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In Vietnam, there is great disparity between urban and rural. The aim of our project to help bridge this gap by making education for children in rural more accessible and relevant.

Social Mobility
One of the issues related to poor education in rural Vietnam is that it does not allow these families to competitively climb the social ladder. Based on national data and surveys taken in 2016, the number of agricultural workers in rural Vietnam increased from 79% (2004 to 2008) rose to 83% (2010 to 2014). It also showed that only 8% of agricultural workers moved to service industry during each period with  just 1/5 of the children moved away from their parent’s occupations. This is contributed to the lack luster education system in these areas.

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Vietnam is a booming, middle-income country. Located in Southeast China, Vietnam borders China to the north, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand to the West, and the South China Sea to the East.. It's economy is quickly expanding, with a nominal GDP of $262 billion in 2019, attracting investors from all over the world. Vietnam has a population of 97 million (2018), consisting of 54 recognized ethnic groups. While citizens in urban hubs such as Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi enjoys easy access to commerce, jobs, and education, those in the rural farm land of Vietnam are being left behind in an industrializing country.

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Using Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension to compare Vietnam and the USA, it shows that these two countries are very different culturally. They are opposite in all six dimensions. The one that shows the biggest difference is “Individualism” Vietnam is a very collectivist country. They priorities the need of the family, group and community over that of the individual. This is the opposite for the United States. What this means for our project is that we must consider culture when we enter Vietnam.

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Education in Vietnam is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Training. Educational institutes are broken into public and private sectors. Public schools are free-tution of, but families are still responsible for other costs such as uniforms, textbooks, and supplies. Education is compulsory for all Vietnamese students until the 9th grade. Although due to multiple economic and cultural factors some students cannot afford to finish schools.

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The language of instruction is Vietnamese. Vietnamese is the primary or secondary language for the majority of the population, however in some remote mountain areas native languages are used as the primary way of communication. This creates problems for students in these areas because they are not fluent in Vietnamese.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKIXO40ZCwU

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Transportation and Psychical Barriers for Access to Education 

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Transportation and Psychical Barriers for Access to Education 

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Low living standards and limited physical access to education institutions constrain schooling. In general, primary schools are available in communes. However, these students have to walk hours to attend secondary schools.

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Road to school of students in remote mountain area

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Rural Population (Lack of Access to Education)

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Rural Population (Lack of Access to Education)

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Only five percent of Vietnamese people don’t attend school at all, and the figure is becoming lower for every upcoming generation. The literacy rate is over 90%, and the spatial and gender inequalities are decreasing. But Vietnam still hasn’t managed to eradicate them completely.

In general, there are three kinds of noticeable inequalities: a disparity between north and south, one between cities and rural areas, and a smaller and decreasing difference between men and women. Some minorities have a significantly higher rate of illiteracy. Over 50% of the Hmong tribe, and about a quarter of the Khmer and Thai minorities, are not able to read and write.

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Going To School In This Vietnam Village Involves Floating Down The River In Plastic Bags

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Although Vietnam has made strides in improving gender equality in recent years, Vietnamese women continue to face serious obstacles in their daily lives, including poverty, limited access to higher education and employment opportunities, as well as persistent discriminatory attitudes and behaviours. Access to education as demonstrated in the graph above from the Work Bank it is easier for women with a higher socioeconomic status, but women who are poor, live in rural areas, or a part of an ethnic minority face compounded challenges in achieving education. The lack of education later translates lesser economic opportunities.

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Women continue to be under-represented in politics and despite having one of the highest labor force participation rate of females over 15 (72.6% in 2011) women continue to earn less than men across economic sectors with a differential wage gap of around 80% to 87% of men (UN 2012). Additionally, men earn nearly 50% more than women in the informal sector despite no significant differences in working hours, education level and seniority (UN 2012). Plus, female jobs are also more insecure than those held by men, and women less frequently have professional premises for their activity, thus much higher proportion of women work outdoors in industries like farming (UN 2012). Migration, including internal, cross-border and overseas labour migration, is continuing to increase, making women vulnerable to labour exploitation, abuse and trafficking.

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Overview of Education Disparities - Rural vs. Urban 

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Overview of Education Disparities - Rural vs. Urban 

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There has been researches on limited education opportunities for Vietnamese ethnic minorities in rural areas. One study was done on three provinces Lao Cai Province in northern Vietnam, Nghe An in the north central region and Dak Nong in the central Highlands with 600 surveys (families) and 85 in-depth individual interviews. Those provinces and residents were selected particularly for their diversity of socio-economic development, poverty rate and willingness to join the study. The results indicate that rural residents acknowledge “education attainment is the most important factors” to foster social mobility. They believe education would play an important role in changing their social statuses in society. However, education opportunities, especially in rural provinces are not equally given to everyone. The residents say that the country and the education system should be blamed for the problem.

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Meet Xinh from Vietnam - A day in her life

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Difference in Average Annual Income
Nationwide vs. Provinces (2017)

Provinces: $615 (VND14m), $802 (VND18.3m) and $950 (VND21.7m)

Nationwide average: $2,385

Large Gap in Education Between the Poor and the Better-off
Kinh vs. Ethic minorities

Highest level of college education of ethnic minority was 9% in 2004 and 3.1% in 2014

Kinh (accounts for 86% of the country’s population) 5.1% in 2004 and 11% in 2014

Kinh and Hoa (the majority groups) earn two times more than ethnic minority groups, and their children also accounts for a higher rate of occupation (2004-2014)

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Analyzation: What is highlighted in this source is that a bus caught on fire so the headmasters are now responsible for the safety of the transportation of students. What's concerning is that the headmasters became a responsible source for something that in many places is a government issue in regards to funding for safety and transportation.

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Update: December, 05/2019 - 14:50

BÌNH DƯƠNG - School headmasters have been told they are responsible for student transportation and their safety when travelling to and from class.

The warning was issued by the Education and Training Department of Bình Dương Province after smoke was seen billowing out of a vehicle carrying 10 pupils to An Phú Primary School on Wednesday.

Although no one was injured, children on board panicked thinking their bus was on fire. An electric fault was the cause of the smoke.

Now all schools in the area have been told they must ensure transport services chosen for school runs must be carefully checked.

Both schools and drivers are required to seriously follow regulations on transporting students, the department said.

Additionally, parents must also co-operate with schools to ensure student safety.

In two separate incidents in the southern province of Đồng Nai, five primary school children were thrown from moving vehicles.

In the first, three students from Phan Bội Châu Primary School were on their school bus, when the back door suddenly opened. The children suffered minor injuries.

A few days later, two children heading to Diên Hồng Primary School also fell out on to the road. The driver was found using a fake licence and the vehicle had a registration that expired three years ago.

The local education sector has co-operated with police to further investigate the two cases and identify those responsible.- VNS

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Bình Dương orders schools' headmasters take responsibility for student transportation

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Update: December, 05/2019 - 14:50 BÌNH DƯƠNG - School headmasters have been told they are responsible for student transportation and their safety when travelling to and from class. The warning was issued by the Education and Training Department of Bình Dương Province after smoke was seen billowing out of a vehicle carrying 10 pupils to An Phú Primary School on Wednesday.

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One of the biggest news stories out of Vietnam lately is the death of 39 Vietnamese national in Britain. These 31 men and 8 women died when they locked in a refrigerated truck container after a failed attempt to cross the border. This tragic event highlights the labor and education disparity between urban and rural Vietnam. The majority of victims are young adults (under 30),  hailing from rural villages. While urban cities in Vietnam, like Ho Chi Minh City, have turned into global tech hubs, young people from rural villages do not get the same opportunity. With lower education level, they cannot compete for jobs against counterparts who are fluent in English and have degrees from international universities.

In the news article below, a Vietnamese national current stuck in limbo after attempting to sneak into Britain says how he and his family choose to take a $10,000 bank loan for him to risk the journey into Britain rather than enroll in vocational school. All of this is in the hope that he would make more money than he could’ve in Vietnam to support his family.

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Why are Vietnamese risking their lives to reach the UK?

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The 39 Vietnamese found dead in a truck in Essex are just the tip of the iceberg; thousands of others are working illegally in cannabis farms, nail bars and restaurants.

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School in rural northern Vietnam operated via a public-private partnership that has the capacity to operate as both a day and boarding  school to students who cannot travel to school each day

Offer compulsory schooling from grades 1-9 for local community with the addition of teacher training for students who wish to become teachers in the future

This allows for teachers to be local with the same ethnic background as students to combat language and ethnic disparity

Boarding School: for students who live far away transportation will be provided on Monday and Friday, and students who live close by would be able to bike to school (unless they choose to stay at school)

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Ethnic Disparities: Due to the fact ethnic minorities in Vietnam often do not complete their education due to cultural/linguistic challenges, our schools addresses these barriers by employing multiple local quality ethnic minority teachers who can provide a multilingual learning environment. This will help close the educational disparity between the majority and minority.

Gender Disparity: This school would be co-ed, with separate safe lodging by gender. By decreasing some of the barriers that keep girls from attending school like (transportation, safety, high costs, and sexism) it would improve female graduation rates. Thus, increasing access to secondary or vocational education for women we can work on decreasing the gender wage gap and further empower women in Vietnam.

Transportation: In order to combat transportation barriers children will only need to travel between school and home (via school bus type vehicle) twice a week on Monday's and Friday's. This decreases the danger children face traveling alone to school and overall travel time by having kids live at school for most of the week. Thus improving the education disparity between rural and urban communities.

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https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/limited-education-opportunities-hinder-social-mobility-in-rural-vietnam-oxfam-3733249.html

http://www.un.org.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1081%3Across-cutting-themes-gender&catid=116%3Awhat-we-do&lang=en

http://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/country/vietnam

https://www.justlanded.com/english/Vietnam/Vietnam-Guide/Education/Problems-with-the-education-system:

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f184/9547ec66604afd7af96aa267e1ff00016585.pdf

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255/1439264-1153425508901/Education_Vietnam_Development.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed5f/6e7da0a122c7de692acb95890103d90476a3.pdf

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1767Poverty%20and%20sustainable%20transport.pdf

https://wenr.wes.org/2017/11/education-in-vietnam

https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/education/20180425/vietnamese-teachers-travel-in-mountains-to-bring-students-back-to-school/45265.html

http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1422&context=isp_collection