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Salts are formed when acids react with bases.                            

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Salts are formed when acids react with bases.                            

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Salt is a compound formed from an acid by the replacement of      the  hydrogen in the acid by a metal.                                                 

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Salt is a compound formed from an acid by the replacement of      the  hydrogen in the acid by a metal.                                                 

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Types of salts formed:                                                          

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Types of salts formed:                                                          

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(i) The salts of hydrochloric acid are called "chlorides".
(ii) The salts of sulphuric acid are called "sulphates".
(iii)The salts of nitric acid are called "nitrates".
(iv)The salts of carbonic acid are called "carbonates".
(v) The salts of acetic acid are called "acetates".

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Do Salts conduct electricity?                                                 

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Do Salts conduct electricity?                                                 

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Yes, like most acids and bases, aqueous solutions of salt conduct electricity; i.e., salts are electrolytes.

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How do aqueous solutions of salts conduct electricity?                

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How do aqueous solutions of salts conduct electricity?                

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Aqueous solutions of salts conduct electricity due to the presence of ions in them. Salts are ionic compounds. Every salt consists of a positively charged ion (cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion).
example: NaCl consists of positively charged sodium ions (Na⁺) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl⁻).

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Families of Salts                                                                  

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Families of Salts                                                                  

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The salts having the same positive ions or same negative ions are said to belong to a family.
for example:
Name of the salt             Formula               Base and Acid
Potassium sulphate          K ₂ SO 4                       KOH     and H ₂ SO 4
Sodium sulphate              Na ₂ SO 4                NaOH   and H ₂ SO 4
Calcium sulphate             CaSO 4                Ca(OH)₂ and H ₂ SO 4
Magnesium sulphate        MgSO ₄               Mg(OH)₂ and H ₂ SO 4
Copper sulphate              CuSO ₄               Cu(OH)₂ and H ₂ SO 4
Sodium chloride               NaCl                  NaOH    and HCl
Sodium nitrate                NaNO3                NaOH   and HNO 3
Sodium carbonate           Na ₂ CO 3                  NaOH   and H ₂ CO ₃
Ammonium chloride         NH4Cl                 NH ₄ OH and HCl

Here, the sulphate family, comprising of potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and copper sulphate; is a salt family.

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The pH pf Salt Solutions                                                       

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The pH pf Salt Solutions                                                       

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1. A salt is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base, so we should expect that the solution of a salt in water will be neutral towards litmus.

2. Though the aqueous solution of many salts are neutral (having a pH of 7), but some salts produce acidic or basic solutions (alkaline solutions) when dissolved in water.

3. The acidic nature and basic nature of some salt solutions can be explained on the basis of hydrolysis of salts, which is the splitting up of a compound by the action of water. The pH values of some salt solutions are as follows:

Salt solution                                  pH                               Nature

Sodium chloride solution             7                          Neutral

Ammonium chloride solution        6                           Acidic

Sodium carbonate solution          9                            Basic

(i)  The salts of strong acids and strong bases give neutral solutions (pH=7).
(ii) The salts of strong acids and weak bases give acidic solutions (pH less       than 7).
(iii)The salts of weak acids and strong bases give basic solutions (pH more than 7).

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1. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound in which the sodium and chloride ions are in the ration 1:1. It is commonly called table salt, common salt or halite.

2. It is the salt which is mainly responsible salinity of sea-water.and for the extracellular fluid which is present in many multicellular organisms.

3. It finds its application from household to industrial processes.

4. Seawater is a major source of this salt.

5. The chemical formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.

What are the properties of Sodium chloride?

1. It is easily soluble in water and partially soluble or insoluble in other liquids.

2. They are white crystals which do not have any odour but possess a taste.

3. In its aqueous state, NaCl acts as a good conductor of electricity due to the free movement of ions.

4. It has a melting point of 801 degree Celsius and a boiling point of 1,413 degree Celsius.

What are the uses of sodium chloride?

1. It is widely used in food industries as a food preservative and as a flavour enhancer.

2. It is a major raw material in the industrial manufacturing of various chemicals such as sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen-carbonate, etc..

3. It is used in glass production.

4. In cold countries, it is used to prevent the build-up of ice on the roads, bridges etc, which is important for safe driving conditions.

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Washing Soda                                                                     

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Washing Soda                                                                     

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Washing soda is sodium carbonate containing 10 molecules of water of crystallization. It can also be called sodium carbonate decahydrate. The formula of washing soda is Na ₂ CO ₃.10H ₂ O .
How is washing soda produced?

1. Sodium hydrogen-carbonate is separated by filtration, dried and heated. On heating, sodium hydrogen-carbonate decomposes to form sodium carbonate.

2NaHCO ₃ -heat-> Na ₂ CO ₃ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O

The anhydrous sodium carbonate obtained here is called 'soda ash'.
2. Anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and recrystallized to get washing soda crystals containing 10 molecules of water of crystallization.
Na ₂ CO ₃ + 10H ₂ O -> Na ₂ CO ₃.10H ₂ O

What are the properties of washing soda?
1. It is soluble in water.
2. The aqueous solution of washing soda is alkaline and turns red litmus paper blue.

What are the uses of washing soda?
1. It is used as a detergent, because it has cleansing properties, it can remove dirt and grease from dirty clothes,etc. Washing soda attacks the dirt and grease to form water soluble products, which are then washed away on rinsing with water. It is also a component of many dry soap powders.
2. Sodium carbonate is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
3. It is used in the manufacture of glass, soap and paper.
4. It is used in the manufacture of compounds such as borax.

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Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate/Sodium hydrogen-carbonate)   

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Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate/Sodium hydrogen-carbonate)   

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How is it obtained?
It is obtained by reacting cold and concentrated solution of brine (sodium chloride: NaCl) with ammonia (NH ₃) and carbon dioxide (CO ₂):
NaCl + NH ₃ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ -> NaHCO ₃ + NH ₄ Cl
(Sodium chloride + Ammonia + Water + Carbon dioxide -> Sodium hydrogen-carbonate + Ammonium chloride)
What are its properties?

1. It consists of white crystals which are soluble in water.

2. It is a mild, non-corrosive base. Its aqueous solution is mildly alkaline.

3. When heated, it decomposes to give sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.(also occurs while cooking!)

2NaHCO ₃ -> Na ₂ CO ₃ + CO ₂ + H ₂ O
How is NaHCO ₃ used?

1. It is used as an antacid to remove acidity from the stomach. Since it is alkaline, it neutralizes the excess acid in the stomach and relieves indigestion.

2. It is used in making baking powder which is used to bake cakes, biscuits and bread. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild, edible acid like tartaric acid. When baking powder is mixed with water (to prepare a dough), then baking soda reacts with tartaric acid to evolve carbon dioxide gas:

NaHCO ₃(aq) + H⁺(aq) -> Na⁺(aq) + CO ₂(g) + H ₂ O(l)
(sodium hydrogen-carbonate + hydrogen ions from tartaric acid -> sodium ions from sodium tartarate salt + carbon dioxide + water)

The carbon dioxide gas produced gets trapped in the wet dough and bubbles out slowly, making the cake to rise and become soft and spongy. However, if baking powder is not added to the cake, it will be hard and small in size.

The advantage of using baking powder is that tartaric acid present in it can react with the sodium carbonate formed and can neutralize it. Also, the sodium tartarate formed by neutralization has a pleasant taste.

3. Sodium hydrogen-carbonate is also used in fire extinguishers.

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Bleaching Powder                                                             

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Bleaching Powder                                                             

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The chemical name of bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride (CaOCl ₂).
Preparation of Bleaching Powder
Bleaching powder is prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime:
Ca(OH)2 + H ₂ SO ₄ -> CaSO ₄ + Cl ₂ + H ₂ O
Properties of bleaching powder:
1. Bleaching powder is a pale yellowish powder existing with a strong smell of chlorine.
2. It is soluble in water but due to the presence of impurities, we never observe a clear solution.
3. Its chemical formula is CaOCl2 with its chemical name as Calcium hypochlorite.
Uses of bleaching powder:
1. It's is used as bleaching agent in cotton and textile industry.
2. It is a strong oxidizing agent hence used as an oxidizer in many industries.
3. It is used as a disinfectant which is used for disinfecting water to make potable water.
4. It is used for the manufacture of chloroform (CHCl ₃).
Q: Is bleaching powder acidic or basic?
Ans: Bleaching powder is basic in character. It gives calcium chloride, chlorine and water when bleaching powder reacts with hydrochloric acid.

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Plaster of Paris                                                                 

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Plaster of Paris                                                                 

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Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate. The formula of plaster of Paris is CaSO ₄.1/2H ₂ O .
It is made by heating gypsum at 100 degree Celsius in a kiln. Initially, it was used in a massive way in the construction industry. It is commonly known as POP.
Preparation of Plaster of Paris:
Plaster of Paris is prepared from gypsum, which is Calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO ₄.2H2O); that is, it is prepared using two molecules of water of crystallization. When gypsum is heated to 373K, it loses 3/4 of its water of crystallization and forms plaster of paris.
CaSO ₄. 2H ₂ O -HEAT TO 373K->CaSO ₄.½H ₂ O+1½H ₂ O
Properties of Plaster of Paris:
1. Plaster Of Paris has a remarkable feature of setting into a hard mass on wetting with water. The setting of POP is due to its hydration to form crystals of gypsum which set to form a hard solid mass.
2. When gypsum is heated above 400K, dead burnt plaster( anhydrous CaSO4) is obtained which does not have the property of  hardening.
3. Plaster Of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to gypsum once again giving a hard solid mass.
Formula: CaSO4.½H2O+ 1½H2O=CaSO4.2H2O
Uses of POP:
1. It is used by doctors for joining the fractured bones at right position, i.e. for making Plaster to support fractured bones.
2. It is also used for making decorative pieces and for making designs on ceilings.
3. It is also used for making toys and for making surfaces smooth.