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the increase in salt levels of soil due to water evaporation leaving salts and chemicals behind

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terraces reduce the steepness of slopes by replacing the slopes with a series of horizontal terraces separated by walls - common in Asian wet rice fields = reduces run-off

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planting trees or bushes between fields (shelter belts) or by alternating low and high crops in adjacent fields - reducing wind action on soils = reduced wind erosion

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improving the soil - reducing erosion and conserving nutrients

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the creation of cities - land is paved and built upon causing increased run-off and probably increasing soil erosion elsewhere

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the removal of trees which often results in soil being left exposed, leading to soil erosion

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too many crops being used in an area of land without a break or crop rotation - results in reduction of soil fertility as no nutrients are being returned to the soil

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too many animals graze (eat grass/plants) in the same area - results in bare patches of soil where roots no longer hold the soil together leaving it open to soil erosion from wind and rain

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the process of soil being taken away

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possibly one of the most pressing environmental and social problems facing society today
generally caused by soil erosion and/or reduction in soil's suitability for use

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may have DNA inserted from another species to provide a benefit from the other species

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a tropical palm tree from West Africa and Central America, imported to South East Asia
demand for palm oil in many food, cosmetic, lubricant and biofuel products is the most significant cause of rainforest loss in Indonesia and Malaysia

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a way to reduce the loss of soil fertility - leguminous crops (soya beans, peas and other beans) are grown every fourth year as they are able to fix their own nitrogen, and so add it back into the soil

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a single species of plant grown on a farm, usually in high density

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animals in pastoral farming - useful in converting plants which humans cannot digest (grass) into valuable protein

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any wild animal killed for food (sometimes "game")

a controversial term as it often brings to mind in many parts of the world where the bush meat may be under threat of endangerment e.g. harvesting of apes leading to orphaned young

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living plants converted to fuel to replace fossil fuels

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the supply of water for crops other than natural process such as rain or water tables

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"bad nutrition" - a diet which is unbalanced (may be too much or not enough of a particular nutrient(s)

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farming of both crops and animals - animal waste may be used as fertiliser and to improve soil quality, and some crops are used to feed animals

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growing crops on good land to be eaten directly, or to be fed to animals

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farming using land more intensively with high levels of input and output per area

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raising animals, usually on grass and on land that is not suitable for crops

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farming using more land with a lower density of stocking or planting and lower inputs = lower outputs

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growing crops for the market

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farming for self-sufficiency to grow enough for a family

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large scale production of crops and livestock for sale

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more economically developed country - a highly industrialised country with high average GNP per capita

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less economically developed country - a country with low to moderate industrialisation and low to moderate average GNP per capita

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of the Earth - meaning "land" in ecology

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the penetration of water into the soil

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e.g. high in sand soil, low in clay
the ease at which gases and liquids can pass through the soil

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e.g. high in sand soils, low in clay
the amount of space between particles in soil

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roughly 40 - 40 - 20 sand, silt, clay
ideal for agriculture due to sand's drainage and porosity, clay's nutrient retention and silt keeping the other two together

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good nutrient retention, however, heavy soils which are relatively impermeable and have poor drainage

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gritty and fall apart easily - good drainage and air supply to the roots, however, leaching is rapid

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hard bedrock - parent material

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horizons of loosened or unconsolidated material - mainly weathered rock from which soil forms

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subsoil horizon showing enrichment of clay material, iron aluminum, or organic compounds - where soluble minerals and organic matter tends to be deposited from the layer above

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mineral horizon at the surface showing organic matter enrichment - where humus forms

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leaf litter - newly added organic material

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The layers of soil in a cross-section which is modified over time as organic material leeches downwards and mineral material moves upwards.

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An organic component of soil containing many microorganisms.

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The movement of water down a layer, usually during colder conditions.

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The movement of water from one place to another.