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What caused the French Revolution? - Tom Mullaney

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The French Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 1)

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The French Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 2)

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May 5th 1789 : Summoning of the Estates General in Versailles

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May 5th 1789 : Summoning of the Estates General in Versailles

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Source A : Engraving (above) by Isidore-Stainslaus Helman (1789)

Source B : The King's decree summoning the Estates General, August 1788 : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/convocation-estates-general-1788/

Source C : Mirabeau on the nobility in the Estates General, February 1789 : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/mirabeau-nobility-estates-general-1789/

Source D : Bailly on his election to the Estates General, March 1789 :

https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/bailly-elections-estates-general-1789/

Source E : The Causes of the French Revolution, Ted-Ed video from 2016 by teacher Tom Mullaney : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBn7iWzrKoI

Source F : Extract from the French-Italian-Canadian film La Révolution française, 1989 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ0V3h-gEWA
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Why did the King summon the Estates general ? What were the consequences ?

Estates =

Privileges =

Estates General =

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June 1789 : Oath of the Tennis Court in Versailles

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June 1789 : Oath of the Tennis Court in Versailles

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Source A : Engraving (above) by Jacques-Louis David (1790-1794)

Source B : A record of the Tennis Court Oath : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/record-tennis-court-oath-1789/

Source C : Video explaining the Oath of the Tennis Court by HistoryPod on Youtube, July 2015 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNacY9uBsm0

Source D : Detailed description of the painting by David (source A) - https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/TennisCourtOath.html

Source E : Proclamation of the National Assembly : http://www.emersonkent.com/historic_documents/proclamation_national_assembly_1789.htm

Bonus : Documentary on Arte about the event - https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/069117-007-A/quand-l-histoire-fait-dates/
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Why was the Oath of the Tennis Court a foundational moment in French history ?

Constitution =

National sovereignty =

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July 14th 1789 : Capture of the Bastille in Paris

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July 14th 1789 : Capture of the Bastille in Paris

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Source A : Anonymous painting (above) of the Bastille uprising (July 1789)

Source B : Cinematic trailer of Assassin's Creed Unity (2014) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzCEdSKMkdU&t=82s

Source C : Extract from the French-Italian-Canadian film La Révolution française, 1989 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eWhu2jQaIs

Source D : Letter from radical assembly member Camille Desmoulins to his father, July 1789:
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/desmoulins-july-1789/

Source E : A newspaper article on the Storming of the Bastille from July 1789 : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/paris-newspaper-storming-of-the-bastille-1789/
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Why is the Capture of the Bastille considered to have ignited the French Revolution ?

Revolt and revolution =

Myth =

Fête de la Fédération =

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July 21st 1789 : Looting of Strasbourg’s City Hall

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July 21st 1789 : Looting of Strasbourg’s City Hall

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Source A : Gouache by Jean-Henri Weiss, 1789 (above).

Source B : Extract from English traveller Arthur Young's book Arthur Young’s Travels in France during the Years 1787, 1788, 1789 : https://wetransfer.com/downloads/f49193c331e1f97c66300a5aeb342ef120210101133430/55379ddc23569e6ffc7da6089135ff9120210101133654/ca4e31?utm_campaign=WT_email_tracking&utm_content=general&utm_medium=download_button&utm_source=notify_recipient_email
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What was Strasbourg’s role in the revolutionary events in France and Europe ?

Riot =

Bourgeoisie =

Commune =

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August 26th 1789 : Declaration of the Rights of the Man and Citizen

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August 26th 1789 : Declaration of the Rights of the Man and Citizen

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Source A : Painting by Jean-Jacques Le Barbier (above), 1789.

Source B : Original text of the law - https://revolution.chnm.org/d/295

Source C : Video explaining the Declaration of the Rights of Man by HistoryPod on Youtube, July 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVJfHjnOpv8

Source D : The Declaration of the Rights of Women by Olympe de Gouges, 1791 : https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-tcc-worldciv2/chapter/primary-source-olympe-de-gouge-declaration-of-the-rights-of-women-1791/

Source E : Historians look at the DDHC on Alpha History : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/declaration-rights-of-man-and-citizen/
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How does the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and Citizen reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment and French Revolution ?

Human rights =

Citizenship =

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October 5th 1789 : Women's march on Versailles

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October 5th 1789 : Women's march on Versailles

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Source A : Engraving by an unknown author (1789)

Source B : Extract from the French-Italian-Canadian film La Révolution française, 1989 :  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K5AAPPMUpY

Source C : A nobleman describes the October days, 1789 : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/nobleman-describes-october-days-1789/

Source D : Three eyewitness accounts of the October events : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/eyewitness-accounts-october-days-1789/

Source E : Testimony of Madame Madeleine Glein, participant in the October 1789 events, during an inquiry of the National Assembly : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/participant-october-march-versailles-1789/
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What were women's roles in the revolutionary events beginning in 1789 ?

Right to bear arms =

Women's rights =

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May 25th 1792 : La Marseillaise by Rouget de Lisle

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May 25th 1792 : La Marseillaise by Rouget de Lisle

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Source A : "Rouget de Lisle singing La Marseillaise for the 1st time at the Hôtel de ville in Strasbourg ou at mayor Dietrich's house en 1792" Painting by Isidore Pils (1849).

Source B : La Marseillaise with English subtitles : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdlCXgOmKj0

Source C : The Brunswick Manifesto (July 1792) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/brunswick-manifesto-1792/

Source D : The National Assembly declares "La patrie en danger !" (July 11 1792) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/la-patrie-en-danger-1792/

Source E : Historians look at the revolutionary wars in Alpha History : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/revolutionary-war/
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Why did France go to war against Europe's monarchies ?

Conscription =

Nation-state =

National anthem =

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January 21st 1793 : The Execution of Louis XVI

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January 21st 1793 : The Execution of Louis XVI

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Source A : Painting "Exécution de Louis Capet" by Charles Benazach, 1793

Source B : Youtube video explaining the events (Origins OSU, 2019) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mkIkTmUTL0

Source C : The Legislative Assembly decree on the émigrés (November 9 1791) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/legislative-assembly-decree-emigres-1791/

Source D : Moderate lawyer Antoine Barnave on Louis XVI failures (1793) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/antoine-barnave-failures-1793/

Source E : National Assembly decree on the execution (January 20th 1793) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/convention-decrees-execution-louis-xvi-1793/
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Why did the French execute their King ?

Absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy =

Treachery =

Republic =

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26th of July 1794 : The fall of Robespierre and Thermidorian Reaction

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26th of July 1794 : The fall of Robespierre and Thermidorian Reaction

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Source A : "La nuit du I au I Thermidor an II", p ainting (above) by Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert (1796)

Source B : Youtube video about the Terror and Robespierre : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsYs0ypqHEw

Source C : The formation of the "Comité de Salut Public" (April 6 1793) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/committee-of-public-safety-formed-1793/

Source D : The Law of Suspects (September 1793) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/law-of-suspects-1793/

Source E : An account of the arrest of Robespierre (1794) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/account-arrest-of-robespierre-1794/

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What was the Terror ? Why might this date be considered to mark the end of the French Revolution ?

Jacobinism =

Terror =

Reaction =

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November 9th 1799 : Coup d’état of the 18th of Brumary

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November 9th 1799 : Coup d’état of the 18th of Brumary

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Source A : Painting (above) "Coup d'Etat du 18 brumaire" by François Bouchot, 1840, in the Château de Versailles.

Source B : Napoleon's Bloodless Coup according to History (2018) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cFbxVCMtjQ

Source C : Explanation of the context of the coup on the Napoleon Foundation website : https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/18-brumaire-the-context-and-course-of-a-coup-detat/

Source D : Bonaparte's justification of his coup d'état (Nov 10 1799) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/461

Source E : Caricature "Buonaparte closing the farce of Égalité" (1799) : https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:232335/

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How was Napoleon Bonaparte able to take power fors himself ?

Coup d'état =

Military regime =

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November 18th 1803 : Battle of Vertières (Haïti)

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November 18th 1803 : Battle of Vertières (Haïti)

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Source A : Engraving by Jean-Jacques Frilley, date ?

Source B : Haitian Revolutions on Crash Course World History (2012) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A_o-nU5s2U&feature=emb_title

Source C :  Vincent Oge, a wealthy mulatto from Saint-Domingue in front of the National Assembly (1790) : https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/vincent-oge-abolition-of-slavery-1790/

Source D : Extract from "The French Return from An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti" by Marcus Rainsford (1805) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/608

Source E : Engraving by J. Barlow (1805) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/226
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Why is the Battle of Vertières an essential event in world history ?

Independance =

Decolonisation =

Abolitionism =

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May 21st 1804 : Napoleon crowned by the allegory of Time, writing the Civil Code

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May 21st 1804 : Napoleon crowned by the allegory of Time, writing the Civil Code

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Source A : Painting (above) "Napoleon Bonaparte couronné par le Temps" by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, 1833

Source B : Description of the painting on napoleon.org : https://www.napoleon.org/jeunes-historiens/napodoc/tableau-une-allegorie-napoleon-couronne-par-le-temps-ecrit-le-code-civil/

Source C : The entire Napoleonic (Civil) Code (1804) : https://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html

Source D : Commentary (first 2 paragraphs) on the effect of the Napoleonic Code on women : http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/WR-08.html

Source E : Extracts from the Napoleonic Code (1804) on women's rights (the rest of the text) : http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/WR-08.html
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How did the Civil Code transform French people's lives ?

Roman law =

Property rights =

Women's rights =

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December 2nd 1804 : The Coronation of Napoleon in Reims

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December 2nd 1804 : The Coronation of Napoleon in Reims

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Source A : "The coronation of Napoleon I", painting by Jacques-Louis David (1807)

Source B : Description of David's painting and the coronation : https://artsandculture.google.com/story/story-of-a-coronation/LgKiI7emoChPKw

Source C :

Napoleon’s Reasons for Making Himself Emperor (December 1804) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/508

Source D : Caricature of Emperor Napoleon by Charles Williams (1804) : https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:232026/

Source E : "A Grateful France Proclaims Napoleon the First Emperor of the French", engraving by Roger (1804) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/197

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Why did Napoleon become Emperor of France ? What policies did he copy from past empires ?

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Empire =

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May 3rd 1808 : Tres de Mayo or « The executions » in Madrid

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May 3rd 1808 : Tres de Mayo or « The executions » in Madrid

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Source A : "El Tres de Mayo" (above), painting by Francisco de Goya (1814)

Source B : Description of the Tres de Mayo painting by Smarthistory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QM-DfhrNv8&t=236s

Source C : The 3rd of May events according to Canvas : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erUTRRQ56DU

Source D : Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte as Joseph I, King of Spain,  by François Gérard (1808) : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte

Source E : British cartoon of Joseph Bonaparte (1808) : https://www.loc.gov/resource/ds.00624/

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What does this event teach us about the rise of nationalism in the 19th century ?

Nationalism =

Martyrdom =

Occupation =

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Source A : "The Battle of Waterloo" (above), by British painter William Sadler II (1815)

Source B : The Battle of Waterloo according to Epic History TV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDZGL1xsqzs

Source C : Caricature of Napoleon (1815) : https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/napoleon/id/134

Source D : The Battle of Waterloo as Recounted by one of Napoleon’s Personal Aides (June 1815) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/528

Source E : The Day After Waterloo, painting by Emile Bayard (1875) : https://revolution.chnm.org/d/195
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What led to the Battle of Waterloo and what consequences did it have on Europe’s organisation ?

Coalition =

Geopolitics =

Balance of power =