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Possibly useful?

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If that's the case, studying design and technology could be for you. The subject can open you up to a lot of career choices...

What is design and technology?

Design and technology is an area of study that focuses on planning, designing and creating things (called "products") which people use.

Think about your toaster (stay with us). Someone had to spend a great deal of time thinking about how to make it look good while also making it work. That's what design and technology is all about!

While studying this subject, you can learn how to design and make anything from electronics, clothes, furniture, food, and even computer programs.

The subject is sometimes split up into the following categories:

Electronic products: Use electronic materials to build interesting devices.

Food technology: Design recipes and create food products while learning about nutrition.

Graphics: Learn how to use 2D and 3D modelling programs to plan and design products.

Resistant materials technology: Work with materials like metals, plastic, wood, and use them to make interesting products.

Textiles technology: Learn about different fabrics, how they are made, and ways you can use them to create products.

'Design and technology is a broad subject, leading to careers in software, fashion and design'
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We made this infographic to give you a quick overview before you delve deeper into this article:

What skills will I get with design and technology?

By studying design and technology, you'll be able to build up your creativity, problem solving, planning, and evaluation skills. Since many projects are done via group work, you'll also gain communication and teamwork skills. Not to mention a great work out of your creativity bone!

What careers can I do with design and technology?

There are plenty! And we're not kidding. Design and technology can set you up for a career in a wide variety of industries such as fashion, engineering, architecture, information technology, careers in hospitality, and even education.

Popular careers for people with design and technology qualifications include: fashion designer, tailor, product designer, architect, software engineer, civil engineer, carpenter and chef.

What degrees and other qualifications do I need design and technology for?

If you want to study design and technology at university level, some courses require you to have completed the subject as part of your A-levels.

Although some university courses may not list design and technology as an entry requirement, it can still be very helpful for courses in architecture, engineering, information technology and computer science.

A GCSE or A-level in design and technology can also be useful for apprenticeships in carpentry, construction, food manufacture, fashion and textiles, interior manufacturing, and engineering technology.

What subjects does design and technology go with?

Design and technology goes well with art, but also science and technology subjects, including physics, maths, chemistry and IT. When it comes to the sciences, having knowledge of how physical and chemical processes work can come in handy when designing different products. Including food!

The subject also supports the study of art, as sculpture and other disciplines require an understanding of how structures can be designed to support themselves.

Where can I find out more?

Check out our other Why Study? articles...

Image credits
https://www.flickr.com/photos/designandtechnologydepartment/ http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/question_237188 http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/list_138849 http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/pencil_234649 http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/collaboration_265663 http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/library_234648 http://www.freepik.com/free-vector/designer-working-on-his-computer_824360.htm

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If that's the case, studying design and technology could be for you. The subject can open you up to a lot of career choices... Design and technology is an area of study that focuses on planning, designing and creating things (called "products") which people use. Think about your toaster (stay with us).

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Career, Salary and Education Information

What They Do: Drafters use software to convert the designs of engineers and architects into technical drawings.

Work Environment: Although drafters spend much of their time working on computers in an office, some may visit jobsites in order to collaborate with architects and engineers. Most drafters work full time.

How to Become One: Drafters typically complete education after high school, often through a program at a community college or technical school. Some programs lead to an associate of applied science in drafting or a related degree. Others result in a certificate or diploma.

Salary: The median annual wage for drafters is $55,550.

Job Outlook: Employment of drafters is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years. Increased construction activity is projected to drive demand for drafters, but this is expected to be tempered as engineers and architects increasingly perform some tasks previously done by drafters.

Related Careers: Explore occupations that share similar duties, skills, interests, education, or training with the occupation covered in the profile.

Following is everything you need to know about a career as a drafter with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can come back to this page to continue reading about the career:

Top 3 Drafters Jobs

Mechanical Drafter - NX -Infosoft Inc -Alpharetta, GA
Mechanical Drafter - NX Pay Rate: $22 to 25.20/Hr Duration: 2 Months Job Requisition: JP00059521 Location: Alpharetta, GA This position is for Commercial Vehicles division. * Prepares layouts ...

CAD Drafter -MILLER & ASSOCIATES -Kearney, NE
May assist Engineer in developing design concepts, with attention to appearance, proper mechanics, and other necessary items. * Assist in detail checking of own work and work of other drafters

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGNER/DRAFTER -Biter & Associates, LLC -Arlington, TX
Performs as the expert in all applicable CAD systems, responsible for mentoring Jr. Drafters and peers. * Maintains delegated product line(s) and makes changes to increase product quality

See all Drafters jobs

Drafters use software to convert the designs of architects and engineers into technical drawings. Most workers specialize in architectural, civil, electrical, or mechanical drafting and use technical drawings to help design everything from microchips to skyscrapers.

Duties of Drafters

Drafters typically do the following:

Design plans using computer-aided design (CAD) software

Work from rough sketches and specifications created by engineers and architects

Design products with engineering and manufacturing techniques

Add details to architectural plans from their knowledge of building techniques

Specify dimensions, materials, and procedures for new products

Work under the supervision of engineers or architects

Many drafters are referred to as CAD operators. Using CAD systems, drafters create and store technical drawings digitally. These drawings contain information on how to build a structure or machine, the dimensions of the project, and what materials are needed to complete the project.

Drafters work with CAD so they can create schematics that can be viewed, printed, or programmed directly into building information modeling (BIM) systems. These systems allow drafters, architects, construction managers, and engineers to create and collaborate on digital models of physical buildings and machines. Through three-dimensional rendering, BIM software allows designers and engineers to see how different elements in their projects work together.

The following are examples of types of drafters:

Architectural drafters draw architectural and structural features of buildings for construction projects. These workers may specialize in a type of building, such as residential or commercial. They may also specialize by the materials used, such as steel, wood, or reinforced concrete.

Civil drafters prepare topographical maps used in construction and civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges, and flood-control projects.

Electrical drafters prepare wiring diagrams that construction workers use to install and repair electrical equipment and wiring in power plants, electrical distribution systems, and residential and commercial buildings.

Electronics drafters produce wiring diagrams, assembly diagrams for circuit boards, and layout drawings used in manufacturing and in installing and repairing electronic devices and components.

Mechanical drafters prepare layouts that show the details for a wide variety of machinery and mechanical tools and devices, such as medical equipment. These layouts indicate dimensions, fastening methods, and other requirements needed for assembly. Mechanical drafters sometimes create production molds.

Drafters hold about 199,900 jobs. Employment in the detailed occupations that make up drafters was distributed as follows:

The largest employers of drafters were as follows:

Although drafters spend much of their time working on computers in an office, some may visit jobsites to collaborate with architects and engineers.

Drafter Work Schedules

Most drafters work full time.

Get the education you need: Find schools for Drafters near you!

Drafters typically need specialized training, which can be accomplished through a technical program that leads to a certificate or an associate's degree in drafting.

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Education for Drafters

Drafters generally need to complete postsecondary education in drafting. This is typically done through a 2-year associate's degree from a technical institute or community college.

Technical institutes offer instruction in design fundamentals, sketching, and computer-aided design (CAD) software and award certificates or diplomas upon completion. Programs vary in length but are generally 2 years of full-time education. The types of courses offered will also vary by institution. Some institutions may specialize in only one type of drafting, such as mechanical or architectural drafting.

Community colleges offer programs similar to those in technical institutes that lead to an associate of applied science in drafting or related degree. After completing an associate's degree program, graduates may get jobs as drafters or continue their education in a related field at a 4-year college. Most 4-year colleges do not offer training in drafting, but they do offer classes in engineering, architecture, and mathematics.

To prepare for postsecondary education, high school students may find it useful to take courses in mathematics, science, computer technology, design, computer graphics, and where available, drafting.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations for Drafters

The American Design Drafting Association (ADDA) offers certification for drafters. Although not mandatory, certification demonstrates competence and knowledge of nationally recognized practices. Certifications are offered for several specialties, including architectural, civil, and mechanical drafting.

Important Qualities for Drafters

Creativity. Drafters must be able to turn plans and ideas into technical drawings that will guide the creation of real buildings, tools, and systems.

Detail oriented. Drafters must pay close attention to details so that the plans they convert are technically accurate according to the outlined specifications.

Interpersonal skills. Drafters work closely with architects, engineers, and other designers to make sure that final plans are accurate. This requires the ability to communicate effectively and work well with others.

Math skills. Drafters work on technical drawings. They may be required to solve mathematical calculations involving factors such as angles, weights, and costs.

Technical skills. Drafters in all specialties must be able to use computer software, such as CAD, and work with database tools, such as building information modeling (BIM).

Time-management skills. Drafters often work under strict deadlines. As a result, they must work efficiently to produce the required output according to set schedules.

The median annual wage for drafters is $55,550. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,170, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $85,140.

Median annual wages for drafters are as follows:

The median annual wages for drafters in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services

$56,930

Architectural, engineering, and related services

$55,570

Most drafters work full time. Some work more than 40 hours a week.

Overall employment of drafters is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years. Employment growth will vary by specialty.

Growth in the engineering services and construction industries is expected to account for most new jobs for drafters. However, computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modeling (BIM) technologies allow engineers and architects to perform many tasks that used to be done by drafters, which is expected to temper demand for all drafters.

Job Prospects for Drafters

Competition for jobs is expected to be strong.

Demand for particular drafting specialties varies across the country because jobs depend on the needs of local industries. Job prospects for mechanical drafters should be best in large manufacturing hubs.

Because many drafting jobs are in construction and manufacturing, job opportunities for drafters will be sensitive to fluctuations in the overall economy.

Candidates proficient in CAD and BIM are likely to have better job opportunities.

Architects plan and design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures.

Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers to plan, design, and build highways, bridges, utilities, and other infrastructure projects. They also help to plan, design, and build commercial, industrial, residential, and land development projects.

Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment. They often work in product evaluation and testing, and use measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. They are also involved in the manufacture and deployment of equipment for automation.

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, including broadcast and communications systems, such as portable music players and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.

Industrial designers develop the concepts for manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and toys. They combine art, business, and engineering to make products that people use every day. Industrial designers consider the function, aesthetics, production costs, and usability of products when developing new product concepts.

Landscape architects design parks and the outdoor spaces of campuses, recreational facilities, businesses, private homes, and other open areas.

Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings.

Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Surveying and mapping technicians collect data and make maps of the Earth's surface. Surveying technicians visit sites to take measurements of the land. Mapping technicians use geographic data to create maps. They both assist surveyors and cartographers and photogrammetrists.

Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth's surface for engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.

*Some content used by permission of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

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What They Do: Drafters use software to convert the designs of engineers and architects into technical drawings. Work Environment: Although drafters spend much of their time working on computers in an office, some may visit jobsites in order to collaborate with architects and engineers. Most drafters work full time.

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Dassault Systèmes SOLIDWORKS Corp. develops and markets 3D CAD design software, analysis software, and product data management software. SOLIDWORKS is the leading supplier of 3D CAD product design engineering software.

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I made this as a quick answer key for students to refer to. Don't worry; this wasn't meant to be instructional!

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Gotta have study resources!

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Fasteners in Design - DFT 206 RTC Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Fasteners in Design - DFT 206 RTC. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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The resistance to emerging design tech is real...

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The resistance to emerging design tech is real...

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New related Article

Ref: Can Engineering Survive without the Drafting Group?

Update 11-9-17

I got a call from an old jobshopper (Contract Draftsman) friend I worked with at Gates Learjet, Tucson, in 1980 to 1982. He said he was talking to another fellow and my name came up. I worked with that fellow at Solar Turbines, San Diego, in 1983 to 1985. He was working at Lockheed Martin in Denver, which was another company I worked for. Almost all shoppers in those days were draftsman. We would move from job to job always bumping into someone you knew.

Jobshoppers, virtually all draftsman, were the cream of the crop. We would walk on the job and if we weren't producing in a week we were sent packing, sometimes after travelling thousands of miles. Nope, I was never let go until the project was done.

We reminisced over the old days. He is in a lead position (no degree) at Lockheed Martin working with Creo. I started talking CAD and he had no clue. Made me realize that CAD is not the first thing on many CAD users mind. No wonder 3D CAD software hasn't advanced in decades.

The Death of the Draftsman!

With the introduction of MBD (Model Based Definition) Boeing was convinced, since it didn't need drawings any more, it didn't need draftsman. The Drafting group was dissolved along with the Document Control group probably on the recommendation by Dassault that their PLM system based on Catia 5 could replace and manage the complete engineering system. The draftsman, now called engineering tech, is being replaced with the degreed engineer whose job now includes many more hats, CAD designer, engineer, detailer, data manager, etc. The "Draftsmen" are being allowed to disappear through attrition. You can see that the basic job of creating documentation for manufacturing has taken a very complex turn. I wonder if the young engineering student knows what is going to be expected of him or her.

As a Boeing trained draftsman I was shocked. Knowing the responsibility of drafting group. There really is no job description of an Engineering Tech. The community colleges are still offering drafting class.

Ref: Engineering Technologist? Engineering Technician?

I was up in arms, no group of engineers, could or should do this job.

Drafting had no spokesman. Draftsmen do not have 4 year degrees from a college or university and had no power as compared to engineering management or the much more powerful, BCS (Boeing Computer Services), who is now in charge of the all mighty PLM. They were a pain in the past, I can only imagine the arrogant power they wield today. Most drafters are hourly employee's one step above a blue collar worker. Their education was basically a 2 year AA degree from a community college. Mine was a condensed drafting training program run by Boeing and sponsored by the federal government.

Ref: My First 17 Years or "How did we do it without 3D CAD!"

Here is a quote from an associate on Linkedin that describes what is happening in engineering clearly:

"Hm... Can anyone show a better example of what happens when an apprentice based profession is dumped into 'formal education' format, without any sort of a transition plan? Sure, the allure of cutting costs is appealing to those that view the world a 'fiscal quarter at a time' - but for those that have committed to a company by way of bonds or other long term commitments - it can be terrifying.

"

Matthew Sawtell

I have to add to Matthews statement that the introduction of the 3D model, as the basis for our design, has changed the process completely. Eliminating the the manual drawing or layout in the beginning, and now using 3D CAD has made design a single step with the documentation created at the end instead of at the beginning of the process, being performed by a single designer. The skills of the designer with the orthographic drawing or layout are not needed and I had to face the cold hard facts:

The Draftsman is not needed.

Ref:
The Death of the Drawing

But per the definition below we still need drafting. Do we need a new profession or will the degreed engineer be happy providing this level of design?
Drafting

"The systematic representation and dimensional specification of mechanical and architectural structures"

As you can see the above description can include 3D design, I will get into that later.

Drafting is an ancient art. Dating back centuries.

What is a Draftsman?

The Draftsman made drawings!

Prior to 3D CAD we made drawings. Yes, we can create what are called 2D drawings today by creating views or instances of the 3D model and adding dimensions and annotation. These are not drawings, they are what I call the AID (Associated Information Document). Yes there is the Autocad electronic drawing, but they are handled like paper drawings.

Both are now distributed by PDF.

What is a drawing?

A drawing is a document that describes the part/assembly in an orthographically projected format. These were the reason draftsman were here. They were time consuming and an engineer's time was much more valuable than doing grunt design and detailing.

This document was used to convey the information to manufacturing. It was in a standard format that was developed over centuries. All who worked with drawings were trained in reading the drawing. When done correctly it stood alone without a need for any additional information, explanation or clarity.

Engineering's total purpose is to make available concise, complete and unambiguous documentation to manufacturing.

There was also a standard procedure for handling the drawings. The draftsman would work with an engineer or designer or develop the design himself/herself. He/she would actually do the design with an assembly layout (a drawing with no set standards) then do the part drawings or give the layout to other draftsmen to create the part drawings. The layout included all the design intent for the correct dimensioning and tolerancing of the part. The drawings had to be detailed to meet a certain standard. Even though the draftsman may have had decades of experience it still had to be checked.

What is the Checker?

The checker was an experienced draftsman whose only purpose was to check the drawing. He/she would mark every dimension and note with a red or yellow marker. Nothing was not marked. When the checking process was done it was given back to the original draftsman to do the corrections.

This process was as important as the design and drawing. This is not some quick review, this is a time consuming review of the design itself. If this step is bypassed or ignored the resulting costs for a missed error are 10 fold. Below I have described the revision process handling errors. Just think of the cost of a bad titanium part? It has always been a rule "Measure twice, Cut once". All draftsman knew and appreciated this, learning many lessons from the Checkers input. Murphy's law was the draftsman's arch enemy!

The draftsman learned from every job. Soon he/she became very knowledgeable in the standards of their industry. They became the designers of the products. Every large manufacturing company had a drafting group. Even though the drafting group was part of engineering it was basically separate with its own responsibilities.

This is another reason for creating a complete AID (model based drawing) from our parts instead of allowing the minimizing of the information to manufacturing that is now being promoted by MBE. It is much easier to review and check. I will go into this later.

What was the drafting group?

The drafting group was only composed of draftsman. Sometimes a large company, like Boeing, would place the new engineers in the drafting group for a year to get an understanding of the industry standards. Drafting was all about standards.

The drafting group was responsible for creating the drawings and making sure they were correct and met universal industry and company standards. Much of the design was done by a one or a few draftsmen under the supervision of a lead engineer.

Drafting was responsible for releasing completely defined and checked drawings to manufacturing. This was a standard process that may be composed of many drawings that made up the assembly. The drawing was taken around for review and approval by specific engineering groups, such as manufacturing, materials and stress analysis. The title block had all of the basic information of the drawing. The drawing name and number and space for approval signatures. It also included UOS (Unless otherwise specified) information, such as tolerancing, view orientation and used on. When the title block was signed off the engineering was complete and it was delivered to Document Control who created the blue prints and delivered it to the relevant groups, like purchasing, manufacturing or out to suppliers for bids plus the blueprint centers for easy access. Then the originals were stored in vaults. Yes, actual vaults.

What is Document Control?

It was basically an admin group that would take the released drawing bundle record and create the prints, as blue prints or microfiche and deliver to the appropriate areas making the available to all of the other relevant departments such as purchasing, tech pubs, manufacturing, planning and other engineering groups.

This group like Drafting was associated with but separate from engineering. Today this is part of engineering is now included in the PLM system. But it only handled the drawings which were standard deliverables from engineering. PLM handles the native CAD data as standard deliverables. Data inside engineering and documents to deliver outside engineer should be separate and handled by different groups. This is why PLM will never succeed.

A Native CAD file cannot be used as the engineering deliverable.

What is purchasing?

Purchasing is the department that would deliver the drawings to manufacturing, in-house or outside suppliers for quotes. Purchasing would keep track of the revisions and where the parts were used. The drawings would include used-on information. For example, Boeing would have the different effectivities (blocks of airplanes) for the different assemblies used. Many times one drawing would have many different configurations for the different airplanes defined as dash numbers.

This is another place where PLM has failed. Due to the way the Pro/e paradigm is set up, you have to handle referenced external parts. While this may be advantageous for conceptual design it is a horror show for final released projects and to be used as deliverables. They should be in one single file where all information is available without resorting to the convoluted native file system. I describe a more logical system below.

What is manufacturing?

I know this seems like a silly question, but as I read articles from the MSME and PHDs that are so called PLM experts thinking they know how all of this works, it is very apparent to an experienced Draftsman they have no clue. They sit in some ivory tower and just imagine how it should work. None have ever created a design or a parts list and probably never poured over a drawing seeing how the parts are made. I chuckle how they use BOM (Bill of Materials) never knowing that was basically an architectural term. I never saw it until working with Autocad, and now it seems to be part of the lexicon of industrial/mechanical engineering. Sadly the PLM folks are trying to expand their sphere of influence into manufacturing. But luckily there is much more common sense in manufacturing and they will not fall for their failed solutions. Manufacturing "has" to deliver or they don't get paid.

Ref: Parts List or BOM?

Ref: The Secret of Part Numbers

Ref: Engineering Documentation - A Primer for the PLM Guru!

Manufacturing takes the drawing and creates the parts. When the parts are made they are inspected to the drawing and delivered for assembly. Manufacturing is not part of engineering or drafting. Once they get the drawings they usually put them in a different format to use in different processes. Many companies have planning groups that manage the manufacturing process.

At assembly, engineering may or may not supervise the process assuring that the assembly meets the functionality of the design. After that engineering will step out of the picture unless there are "Problems"!!

Sometimes engineering is not present at assembly. Imagine an aircraft assembly line. The plane starts down this line. There is a part that doesn't fit or the assembly instructions are vague. They have a liaison engineer that instantly handles the problem with a temporary fix. Nothing can hold up the assembly line. He/she will write up a rejection tag describing the problem and the fix. This rejection tag is sent to the responsible group.

What is a revision?

The responsible group gets the rejection tag and assigned it to a draftsman. Why a draftsman? The drafting group is the most familiar with the design and documentation of the product. The draftsman investigates the problem and working with the lead engineer and creates a fix.

How are revision handled?

The original drawing can be difficult to change every time there is a small error and is very time consuming. Engineering needs a fast way to communicate the correction to manufacturing. Manufacturing is happily creating what may be incorrect parts, thereby wasting time and material. It is very important to get that change to them as soon as possible. Many times manufacturing was notified to stop making the parts.

What is an ADCN?

Advanced Drawing Change Notice. This was a document created on 8.5 x 11 sheets describing the fix and stapled on or added to the prints. They were released to Document Control and handled like initial released parts.

This is where MBD totally fails.

Ref: The ADCN vs MBE

What is the DCN?

Drawing Change Notice. This was when the original drawing has to be changed. Sometimes the correction is too large to define as an ADCN. Also it maybe done just to incorporate the outstanding ADCNs when times were slow. Drawings were stored in vaults, yes real vaults. You would go to the vault and check out the original drawing.Again a DCN is released the same as the initial release to Document Control.

All of the above process were done by Drafting. Engineer were never involved in this process except for the review and approval of the change. They felt assured that the drawings were done correctly since it was not their responsibility and they trusted drafting.

That is drafting in a nutshell.

Enter 3D CAD!

In the beginning of 3D CAD it was the same as what I described above. The draftsman did all of the design under the scrutiny of an engineer. An engineer was always involved with the design and was always the last word with approval.

I was introduce to 3D CAD in 1982 with Computervision CADDS 4. 3D CAD was in the realm of the draftsman. Engineers did not have time to learn 3D CAD. Draftsmen continued to do the design and creating drawings. But we did not create drawings we created what I have coined AID (Associated Information Documents). Yes they looked like drawings and functioned the same. They would be checked and corrected by revising the 3D model and AID.

The product of the 3D CAD system in those days was the AID delivered as a print. It wasn't until the late 1980's that the 3D model was being widely used as a pattern for manufacturing. But a completely detailed AID now traveled with the model as a print until the introduction of the PDF.

Ref: The Death of the Drawing
I get criticized for making the distinction between the drawing and the AID. But you just do not create a drawing when you design in 3D. I created manual drawings for years, and the AID is something very different and much, much easier.
On a drawing you design by "drawing" separate orthographic project views on a 2D plane. I even hate to use the 2D reference, since it is so obviously redundant. We did the manual drawings on a drafting board, calling it a 2D drafting board would be just silly. If you could read a drawing you could see the real world 3D part. Today, I have been told of millennial engineers that need an Isometric view just to understand the part.

For years 3D CAD was in the realm of the draftsman. I would like to say that when Pro/engineer showed up in 1988, that was the time the engineers started using 3D CAD. But it wasn't so. While on contract at Solar Turbines in 1985 they let all of the 3D CAD draftsman go. They told the engineers that they had to get trained on Computervision CADDS 4X. They balked but Solar management said "Get on the CAD system or you are fired". I was the last of the contractors left and trained the engineers. They became very good users when they finally put their minds to it.

Update: 3-21-18

After chatting with my associate draftsman referenced in the beginning of the article, he went back to Solar Turbine two more times. I guess the engineers won.

I was introduced to PC based 3D CADKEY while on contract at Boeing 747 Flight Deck. I was told there was a PC based 3D CAD system on a couple of Compaq's. It sparked my interest since I was working on the board. CADKEY was 3D wireframe and very similar to Computervison. I was up to speed in 2 weeks of lunch hours and convinced the supervisor to start a test project We designed the first observer's station, passing 3D wireframe graphics back and forth to Catia 3 using IGES. We would get the station loft lines from Catia to do our design.

I was instrumental in introducing CADKEY into Boeing. They would have been miles ahead if they would have adopted CADKEY instead of Catia.

Ref: The 1980's - 3D CAD - The Beginning

Ref: CADKEY or Catia? Boeing's Billion-Dollar 3D CAD Mistake!

I saw the writing on the wall. Computervision cost $250,000 per seat with a minimum system consisting of 3 Seats. CADKEY with a PC, 19" Monitor was around $9000. The only difference between both Catia and Computervision and CADKEY was a bit of rudimentary surfacing. Which was soon included in CADKEY. I founded TECH-NET, quickly becoming a CADKEY dealer and proceeded to supply not only Boeing but all of their suppliers in the NW. I think because of Boeing the NW quickly adopted 3D CAD, mostly bypassing the Autocad electronic drawing horror show.

It was an easy sale, Catia 4 was a networked system and was cost prohibitive for even the largest suppliers.

Ref: All About Telecommuting and Online Collaboration

Enter PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) & MBE (Model Based Enterprise)

Things were going well. Boeing was supplying 3D models and complete AIDs (drawings) as prints from their Catia 4 system to theirs suppliers. Then the suppliers started calling me telling me that Boeing was not supplying prints any more. They were delivering something called a PMI (Product Manufacturing Information). This was what could only be called a 3D drawing with the dimensions done in a 3D space on different planes. It was a mess and could only be read by a Catia 5 station or some expensive Dassault provided viewer. The suppliers were up in arms, they did not want to spend money on software that Boeing demanded they have to view the parts.

They went from an easy to duplicate drawing to an electronic mess. Soon Boeing was demanding, or I should say, suggesting, that the supplier also get a 3D party validation program to make sure the solid models were the same, basically comparing apples to apples. It was and still is a horror show.

Ref: Compare and Validation Programs? Band-Aids for Self Inflicted Wounds!

How are Revisions handled today?

MBD (Model Based Definition) or MBE (Model Based Enterprise) demands that the solid model be the authorizing document.

Let's go back to the earlier description of the error on the assembly line. What does the liaison engineer do today. Does he have to get to the original part in Catia? Does he dare to make any changes? Of course not. There are no drawings to mark up. How does he get the problem defined and corrected and sent to the responsible group. The rejections tags were all done on sketches tracing the affected views on 8.5 x 11 sheets. I do not know how it is handled today.

Okay, let's say the error is delivered to the responsible group. They have to change the model directly. The Catia 5 system, basically a Pro/e clone, is not conducive to change even when done by the original designer, with the turnover of personnel, especially engineers, it will probably go to another engineer. Depending on the complexity of the part and the experience of the original and the new designer this can become a horror show.

Ref: Is 3D CAD Productivity an Oxymoron?

Ref: The Worst to Best CAD System and Why!

I was at a seminar and they had a Boeing rep explaining the MBE process. I asked him how liaison was handling the problems on the assembly line. He said "Oh, yes, we are looking into that." I realize at that moment that the MBE decision was not thought through. I guarantee this concept can only work in a very tightly controlled design environment where all design and manufacturing is done in-house or with a very few select suppliers.

Ref: Next Generation CAD Technology Applied!

The model has to be completely reviewed to assure that it only reflects the current change. This is a hugely time consuming process as compared to the ADCN. But MBE has made it a requirement that the supplier can not modify the model. It is strange that in the past manufacturing was trusted with only the drawing to make correct parts. What makes anyone think the solid model is some sacred object?

Now I have seen this rule being violated for the sake of time. Manufacturing is all about correct parts and schedules. The engineering is now more of a problem than a solution.

I am an active member of Linkedin and saw this discussion:

Engineers as Draftsman, my how times have changed...
Kevin Willey CIO at I4See At one time, engineers considered producing drawings as a job that was for the worker bees. Almost as if the labor was beneath them, probably for good reason since a company could hire several draftsman for the price of one engineer. Then along came Cad. The idea was to make the drawing faster and increase the number of project completed over any given time period.
Someone got the idea that all those draftsman could be replaced by the engineer doing their own drawings.

So today, an engineer spends a disparate amount of time doing the work formerly done by a draftsman and far less actually engineering.
Think about the work for a second, near 90% of the drawing is cookie cutter work. This requires five years of university? Once it only took two years of college.
Now consider that the new engineer, when entering a company has to be trained on whichever software that company uses.

One has to wonder who is doing the cost/benefit analysis on this and what color the sky is in their world.
My, my, how times have changed...
It was an article I could have written. I was surprised that someone else saw this happening. I was the first to comment, this was posted over 3 years ago and has 8628 comments. I was actively posting about the waste it was to have engineers do form, fit and function design. Many engineers joined the discussion. All were 3D CAD experts. They all claimed to be able to create fully dimension AIDs (Model based drawings). Surprisingly besides the BSME's, there were two P.E.s and one MSME. You rarely saw a P.E. show up in the drafting rooms of the past. When they did they walked on water. I never saw or met one MSME in my career.

So today with these Engineers touting their design and detailing skills. What chance does the poor draftsman have?

The engineering world is truly upside down!!

The Paradigm Shifted

But Slowly, my viewpoint started changing.

How do we design today?

3D CAD is the today's tool of engineering. All design is done on CAD. We don't design by drawing separate orthographic views anymore. We design 3D parts directly. It is very simple and easy to do once you learn the CAD system.

Ref: Learning Mechanical CAD

This is really 3D drafting. It serves the exact same purpose of the process we did in the past. We have the same design challenges, nothing has changed. We still have to put screws in holes and make sure they will fit. Nothing has changed except a degreed engineer is now doing it. They will now design non-critical products not using any of their engineering skills. They will be low end designers, known in the past as the "draftsman". Sadly, they will not know any better. But the engineering management path, that many young engineers dream of, has just become much more narrow.

The engineers I have talked to seem to be happy to do the simple grunt work of form, fit and function design that was left to the draftsman in the past. But this type of design is not taught in college. I wonder if there will be a smooth process of learning this on the job as it was done in the past with the draftsman. I am not even sure that CAD is taught in college yet today. It will be in the future as soon as the type of CAD system becomes irrelevant.

Ref: Educating the New CAD Engineer - 2015

Ref: Universal CAD Compatibility is "not" Here!

Many have tried to keep the draftsman in the loop. By creating parts and giving them to draftsmen to detail. I have laughed many time when an engineer complains about the drawing not being done correctly without giving the draftsman the complete assembly. In the past we would give prints of the design layouts to the draftsman for detailing, so they could see the relationships of the parts. It is the draftsman fault for accepting this limited amount of information.

Many act like the draftsman is just low experienced detailer. But many, like myself, are senior designers and have taken on many design projects and lead positions. Many senior draftsman have taken on the title "engineer". We have trained and supported many young engineers.

If the engineers are willing to do this type of design then more power to him/her. But if they are going to take responsibility for it, the system has to change.

All of the standard processes that used to be the responsibility of drafting have to be re-implemented. Today the engineers are doing peer checking. This is a very weak process. You need a experienced engineer dedicated to the checking process. Murphy's law sits on all of our shoulders.

We will have levels of engineers where their designs and documentation will be reviewed by other engineers. Are egos going to get in the way? The manufacturing, material and stress engineer are also going to have their input. I just wonder how this is all going to work out. The draftsman was a worker bee and, yes, many times spoke up when he/she saw a bad decision, but mostly went along with the program. Part of a draftsman's job was to make an engineer and engineering look good. Many times we carried a young engineer. Draftsmen virtually had no path to management, that was the reason contract engineering (jobshopping) was a great option for the skilled draftsman. We would watch the politics played by the engineers and shake our head and get back to work.
"I do agree there is no place for the draftsman in today's engineering design process. There will be no non-degreed engineers as in the past. Engineering is going through a transition and the draftsman's viewpoint, which was the glue that held engineering together, is not there to help mold it. This truly is the cause of the chaotic state of engineering today."
Today engineering is managed by PLM and its ugly step child, MBE.

Ref: PLM & PDM DEFINED

To the PLM expert, data management is engineering's priority one problem. The high end CAD programs do not push their design prowess. That technology is available at a much lower costs today. So what makes them more valuable? Ah, yes, PLM, which is nothing more than data management, created by the convoluted minds of the PLM suppliers.

Document Control was a very simple system managed by inexpensive admin people. One day the companies will realize engineering documentation is not live data and the faster it gets archived and easily accessed the better. Sending the PLM and Infotech gurus packing.

MBD (Model Based Definition) seems to be pushed by inspection, where GD&T is their religion. They are trying to minimize the engineering documentation in the form of PMI (Product Manufacturing Information) delivering what you can only call a 3D drawing. It truly is the worst attempt to deliver complete information to manufacturing. Sadly, there are no draftsman there to protest and engineers seem to be oblivious to the lack of continuity in this process.

Ref: Why MBE/MBD/PMI Will FAIL

The image on the right There are virtually no dimensions, just overly complex minimized GD&T Feature Control. Oh, yes, add GD&T expertize to the CAD engineer's required skills. As you can see it is a simple machined part that in the past would mostly be covered by UOS (Unless Otherwise Specified) standard industry tolerances. As a senior draftsman you can only laugh at what is being called important today.

The image on the left is what should be being delivered along with the 3D model. This is the detailed AID (drawing) of the part imported into ZW3D, one of the few packages that can import the PMI from native files of the popular native CAD programs. In this article I show you how engineering documentation should be done. Simple, fast and virtually free to you, your suppliers or anyone else that needs the engineering information.

Ref: PMI vs AID (Associated Information Document)

There is now a new engineering discipline: The Dimensional Engineer

Even the minimized GD&T is too much for today's millennial 3D CAD engineer. So now they look to a Dimensional Engineer to review the parts. They seem to be a catch all position, combining designer, draftsman and checker. I am not sure where they are placed. Maybe between completed engineering and release? Boeing now has a Producibiity Group that reviews the completed engineering, I wonder how that is working out?

You can see it is incredibly chaotic.

Ref: Redefining 2D/3D

Ref: The Embedded Title Block! A PLM Solution!

Boeing bought this concept hook line and sinker and it has been a horror show requiring Band-Aid after Band-Aid trying to make it work.

Today there is no standard deliverable that can be given to manufacturing that equals the simplicity of a standard drawing. Manufacturing has to jump through many differently defined hoops for each large customer and their customized PLM system trying to complexly automate some very simple steps.

From a simple but very complete drawing that takes no special software to view and understand, to requiring incredibly complex CAD programs and viewers just to view the design. We now have integrated or 3 rd party PLM and PDM data management programs that are managed inside engineering, MBE's complex idiosyncratic requirements, defined by groups outside engineering and 3 rd party validation programs that basically compare apples to apples. It truly is a mess.

Can engineering get back to a standard process equal to what was done in the past?

There are many vested interests that would suffer if any effort to do this was attempted. Is there even the applicable knowledge of the past process to understand what needs to be done? CAD has been here for over 30 years. How can we expect them to design a system that would equal a standard system that was developed over centuries?

Now the smaller companies have not fallen for this PLM/MBE fiasco and never will. This process is very costly requiring expense software solutions and specific expertise to maintain it. The solid model and a complete AID (model based drawing) is the deliverable that is necessary for completed engineering to be delivered to manufacturing. I believe engineering should again take charge. I believe that a completely dimensioned drawing not only adds clarity but gives the designer a second look at the design to find errors or even a better design. I always find some error when I completely detail my parts and I have over 50 years experience, what chance does a young engineer have?

It also provides an easy

reviewing and checking format that requires no special software or even a computer. Paper is very cheap, easy to handle and recyclable.

A comment from a MSME P.E in my article "Why MBE, MBD and PMI Will Fail"
"The big problem is, any failure will be blamed on the responsible engineers and not an unworkable system. MBE is already being backstopped by drawings in many organizations that are forced to use MBE, but the drawings are frequently not in the release control process because they are not the "primary" data driving fabrication. A fine mess..."
The standard deliverable from engineering should not be a native file. It should be a PDF that includes the solid model and an AID (model based drawing) or other necessary documentation that is written directly from the CAD system in a standard format defined by the industry. Today most programs deliver a 3D PDF. What would it take to have Adobe create this format? Most of it has already been done!! This is just all too simple.

Ref: The Embedded Title Block! A PLM Solution!

Ref: Standard Cloud Based Engineering Document Control

Ref: Standard Cloud Based Engineering Document Control Part II

Please remember, the only thing that CAD added was the 3D model. How can we now be in such a convoluted mess?

Yes, the death of the draftsman left a hole that may take a century to fill.

Lastly, I will leave you with a comment on this article from a Boeing Technical Designer (Draftsman). The "flat file" was what Boeing called the AID (model based drawing).

"Hi Joe,

It's been many, many years since we talked so the first order of business is to wish you a Happy and Healthy New Year!

I just got an e-mail from you and your discussion of the death of the draftsman was excellent. It is right on the money (one of the reasons you never heard from me was that I was employed by Boeing as a technical designer - fancy for drafter). Boeing is in the process of eliminating not only drafters but a large number of engineers. They're in the process of creating "Design Centers" in southern California, South Carolina, Texas and Russia, but you probably know this.

I was part of the Interior Responsibilities Group and I tried to tell everyone that the next 777 will be all model based definition and that all the bullshit we were doing with pdm and creating documents would go away. I remember leaving a meeting and betting a co-worker that he couldn't find a flat file anywhere in engineering (remember those?).

With the new 777 there will most likely be a new version of Enovia that will promise more ease and faster engineering turn-around time but given the fact it comes from Dassault and Boeing it will end up carrying more baggage than ever!

Anyway, enjoyed the article.
Take care
Gary"

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New related Article Ref: Can Engineering Survive without the Drafting Group? Update 11-9-17 I got a call from an old jobshopper (Contract Draftsman) friend I worked with at Gates Learjet, Tucson, in 1980 to 1982. He said he was talking to another fellow and my name came up.

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The standard on dimensioning and tolerancing mechanical parts/assemblies just changed...

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Expansion and Clarification of Concepts

Restrained Condition and Free State modifier

Restrained condition notes in the datum reference frame section has been expanded and clarified. Explanation of the free state modifier was also moved to this section from the form section to link the concepts. The 2018 standard gives more guidelines for the use of a restrained condition note on a non-rigid part. It lists important parameters that may be included in the note such as: magnitude, location, direction, sequence, and area of restraint. Gravity affecting a non-rigid part is addressed. Examples and rules for a restrained note and datum targets have also been added. The free state symbol may now be used on individual datum references without affecting the restraint of the rest of the part.

Axis vs Surface Interpretation for Position at MMC/LMC

In previous versions of the standard, position tolerance at MMC has been explained in terms of the feature axis within a cylindrical tolerance zone and additional (bonus) tolerance is added as the feature departs from MMC. The Y14.5 also states that position at MMC creates a virtual condition boundary that the surface may not violate. It was discovered and documented in the earlier 1994 standard that the axis interpretation and surface interpretation actual values are not equivalent because of unsymmetrical form deviations on the feature. The 1994 standard defined the surface method as the correct interpretation for position at MMC and LMC even though most of the figures showed the axis. (Note, the axis method is a more conservative interpretation and will not allow a bad part to pass.) The 2018 standard has revised a lot of figures to show the surface instead of the axis interpretation and sometimes both. Nothing has changed here in 2018 but the explanation in the figures to reduce contradictions.

The 2009 standard allowed a profile to be placed in a general note by this paragraph:

3.5 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT
A feature control frame is related to a considered feature by one of the following methods
(e) placing in a note, chart, or the general tolerance block

The 2018 standard has clarified this in the application of the all over profile requirement:

11.3.1.5 Profile All Over Specification:
A profile tolerance may be applied all over the three-dimensional profile of a part UOS. It shall be applied in one of the following ways:
(c) place the profile tolerance requirement in the general tolerance block or general notes

Other examples of profile blocks in notes were also included in other sections of the document. This is another push for replacement of plus/minus in title blocks to profile of a surface relative to a datum reference frame. This has been an industry practice for years. I am glad to see it added to the standard.

Runout did get a substantial overhaul in its 2018 definitions without really changing anything. In previous versions of the standard, runout was mostly defined by the dial indicator inspection device. Throughout the past decades, the Y14.5 has been transitioning out of inspection-based definitions and into more theoretical tolerance boundaries. This allows quality to choose the best inspection method based on equipment available, expertise, capability, cost and risk. Runout was the last hold-out on the inspection-based definition and was changed in 2018.

Size tolerances are added to the figures to clarify the use of size and runout together.
Tangent plane modifier is clarified for use on runout.
Runout clarified for use on assemblies that do not rotate about the datum axis.

The continuous feature symbol is first explained in 2009 and unites two or more features of size as a single feature; the size tolerance also controls coaxiality. The 2018 standard made it optional to include nX next to the CF symbol for clarification on the number of features involved. In 2009, it was a bit unclear whether this symbol could be applied to surfaces, but in 2018, there are now two types of continuous features: continuous feature and continuous feature of size. I am still unsure of the implications applying this to surfaces and it may have opened a door into a different way of controlling relationships. Some say a flatness and continuous feature may be used to control coplanarity (usually done with profile tolerance) although there are not any examples of this in the standard. It may also replace composite tolerancing in some cases. There are a couple examples in the standard of CF being used in place of 6X or 6 surfaces, but I don't see the benefit. I worry this symbol may cause more confusion than our classic position or profile tolerances with nX or multiple leader lines to control locational relationships between features. Be careful with this slippery symbol, especially on surfaces.

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GD&T Systems & Manufacturing Engineering | Draft Drawing Basics

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Restrained Condition and Free State modifier Restrained condition notes in the datum reference frame section has been expanded and clarified. Explanation of the free state modifier was also moved to this section from the form section to link the concepts. The 2018 standard gives more guidelines for the use of a restrained condition note on a non-rigid part.