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What are the symptoms/prognosis?

Common early warning stages of breast cancer:

Change of appearance in color of skin and breast, the increase of size or change in shape

Irritation causing redness on the skin, peeling or flakiness.

Different Lump or thickening around the breast

Inverted nipple

dimplings or unusual drippings

What are the causes?

Breast cancer can happen such as in increasing age, lifestyle, radiation exposure, obesity or passed on from family hereditary. The Breast cells in the milk-producing ducts or the lobules grow abnormally. The cells ignore the regulatory hormones and start dividing more than an average healthy cell would, forming a lump around the breast area.

Best treatments

Chemotherapy- intake drugs to shrink/kill the cancer cells

Surgery to cut out cancer tissues

Hormonal therapy- block the cancer cells from growing

Biological therapy- control side effects or work with the body’s immune system

Radiation therapy- killing the cancer cells

You can go to:

https://brcaonline.hkbcf.org/bchkonline/index.php/en/

If you have signs of breast cancer

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments:

Loss of appetite

Bleeding

Weakness and fatigue

Early menopause

Weight gain

Hair loss

A higher risk of infections

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea

Mouth sores

https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/symptoms

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/treatment.htm

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/treatment-side-effects#1

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Instructions:  Use the various media options here in Padlet to make your post unique.  In the end you should make sure to have AT LEAST the following:

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Instructions:  Use the various media options here in Padlet to make your post unique.  In the end you should make sure to have AT LEAST the following:

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What are the symptoms

What is the prognosis at various stages?

What are the causes?

Best treatments

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments.

Data and Graphs

At least 3 supporting images

Post links to your sources

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Staying Well During COVID-19

A guide for cancer patients and their families.

Preventing Infections

In cancer patients who receive chemotherapy.

Survivors and Caregivers

Tips for staying healthy during and after cancer.

Risk Factors

Alcohol and tobacco use, HPV, obesity, and family history.

Health Care Providers

CME, simulations, webinars, screening guidelines, and other resources.

Resources to Share

Videos, podcasts, graphics, feature articles, and print materials.

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The nation's health protection agency explains how to lower your cancer risk.

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This is a cancer cell

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·      Blood in urine (hematuria) is the first sign of bladder cancer. Other symptoms include:

o   Blood or blood clots in the urine

o   Pain or burning sensation during urination

o   Frequent urination

o   Feeling the need to urinate many times throughout the night

o   Feeling the need to urinate, but not being able to pass urine

o   Lower back pain on 1 side of the body

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o   Stage 1

§  90% of men and 85% of women survive Stage 1 bladder cancer for five or more years after diagnosis. This is when the cancer has started to grow into the connective tissue beneath the bladder lining.

o   Stage 2

§  45% of men and 30% of women survive Stage 2 bladder cancer for five or more years after diagnosis. This means the cancer has grown through the connective tissue layer into the muscle of the bladder wall.

o   Stage 3

§  30% of men and more than 15% of women survive Stage 3 cancer for five or more years after diagnosis. This is when the cancer has grown through the muscle to the fat layer, and may have spread outside the bladder to places near it.

o   Stage 4

§  10% of men and women survive Stage 4 cancer for five or more years after diagnosis, This is when the cancer has spread to the wall of the abdomen or pelvis, or other parts of the body like the bones or lungs.

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·      There aren’t exactly ‘causes’ of bladder cancer but there are factors that increase the chance of developing bladder cancer. Some common factors include:

o   Tobacco use

§  People who smoke are 4 to 7 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than people who don’t.

o   Age

§  More than 70% of people who are diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 65.

o   Gender

§  Men are four times more likely to get bladder cancer, but women are more likely to die from it.

o   Race

§  White people are two times as likely to get bladder cancer, but black people are two times as likely to die from it.

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Bladder cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy (either for only the bladder or the entire body), reconstruction, radiation therapy(an alternative to surgery), and immunotherapy (either only in the bladder or throughout the entire body).

Side effects of BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, most commonly used type of immunotherapy for early-stage bladder cancer) are frequent needs to or pain when urinating, blood in urine, urinary tract infections, and flu-like symptoms (like fever or tiredness). Side effects of chemotherapy include irritation caused by its residue, and increasing the chance of having a child with birth defects, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, lack of appetite and tiredness. Side effects of radiotherapy may include diarrhoea, inflammation of the bladder (cystitis), infertility, tiredness, and difficulty passing urine.

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https://www.roche.com/research_and_development/what_we_are_working_on/oncology/cancer-immunotherapy/about-bladder-cancer.htm

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-cancer/treatment/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356109

https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/risk-factors

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/symptoms-and-signs

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bladder-cancer/survival

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Incidence-of-bladder-cancer-by-ethnic-group-standardised-to-broad-age-groups-2007-2009_fig4_274179945

https://www.bjfm.co.uk/bladder-cancer-and-the-general-practitioner

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What are the symptoms

Jaundice, abdominal pain, back pain, bloating, vomiting.

What is the prognosis at various stages?

Medications, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery (early stage)

What are the causes?

Smoking and genetic mutations

Best treatments

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy,

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Treatment of those in Stage I and II with a surgery have a 20-30% chance of living for 2.5 years after diagnosis.

Stage III and Stage IV have a 1 percent chance of living for five years after diagnosis.

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments.

Chemotherapy -

Data and Graphs

At least 3 supporting images

Post links to your sources

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Symptoms:

Blood in urine

A lump on your side or near the belly button

Loss of appetite/less hungry

Pain in your side that will not go away

Weight loss out of nowhere

Fever that last for a long time that is not caused by a cold

Extreme lack of energy

Prognosis at various stages:

Localized=93%

Regional=70%

Distant=12%

Stages combined=75%

Causes:

Old age

Smoking

Obesity

High blood pressure

Family history

Exposure to substances

Treatments:

Surgery is a good treatment and effective. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy all 3 are good as a combination

Radiation and chemo are more rare; there are more side effects with these.

Most effective treatment:

Immunotherapy is the most effective, basically activating the immune system to get rid of and attack cancer cells.

Side Effect of treatments:

Immunotherapy side effects- muscle aches, trouble breathing, swelling of lungs, headaches, diarrhea, and weight gain.

Chemo side effects- tires, hair loss, easy to bruise, infection, constipation, and appetite change.

Radiation side effects-Skin iration, long term side effects, stomach pains, and chest pains.

Pictures
-

Sources:

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/immunotherapy-and-vaccines/side-effects-immunotherapy

https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/kidney-cancer/types-treatment

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All treatments and a diagram.

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https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html
https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid-cancer/thyroid-cancer https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354167

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What are the best treatments. Graph and effeivnes.

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A diagram of kidney cancer.

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What are the symptoms/prognosis?

-Constipation, diarrhea that doesn’t go away

-Frequent bleeding that comes with excrement

-Constant belly pain

-Weight loss, fatigue

1: Diagnosis - see how far the cancer has spread (staging) and the size of the cancer.

What are the causes?

Being obeese and inactive could cause Colorectal cancer. Over consumption of red, processed meat and alcohol can also cause colorectal cancer. Smoking is another major cause of colorectal cancer. People who have inherited gene changes (people who have a family history of colorectal cancer are also more likely to have it.)

Supporting images

At the bottom

Best treatments

The simplest treatment is to have the tumor surgically removed. This is effective in the early stages of colorectal cancer. However, if the cancer has spread, radiation or chemotherapy would have to be used.

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Surgical removal of the tumor is usually successful. However, it doesn’t guarantee the cancer wouldn’t come back. Therefore patients would still have to have regular checkups after the tumor has been removed.

Stage 1 survival rate: 80-90%

Stage 2 survival rate: 65-75%

Stage 3 survival rate: 40%

Stage 4 survival rate: 10%

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments

For chemo: Hair loss, loss of appetite, fatigue

For drugs: Potential nerve damage

Links:

Image 3: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/tumors-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/colorectal-cancer

Image 2:

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926340

Image 1:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669

Source:

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer.html

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Symptoms

Trouble urinating

Decreased force in the stream of urine

Blood in semen

Discomfort in the pelvic area

Bone pain

Erectile dysfunction
Treatment

Prognosis

Men usually survive at least 5 years after they get diagnosed

When the cancer spreads to the different part of the body, that when the risk of death increases.

Causes

The cause for prostate cancer is uncertain

Doctors know that it is caused by cells in the prostate with abnormal activities

Side effect of treatment

Could harm other cells in the body

Other cells can be killed during the process

Treatment

Observation or Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer.

Surgery for Prostate Cancer.

Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer.

Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Chemotherapy for Prostate Cancer.

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Treatments are not always effective

Effects other cells in the body

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1DxE2-4wWTzOY_LbLnyWf9LIHLpBDK9TtYRTDdHp9IHo/edit?usp=sharing

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Symptoms:

difficulty swallowing

weight loss without trying

chest pain pressure or burning

Worsening indigestion or heartburn

coughing

Prognosis at various stages?

Localised 47%

Regional 25%

Distant 5%

All SEER stages combined 20%

What are the causes?

Mutation in the DNA

Cancer Cells divide rapidly

Best treatments:

If you've been diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition that increases your risk of esophageal cancer caused by chronic acid reflux, ask your doctor what signs and symptoms to watch for that may signal that your condition is worsening.

Screening for esophageal cancer isn't done routinely except for patients with Barrett's esophagus because of a lack of other easily identifiable high-risk groups. If you have Barrett's esophagus, discuss the pros and cons of screening with your doctor.

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available:

Immunotherapy

Targeted therapy

Gastroenterology

Radiation therapy

Surgery

Interventional radiology

Esophageal cancer clinical trials

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments.

Having gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Smoking

Having precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus)

Being obese

Drinking alcohol

Having bile reflux

Having difficulty swallowing because of an esophageal sphincter that won't relax (achalasia)

Having a steady habit of drinking very hot liquids

Not eating enough fruits and vegetables

Undergoing radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen

Data and Graphs

At least 3 supporting images

Post links to your sources

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/esophagus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356084

https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer/treatments

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oesophageal-cancer/incidence

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Pictures in Doc: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kKaEmBXRLjauOTSgGdew5o4KMf4v58PcyAFvkTQ-ysE/edit?usp=sharing

What are the symptoms/prognosis?

Lung cancer doesn’t typically display symptoms in early stages. Instead, they appear during more advanced stages. Some examples of symptoms are excessive coughing, coughing blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, hoarseness in throat and voice, loss of weight, bone pain, and headaches.

What are the causes?

Smoking and vaping are the leading cause of lung cancer through both firsthand and secondhand smoke, but lung cancer can also appear in people who have never smoked before, in which case, there is no clear cause for lung cancer.

Best treatments

Treatments for lung cancer are similar to other cancers:
- Surgery, in which a doctor cuts out the cancer from the lung
- Chemotherapy, injecting medicine that cause cancerous cells to shrink or die
- Radiation Therapy, using radiation to kill cancerous cells
- Targeted Therapy, using drugs to block the growth and spread of cancerous cells

Effectiveness of treatment/statistics to support if available

Up until 2019, the five year life rate has been about 17.2%, but since then, the five year life rate has been 21.7%, which is a 26% improval. This means lung cancer treatments over long term have been improving but the complete cure for lung cancer is rare and mostly in stage one cancer, which is hard to identify due to the lack of symptoms in the lower stages.

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments

Some side effects of treatment for lung cancer include accidental harm of regular cells, nausea and vomiting, hair loss, and blood clots. Using treatments like chemotherapy that is meant to kill cancerous cells, there is also no way to prevent chemotherapy treatments from attacking regular cells too. Hair loss is caused by chemotherapy, but after the treatment, hair usually grows back 2-3 months after. Although you may experience nausea and vomiting, there are ways to treat them.

Citations:

24/7, CDC. “Side Effects of Cancer Treatment.” Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 Feb. 2019,
www.cdc.gov/cancer/survivors/patients/side-effects-of-treatment.htm.

Clinic, Mayo. “Lung Cancer.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical
Education and Research, 13 Aug. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-203 74620.

Harrison, Pam. “Lung Cancer Progress: Survival Increasing in US.” Medscape, 15
Nov. 2019, www.medscape.com/viewarticle/921399.

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Skin Cancer- Will

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/skin-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20377605

https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer/stages

https://www.aad.org/media/stats-skin-cancer

https://melanoma.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics

What are the symptoms

Develops in areas of sun-exposed skin

scalp

Face

Lips

Ears

Neck

Chest

Arms

Hands

Legs

Can also form in other places

Basal cell carcinoma develop

A pearly or waxy bump

A flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion

A bleeding or scabbing sore that heals and returns

More common for squamous cell carcinoma signs to develop

A firm, red nodule

A flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface

Melanoma signs  can also develop

A large brownish spot with darker speckles

A small lesion with an irregular border and portions that appear red, pink, white, blue, or blue-black

A painful lesion that itches or burns

Dark lesions on your palms, soles, fingertips or toes, or on mucous membranes lining your mouth, nose, vagina, or anus

Less common signs and symptoms

Kaposi sarcoma

Merkel cell carcinoma

Sebaceous gland carcinoma

What is the prognosis at various stages?

Basal cell carcinoma stages

Stage 0

Only present in the epidermis

Stage 1

Less than 2 centimeters and has not spread to lymph nodes or organs

Stage 2

Larger than 2 centimeters across and not spread to nearby organs

Stage 3

Spread into facial bones or 1 nearby lymph node, not other organs

Stage 4

Cancer can be any size and has spread to 1 or more lymph nodes larger than 3 cm and may have spread to bones or other organs

Squamous cell carcinoma stages

Stage 0

Only in epidermis

Stage 1

Less than 2 cent

Stage 2

Larger than 2 cent

Stage 3

Spread to facial bones or 1 nearby lymph node

Stage 4

Any size 1 or more lymph nodes larger than 3 cm

What are the causes?

Main cause is damage from ultraviolet radiation

Found in sunlight and lights used in tanning beds

Other risk factors

Fair skin- less pigment, sunburn easily

A history of sunburns

Excessive sun exposure

Sunny or high-altitude climates

Moles

Precancerous skin lesions

A family history of skin cancer

a  weakened immune system

Exposure to radiation

Best treatments

Surgery

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Photodynamic therapy

Immunotherapy

Targeted therapy

Chemical peel

Other drug therapy

Side effects/drawbacks/risks of treatments.

Chemotherapy also kills the healthy cells, causing a multitude of side effects that can weaken a person.

A chemical peel peels an entire layer of skin off, which can cause some pain.

Statistics
- 9,500 people in the US are diagnosed with skin cancer every day
- five year survival rates for regional stage melanoma is 64%
- five year survival rate for distant stage melanoma is 23%

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1066EfYreQFAQBoinrsEltrkO1GcWw6fRRDuPMVbUv-w/edit?usp=sharing

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Click on the photo to see the slides

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Symptoms

Pale skin, no energy

Fever

Easy bruising and bleeding (Nosebleeds and bleeding gums)

Tiny red spots in skin (petechiae) or purplish patches in the skin

Bone or joint pain and/or tenderness

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, groin or stomach; enlarged spleen or liver

Frequent infections

Unexplained weight loss

Pain or full feeling under the ribs on the left side

Prognosis

It is difficult to predict an outcome when someone has leukemia. There are many factors that may affect chances of surviving and recovering from leukemia, including genetic mutations, age and the patient’s general health.

Causes

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, where rapid growth of abnormal cells takes place in the bone marrow of bones. These abnormal cells then spill into the bloodstream, taking over space inside the bone marrow. Unlike other cancers, leukemia generally doesn’t form into a tumour that can be seen in imaging tests such as X-rays.

Chance of Recovery

Types of Leukemia | ALL | AML | CLL | CML
|   |   |   |
5- year survival rate* | 68.60% | 28.30% | 85.10% | 69.20%
Number of deaths per 100,000 persons | 0.4 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.3
Death is highest among those aged | 65-74 | 65+ | 75+ | 75+

ALL- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia AML- Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

CLL- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia    CML- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Treatments and Risks

Chemotherapy - Most common form of treatment. Chemicals enter the body through various methods to kill and stop leukemia cells from dividing

Radiation Therapy - Uses strong beams of energy to kill and stop leukemia cells from growing

Immunotherapy - Uses certain drugs to boost your body’s immune system to fight leukemia

Bone Marrow Transplant - Replaces the cancerous blood-forming cells that have been killed by other methods (chemotherapy, radiation therapy) with new, healthy cells.

All these methods may end up harming normal cells as well, so targeted therapy is also an option. This treatment uses drugs that focus on the specific features of leukemia cells. They block the ability of leukemia cells to multiply and divide, cut off the blood supply needed for the cells to live, or kill the cells directly. This option is less likely to harm other cells.

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/19VGsOieb7CCAL25cijnF_-ciXhHcU-SJQUvF0jJvm40/edit?usp=sharing

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Hey Andy, I really enjoyed reading your post about Melanoma. I found your post interesting because Melanoma isn't something hat I hear about often, so learning about it was a new experience for me learning the symptoms and treatments.

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After reading your post I realized skin cancer is a bigger threat to humans than I previously thought. First of all the fact that 9500 people in the US alone are diagnosed with it everyday is a very high number. Secondly the symptoms are also not too obvious in the beginning. (I would mistake those symptoms as normal skin problems / moles)

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After reading your post I realized skin cancer is a bigger threat to humans than I previously thought. First of all the fact that 9500 people in the US alone are diagnosed with it everyday is a very high number. Secondly the symptoms are also not too obvious in the beginning. (I would mistake those symptoms as normal skin problems / moles)

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This form of cancer is scary in the sense that the symptoms are common symptoms (such as fatigue, bleeding, weight loss) of illness and may not raise alarms in time. Also the treatments usually affect other healthy cells / organs as this is a cancer that involves bones and blood. (meaning it would easily spread around the whole body.)

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This form of cancer is scary in the sense that the symptoms are common symptoms (such as fatigue, bleeding, weight loss) of illness and may not raise alarms in time. Also the treatments usually affect other healthy cells / organs as this is a cancer that involves bones and blood. (meaning it would easily spread around the whole body.)