consecutive whole could be said to be at stake. As a result, it is important that these two systems are in place in the context of the European

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Supranationalism and intergovernmentalism are two central concepts in understanding the institution that is the European Union. Both concepts revolve around the decision-making process in the European Union, however, with contrasting approaches. Supranationalism focuses on a large amount of power being given to a higher authority than the state.

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supranational definition: 1. involving more than one country, or having power or authority that is greater than that of.... Learn more.

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exile translate: 亡命, （人）を国から追放する. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Japanese Dictionary.

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tolerance definition: the quality of allowing people to do or believe what they want although you do not agree with it: . Learn more.

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death, destruction, or any very bad situation that cannot be avoided

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doom meaning: 1. death, destruction, or any very bad situation that cannot be avoided: 2. to make someone or.... Learn more.

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If two amounts are proportional, they change at the same rate so that the relationship between them does not change.

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

Translations of proportional

proporcional, proporcional [masculine-feminine, singular]...

Get a quick, free translation!

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. proporcional, proporcional [masculine-feminine, singular]... Get a quick, free translation!

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an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something

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veto definition: 1. an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something: 2. to refuse to allow.... Learn more.

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The European Union is founded on the following values:

Human dignity
Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected, protected and constitutes the real basis of fundamental rights.

Freedom
Freedom of movement gives citizens the right to move and reside freely within the Union. Individual freedoms such as respect for private life, freedom of thought, religion, assembly, expression and information are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.

Democracy
The functioning of the EU is founded on representative democracy. A European citizen automatically enjoys political rights. Every adult EU citizen has the right to stand as a candidate and to vote in elections to the European Parliament. EU citizens have the right to stand as a candidate and to vote in their country of residence, or in their country of origin.

Equality
Equality is about equal rights for all citizens before the law. The principle of equality between women and men underpins all European policies and is the basis for European integration. It applies in all areas. The principle of equal pay for equal work became part of the Treaty of Rome in 1957.

Rule of law
The EU is based on the rule of law. Everything the EU does is founded on treaties, voluntarily and democratically agreed by its EU countries. Law and justice are upheld by an independent judiciary. The EU countries gave final jurisdiction to the European Court of Justice - its judgments have to be respected by all.

Human rights
Human rights are protected by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. These cover the right to be free from discrimination on the basis of sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation, the right to the protection of your personal data, and the right to get access to justice.

The EU's values are laid out in article 2 of the Lisbon Treaty and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.

In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advancing the causes of peace, reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.

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Discover the aims of the EU and the values on which it is founded: promoting peace and security, and respecting fundamental rights and freedoms.

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Feelings of great unhappiness and loss of hope

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gloom meaning: 1. feelings of great unhappiness and loss of hope: 2. a situation in which it is nearly dark and.... Learn more.

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The segregation of a society based on religion and political beliefs in the Netherlands.

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Other articles where Pillarization is discussed: Netherlands: Religion: ...separation of society into "pillars" (zuilen) identified with the different Dutch religions. Calvinist Protestantism became the officially recognized religion of the country, politically favoured and economically supported by government. But the Reformed preachers were thwarted in their efforts to oppress or drive out other religions, to which a far-reaching...

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I want to know more about the European Parliament election, so I searched for some information about it. This article explains how the election work. I hope it will be helpful for someone who has the same interest.

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By Rachel Schraer
BBC Reality Check

The European Union (EU) has agreed a Brexit delay until the end of October and preparations have started to take part in the European elections on 23 May.

Prime Minister Theresa May says if a deal gets through Parliament before that date, the UK will not participate. But it seems likely that the UK will still be in the EU at that point.

What is the European Parliament?

The European Parliament is directly elected by EU voters.

It is responsible, along with the Council of Ministers from member states, for making laws (proposed by the European Commission) and approving budgets.

It also plays a role in the EU's relations with other countries, including those wishing to join the bloc.

Its members represent the interests of different countries and different regions within the EU.

How are its members elected?

Every five years, EU countries go to the polls to elect members of the European Parliament (MEPs).

Each country is allocated a set number of seats, roughly depending on the size of its population. The smallest, Malta (population: around half a million) has six members sitting in the European Parliament while the largest, Germany (population: 82 million) has 96.

At the moment there are 751 MEPs in total and the UK has 73.

Candidates can stand as individuals or they can stand as representatives of one of the UK's political parties.

Once elected, they represent different regions of the country, again according to population. The north-east of England and Northern Ireland have three MEPs each while the south-east of England, including London, has 18.

While most UK MEPs are also members of a national party, once in the European Parliament they sit in one of eight political groups which include MEPs from across the EU who share the same political affiliation.

Member states can run elections to the European Parliament according to their own national laws and traditions, but they must stick to some common rules. MEPs must be elected using a system of proportional representation - so, for example, a party which gains a third of the votes wins a third of the seats.

Turnout in the UK for European Parliament elections is low both by EU standards and by the standards of other UK elections.

The last time they were held in 2014, 36% of those eligible to vote did so, compared with 43% in the EU as a whole.

That compares with 66% turnout at the following year's general election.

In 2016, 56% of the electorate voted in the Scottish Parliament elections, 45% in the Welsh Assembly and 54% in the Northern Ireland Assembly.

In local elections in England, turnout varies depending largely on what other elections are taking place on the same day, sometimes dipping as low as the European elections turnout and sometimes rising close to the level of general elections.

How much do elections cost?

The last time European elections were held in 2014, the UK spent £109m on them.

The main costs were running the poll itself (securing polling stations and venues to run counts) and mailing out candidate information and polling cards.

The government has said that if the UK does not end up participating in the 2019 elections, it will reimburse local returning officers - the people responsible for running elections - for any expenses already paid.

What happens if the UK leaves?

The EU is planning to reduce the overall number of seats in the parliament from 751 to 705 when the UK leaves.

There will be a reallocation of 27 of the UK's seats to 14 other member states that are currently underrepresented. And the rest will be set aside with the possibility of being allocated to any new member states that join in the future.

The EU has already passed legislation to do this, but it does not take effect until the UK leaves.

The number of seats is capped in law at 751.

The European Commission had advised that as long as the UK made a decision to take part in the European elections by mid-April, this reallocation would be reversed.

But what if the UK elects MEPs and then passes a deal to leave the EU?

In that case, the UK MEPs would not take their seats, leaving vacancies.

The House of Commons Library says that extra MEPs could potentially be elected on "stand-by" in some member states but not take up their seats until the UK leaves the EU.

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By Rachel Schraer BBC Reality Check The European Union (EU) has agreed a Brexit delay until the end of October and preparations have started to take part in the European elections on 23 May. Prime Minister Theresa May says if a deal gets through Parliament before that date, the UK will not participate.

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Extreme beliefs that may lead to unreasonable or violent behavior

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.

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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.