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Several goals with positive and negative valences are involved. Describes the internal mental debate (sometimes called a conflict) that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements. Here we have to choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features.

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In this type of conflict a person is both attracted and repelled by the same goal object. Because of the positive valence of the goal the individual approaches it, but as it is approached, the negative valence becomes stronger.
This is also a most complex conflict and very difficult to resolve. Attraction of the goal and inability to approach it leads to frustration and tension.

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It involves 2 negative goals. The individual is forced to choose one among two negative goals. In such conflicts, both are unwanted goals, but he cannot keep quiet without opting also. Here the individual is caught between two repelling threats, fears or situations. In addition to the negative goals, there are usually barriers in the periphery of the situation.

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The word conflict has been derived from a Latin word ‘Conflicts’ which means ‘strike two things at the same time’.
A conflict is a turning point during which an individual struggles to attain some psychological quality.
A conflict is the anticipated frustration entailed in the choice of either alternative’. Conflicts occur in the individual when more than one, equally powerful desires or motives present at the same time and pressurize for immediate satisfaction.

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1- APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT - It is a conflict between two positive goals, goals that are equally attractive at the same time. In this type of conflict individual will have two desires with positive valence which are equally powerful.
Such conflicts are not so harmful, because after selecting one, the other one automatically subsides or loses its importance to him.

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Psychology Discussion - Discuss Anything About Psychology

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Meaning and Definition of Attention:

Attention is the term used or given to the perceptual processes that select certain inputs for inclusion in our conscious experience, or awareness at any given time. It is the process involving the act of listening, and concentrating on a topic, object or event for the attainment of desired ends.

"Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one object other than upon another"-Dumville.

"Attention is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the mind"-Ross.

"Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factors in our environment. It is a preparatory adjustment for response"-Morgan.

Thus attention is essentially process and not a product. It helps in our awareness or consciousness of our environment, which is of selective kind, because in a given time, we can concentrate or focus our consciousness on a particular object only.

The concentration provided by the process of attention helps us in the clarity of the perception of the perceived object or phenomenon. Thus attention is not merely a cognitive factor but is essentially determined by emotions, interest, attitude and memory.

Thus attention is a process which is carried out through cognitive abilities and helped by emotional and behavioural factors to select something out of the various stimuli present in one's environment and bring it in the centre of one's consciousness in order to perceive it clearly for deriving the desired end.

Types of Attention:

Varieties are zeroed (nullified) by classification of Ross.
According to him attention is branched with:

(a) Non-volitional or Involuntary Attention:
This type of attention is aroused without the play of will. Here we attend to an object or condition without making any conscious effort, e.g. a mother's attention towards her crying child, for example, attention towards the members of the opposite sex, and towards bright colours, etc.

The attention which is aroused by the instincts is called "enforced non-volitional attention". A young man when we remark on his sex instinct or his curiosity, he becomes quite attentive in his task.
(b) Volitional or Voluntary Attention: Volitional attention is further subdivided into two categories:
The other subtype of non-volitional attention, produced by the sentiments is called "spontaneous non-volitional attention". It is the result of properly developed sentiment, towards the object, or idea of a person around which our sentiments are formed with.

When the 'exercised will' is called upon, it becomes volitional attention. Because it demands the conscious efforts on our part it is least automatic and spontaneous like that of non-volitional attention. Attention payed at the time of solving an assigned problem of mathematics, answering question in an examination hall and so on comes under volitional attention category.

i. A single act of volition is sufficient to bring about attention in the case of implicit attention, e.g. for single act of will can arouse attention.

ii. In explicit volitional attention we need repeated acts of will to sustain it, e.g. here attention is obtained by repeated acts of will.

Determinants of Attention:

One of two types.
I. External Factors or Condition: These can be classified as: 1. Nature of the stimulus:
1. External factors or condition
2. Intensity and size of the stimulus:
2. Internal factors
3. Contrast, change and variety:
These conditions are generally those characteristics of outside situation or stimuli which make the strongest aid for capturing our attention.
4. Repetition of stimulus:
All types of stimuli are not able to bring the same degree of attention. A picture attracts attention more readily than words. Among the pictures, the pictures of human beings invite more attention and those of human beings related to beautiful women or handsome men, who attract more attention. In this way an effective stimulus should always be chosen for capturing maximum attention.
5. Movement of the stimulus:
In comparison with the weak stimulus, the immense stimulus attracts more attention of an individual. Our attention become easily directed towards a loud sound, a bright light or a strong smell, and also a large building will be more readily attended to, than a small one.
Duration and Degree of Attention:
Change and variety strike attention more easily than sameness and absence of change, e.g. we do not notice the ticking sound of a clock put on the wall until it stops ticking, that is any change in the attention to which you have been attracted immediately capture your attention. The factor, contact or change is highly responsible for capturing attention of the organism and contributes more than the intensity, size or nature of the stimulus.
II. Internal or Subjective Factors: Some of the subjective factors are: 1. Interest:
Repetition is the factor of great importance in securing attention. Because one may ignore a stimulus at first instance, but if it is repeated for several times it captures our attention, e.g. a miss-spelled word is more likely to be noticed, if it occurs twice in the same paragraph than, if it occurs only once. While giving lecture the important aspects of the speech are often repeated so that the attention of the audience can be easily directed to the valuable points.
2. Motives:
The moving stimulus catches our attention more quickly than a stimulus that does not move. We are more sensitive to objects that move in our field of vision, e.g. advertisers make use of this fact and try to catch the attention of people through moving electric lights.
3. Mind set:
People may possess the ability to grasp a number of objects or in other words, to attend a number of stimuli in one short "presentation". This ability of an individual is evaluated in terms of the span of attention, which differs from person to person and even situation to situation.
4. Moods and attitudes:
The term "span of attention" is designed in terms of the quality, size extent to which the perceptual field of an individual can be effectively organized in order to enable him to attain a number of things in a given spell of short duration.

These factors predispose the individual to respond to objective factors, to attend to those activities that fulfill his desires and motives and suit his interest and attitude. It is the mental state of the perceiver.

Interest is said to be the mother of attention. We attend to objects in which we have interest. We would like to watch a movie or a serial in TV because we are interested in the subject around which the movie or serial revolves. In any get-together if any subject of our interest is discussed that attracts our attention easily and makes us to participate in the discussion. In our day-to-day life we pay attention to the stimulus we are interested in.

Our basic needs and motives to a great extent, determine our attention, thirst, hunger, sex, curiosity, fear are some of the important motives that influence attention, e.g. small children get attracted towards eatables.

Person's readiness to respond determines his attention. If we are expecting a stimulus, occurrence of that stimulus along with many other stimuli may not come in the way of attending to that particular stimulus. At a time when students are expecting the examination time table by the end of the semester the time table put out on the notice board along with other notices would attract their attention easily.

What we attend to is influenced by the moods and attitudes. When we are disturbed or in angry mood, we notice the smallest mistake of others very easily. Likewise our favourable and unfavourable attitudes also determine our attention. After discussing subjective and objective factors, we realize that these factors are interrelated. How much or in what way we attend to a stimulus depends on subjective as well as objective factors.

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Notes on Attention: Meaning, Types and Determinants | Psychology

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In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning and Definition of Attention 2. Types of Attention 3. Determinants. Meaning and Definition of Attention: Attention is the term used or given to the perceptual processes that select certain inputs for inclusion in our conscious experience, or awareness at any given time.

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It is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the mind- Ross.
Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factor in our environment. It is preparatory adjustment for response.
FACTS:
1- It is a process and not a product.
2- It helps in our consciousness & awareness of our environment.
3- It is selective in nature.
4- It helps in clarity of the perception of the perceived object.
5- It helps us to respond in the most appropriate manner.

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It is the process of receiving knowledge from the outside world and thus putting it together. It helps in creating a meaningful pattern out of a jumble of sensory impressions. It is the organizing process by which we interpret our sensory input.

FACTS:
1- It is a process.
2- It is the information extractor
3- It is preparation for response.
4- It provides organization.
5- It is highly individualized.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IN ATTENTION & PERCEPTION

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IN ATTENTION & PERCEPTION

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Attention is the ability to focus on a specific object or part of a conversation in a given environment while ignoring others.
Perception is the ability to become aware of one’s environment by creating meaning from what is obtained by our sensory organs including ears, eyes, skin, smell and taste buds.
EG.
- When we see an object’s light travel to the eyes (attention); we unconsciously interpret what that light means(perception).
- When we hear a dog bark our brain is able to process this information and creates an image even though we cannot see the dog at that moment.

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EXTERNAL FACTORS- The comditions that are generally those characteristics outside the situations or stimuli which make the strongest bid for capturing the stimuli.
1- NATURE OF THE STIMULUS
2-INTENSITY & SIZE OF THE STIMULUS.
3- CONTRAST, CHANGE & VARIETY
4- NOVELTY
5- REPITION OF STIMULUS
6- MOVEMENT OF STIMULUS

INTERNAL FACTORS- The individuals own characteristics like motives, basic needs and urges also decides how we pay attention to things.
1- INTEREST
2- MOTIVES
3- MENTAL SET

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1- ENVIRONMENTAL - It grows from our surrounding environment. It can be physical or relating to people.
2- PERSONAL - Not meeting one's expectations, unattainable goals. These are largely learned goals that cannot be achieved because they are beyond a persons abilities.
3- CONFLICT- PRODUCED FRUSTRATION- A conflict between two motives results in motivational conflict. This type of conflict puts an individual in a dilema to choose what and hence leads to frustration.

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It refers to the blocking of behviour directed towards a goal. is an emotion that occurs in situations where a person is blocked from reaching a desired outcome.  In general, whenever we reach one of our goals, we feel pleased and whenever we are prevented from reaching our goals, we may succumb to frustration and feel irritable, annoyed and angry. Typically, the more important the goal, the greater the frustration and resultant anger or loss of confidence. If motives are frustrated, blocked or hindered people feel depressed, fearful, anxious, guilty or angry.