# data[].attributes.body
(Example)
Homework:
answer here.

Reflection:
to write something here.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
1- PO1
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2-
Newtonians fluids
= The viscosity of the fluid does not change when force applied to it ( Ex: alcohol )
Non-newtonians fluids
= The viscosity of the fluid change depends on force or pressure applied to it ( Ex: glue )

Reflection:
I have learnt the types of fluid and the properties including the formula and also there are two types of viscosity which are dynamic and kinematic.
:)

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
> PO1: Apply knowledge of mathemathics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

>Newtonian Fluids: It doesnt matter about how big shear stress is applied on the fluids, the viscosity remains constant (if the temperature is constant). (eg:milk)

>Non Newtonian Fluids: Opposite to newtonian fluids, when the shear stress is applied on the fluids, the viscosity of the fluid changes. When a big shear stress is applied, it will become harder to get through it, when a small shear stress is applied, it will become easier to get through it. (eg: corn starch mixed with water)

Reflection:
>I have learned and understand about system and control volume [eg: open system (boiling soup in a saucepan without putting a lid], closed system (putting a lid on a saucepan while boiling a soup)
I can also differentiate the 2 types of fluids (ideal & real) and the 2 types of viscosity (dynamic and kinematic). From all the understanding, i can solve question using the suitable formula given.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
~PO1: Apply knowledge of mathemathics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

~Newtonian Fluids:
Its viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature. These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress.
(Ex: Alcohol)

~Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Its viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid.
(Ex: Ketchup)

~Reflection:
I have learnt and understand about the properties of fluids. I also learnt that there's 3 method of solving fluid dynamic problems which is; Analytical, Computational and Experimental.
Other than that, I think the class is fun bcs of the game we played and its good cs we didnt feel sleepy :3

# data[].attributes.body
Homework :

PO1 : Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Newtonian fluid : Substance that acts to force linearly. For example water, sea water

Non-Newtonian fluid : Substance that behaves like a solid or liquid depending on how much forces applied on it. For example ketchup, oobleck (mixture of cornstarch and water)

Reflection : I learnt the properties of fluid (liquid and gases), aerodynamic forces of fluid and fluid in engineering industries related to our daily life (open systems and closed system) and applying new equations/formulas.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1:
PO1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2 :
Newtonian fluid - The viscosity remains constant, regardless of how much shear is applied. Ex : Gasoline

Non-Newtonian Fluid - When shear is applied the fluid's viscosity changes. Ex : Glue

Reflection:
I have learned about the definition of fluid mechanics and able to differentiate between solid, liquid and gas phases. I also learned about open system (exchange energy and matter) and closed system (exchange only energy). Towards the end of the class, i am able to use the formulas to solve the exercises.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1 :
PO 1- Apply knowledge of mathematics, nature science, engineering fundamental and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2 :
Newtonian fluid-  the viscosity remain constant and will not change if any force applied on it.(eg: water).

Non Newtonian fluid- the viscosity of fluid depends on the force applied on it.(eg: ketchup)

Reflection :
I have learnt the properties fluid (liquid and gas) such as viscosity (dynamic and kinematic).From what I have learnt, I can solve the question better.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
1. PO 1 emphasizes on applying knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Difference between Homework Newtonians fluids and Non-newtonians fluids

>> Newtonians fluids: The viscosity of the fluid does not change when force applied to it (example: water, benzene)

>> Non-newtonians fluids: The viscosity of the fluid change depends on force or pressure applied to it (example: ketchup, gels)

Reflection: I've 4 new formulas in the first week of class. I've also mastered the basic concept of fluid mechanics. Active learning has really helped me understand this course better. Overall, I had fun during class and I hope my excitement towards this course will never fade. (jk)

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
1. PO 1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2.
Newtonian Fluid - Fluid with constant viscosity. The shear rate is directly proportional to the shear stress.

Non-Newtonian Fluid - Fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity. The viscosity of the fluid is dependent on shear rate or shear rate history.

Reflection:
I have learnt about the definition of fluid mechanics and able to understand why it is important in Civil Engineering. I have also learnt about the properties of fluid such as viscosity and also able to solve problems using formulas.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
1. PO1: - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2.
> Newtonian Fluids:
Its viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature. These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress.

> Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Fluid that doesn't follow the Newton's Law of viscosity. Its viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid.

> Reflection:
I have learnt the importance of studying fluid mechanics and its application in Civil Engineering. By using the formula given, we can solve the problems related to fluid mechanics.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework :
1) PO 1 : apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

2) Newtonian fluids - it is a fluid that obey newton's law and show its linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation. Easy to say, if we apply a large amount of  force into newtonian fluid, the viscosity does not change at all. Honey is an example of newtonian fluid.

3) Non-newtonian fluids - liquid that does not exhibit linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation. In other words, if we attempt to force an object into non newtonian fluid, the fluid become instantly viscous and it will behave like a solid. Corn starch is a great example of non newtonian fluids.
3) Reflection - i have now understand about fluid properties but still have no idea about how it will help me as a future  civil engineer.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
1) PO1: Apply knowledge of mathemathics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2) Newtonian Fluid- It's obey the Newton’s law of viscosity, such fluids exhibit linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation..

Non-Newtonian Fluid- Its do not follow the linear relation between shear stress and rate of angular deformation.

Reflection: I gain more knowledge about the fluids properties and have learnt new formula that can help me to solve problems that connected to it.

# data[].attributes.body
1. PO1: - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Newtonian fluid:-•The fluids which obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called as Newtonian fluids such fluids exhibit linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation. E.g. - water , air etc.

3. Non Newtonian fluid:-
Fluids which do not follow the linear relation between shear stress and rate of angular deformation are termed as Non-Newtonian fluids.

4. Reflection
On the first week of lecture I have gained beneficial knowledge that related to fluid mechanics. After a brief discussion that we had with Dr Carol about the effect of temperature of liquid towards the viscosity, I can conclude that the reason for insulation of pipe in the drilling at offshore to ensure the crude oil can be transported easily.

# data[].attributes.body
ketchup
1. PO1 : Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Newtonian Fluids
-> viscosity remain constants, no matter the amount of shear applied (constant temperature)
-> example : water

Non-Newtonian
-> opposite of Newtonian Fluids
-> vixcosity of the fluid changes when shear is applied
-> example : ketchup

3. Reflection
I have come up with some ideas on how fluid mechanics relate with civil engineering, and also I have also learned some fluid properties.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework :
1.
PO1 : Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2.
---> Newtonian Fluids :
The viscosity of fluid will not affected, no matter how fast they are forced to flow through a pipe or channel. Their viscosity is independent of the rate of shear.
Example :  Alcohol, water

---> Non-Newtonian Fluids :
The viscosity of the fluid changes to either more liquid or more solid when shear is applied. Their viscosity is dependent on the shear rate.
Example:
Quicksand (Viscosity increases when shear is applied),
Ketchup (Viscosity decreases when shear is applied)

Reflection:
I've learned the properties of fluid (Dynamic viscosity & Kinematic viscosity), Open & Closed System with examples, and some formulas that are needed to solve some questions. I've also understand how Fluid Mechanics is related to Civil Engineering and why we need to study it.

# data[].attributes.body
PO1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Newtonian fluid: It is defined as one with constant viscosity, with zero shear rate at zero shear stress , that is, the shear rate is directly proportional to the shear stress.

Non Newtonian fluid: It is defined as fluid whose viscosity is variable based on applied stress or force. The most common everyday example of a non newtonian fluid is cornstarch dissolved in water.

Reflection: I have learnt the properties of fluid through the lecture in week 1. I have learnt about system and control volume such as open system and closed system. I also can understand the type of viscosity such as dynamic and kinematics. I can solve the examples in slide using the formula that we learnt.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1:
1- PO1
Apply knowledge of mathematics,natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2:
2- Newtonians fluids
Fluid that does follow Newton's law of viscocity which remains it's constant viscocity when shear is applied for a constant temperature. For example, water,alcohol and glycerol.

3- Non-newtonians fluids
Fluid that are the opposite of Newtonians fluid which the viscocity of fluid can change when the shear is applied. For example,custard,honey and paint.

Reflection :
For the first week, I have learnt that fluid mechanics is about something that related to gas and water. I also know 4 formulas that related to fluid properties and understand well on how to use it. Fluid properties also have 3 component which system,boundary,and surroundings. System has two types - open system and closed system.

# data[].attributes.body
PO1:
HOMEWORK: 1
To acquire and apply engineering fundamentals to complex civil engineering fundamentals to complex civil engineering problems (Engineering knowledge).

HOMEWORK: 2

Newtonian Fluid- The fluid  viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

When shear is applied , the viscosity of the fluid changes

REFLECTION:

I have learnt fluid properties , the type of fluid , viscosity and solving the problem with the formula .

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1
The PO 1 of BEng. Civil Engineering is : Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2
Newtonian fluids are fluids whose viscosity is constant over time and  their stress - strain rate graph is linear..for example water.

Non-Newtonian fluids are fluids whose viscosity varies with time in response to the force applied. The stress - strain rate graph is either decreasing or increasing curve. For example yogurt.

Reflection
From the lessons in week 1, I learnt
i. What fluid mechanics is and it's difference from the other mechanics courses (Mechanics of Solids).
ii. The difference between an open system and closed system using examples from our day-to-day activities.
iii. The first four formulas needed in Fluid Mechanics which are crucial in Civil Engineering.

# data[].attributes.body
1) PO1

Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2) Newtonian fluid:

A Newtonian fluid is a fluid that would have a constant viscosity no matter the amount of force or shear applied to the fluid, example: water, oil, etc

Non-Newtonian fluid:

Non-Newtonian fluid is the opposite of a Newtonian fluid whereas the viscosity of the fluid would change depending on the amount of shear applied to it. There are two types of non-Newtonian fluid, these is called dilatant and pseudoplastic. In a dilatant fluid, the viscosity of the fluid increases when shear is applied, example: corn flour and water (oobleck). While in a pseudoplastic fluid, the viscosity of the fluid decreases when shear is applied, example: ketchup.

3) reflection

Within these few days, ive learned about the properties of fluid: dynamic and kinematic viscosity. Also I have also learned about open and closed systems and differences of these 2 systems. Lastly, ive also learned different equation and the applications of those equations

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:

1- PO1

-Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2) Newtonian fluid are the fluid that its viscosity remains constant when shear is applied.Ex: Water
3) Non-Newtonian fluid are the fluid that its viscosity increases or decreases when shear is applied.Ex: Quicksand

4) For week 1 , i had been recalled some of the physics that were in foundation, I also learnt the properties of fluis and how to calculate specific weight, shear stress that involve dynamic viscosity and kinamatic viscosity.

5) What do I expect from this subject is I could learn the behaviour and the properties of fluid which I could apply in my future career.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework

1. PO1
To apply the knowledge of mathematics,natural science,engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Newtonians Fluids
The fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied with a constant temperature.These kinds of fluids mainly have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress.Ex, water,oil and alcohol.

3. Non-Newtonians Fluids
The fluids have the opposite of the newtonians fluids which are when shear stress is applied to the fluid, the viscosity of the fluid changes.

Reflection
In the class i have understood the definition of the subject and learned the properties and phase of the fluids.I also learned how to solve problems relating to what we have learned in the class.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework
1. PO1
- Apply knowledge of  mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- Newtonian fluids are fluids that has a constant viscosity with the stresses that imposed on the fluid.

3. NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- Non Newtonian fluids are fluids that do not follow the Newton's Law of viscosity which the viscosity of the fluids will change after  stresses is applied.

4. REFLECTION
- Through the 1st week of classes I have learnt  some basic knowledge of Fluids Mechanics such as the fluids properties , calculation for specific gravity , specific volume and specific weight. The active learning section in class was fun and making the learning progress to become less stress. I am looking forward for more fun activity that can be carry out in the class so it will be fun while learning.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework:
PO1 : Apply knowledge of mathematics,natural science,engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Newtonian fluids: fluid which the viscous stresses arises from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate.

Non-newtonian fluid: fluid that does not follow newtons law of viscosity.

Reflection: I've learned that fluid is either gas or liquid. I've also learned new kind of formulas in the first class.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework :
1. PO1 : Apply knowledge of mathemtics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2.  a) Newtonian fluid : fluid's viscosity remains constant, despite the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature.  For instance, alcohol and gasoline.
b) Non-newtonian fluid : fluid that disobey the Newton's law of viscosity. When shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of the fluid changes. For example, cornstarch and ketchup.

Reflection :
I've been enlightened about the fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics ever since Dr Carol started teaching in the first lecture. I now understand that fluid behaves in different ways and gasses are part of fluid too. In the second lecture, I too got the chance to know about methods of solving fluid dynamics problem, density and viscosity.

# data[].attributes.body
1) PO1
to apply our knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamental and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

2) Newtonian
-The fluids which obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called as Newtonian fluids such fluids exhibit linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation. E.g. - water , air . Then,it's a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate witch is the rate of change of its deformation over time.

3) Non-Newtonian
- fluid whose viscosity is variable based on applied stress or force. The most common everyday example of a non-Newtonian fluid is cornstarch dissolved in water. Behavior of Newtonian fluids like water can be described exclusively by temperature and pressure. Fluids which do not follow the linear relation between shear stress and rate of angular deformation are termed as Non-Newtonian fluids.

-Reflection
I've learned properties of fluid mechanics and how to apply the density , viscosity and kinetic viscosity. Besides that, i've learned why civil engineering need to take mechanics of fluid and studied whats meaning by for all lecture 2.

# data[].attributes.body
1. PO1 :
Apply knowledge of mathemtics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Newtonian fluid
Is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time.

3. Non-Newtonian fluid
Is a fluid whose viscosity is variable based on applied stress or force.it does not follow the Newton's law of viscocity.

Reflection:
So far i love how Dr corral teaching style ,is quite fun .From your class i know how important is Fluid mechanic for a civil engineer.I also learnt the properties of fluid and the formulas in solving question.

# data[].attributes.body
Hadzmin_17008211

Homework:
1. PO1 :
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2.
i. Newtonian fluid : The viscosity of the fluid remain constant when different force applied to it in a constant temperature such as water and alcohol.
ii. Non-newtonian fluid : The viscosity of the fluid change depends on force is applied on them. Two behaviour of them can be divided into four group which is dilatant, pseudoplastic, rheopectic and thixotropic.

Reflection:
From this week, I have done an early research on fluid mechanics and i quite comfortable with the way the lecturer delivering her lecture. I'm hoping for an exciting week ahead.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1 :
PO1
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2-
Newtonians fluids
A Newtonian fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature.. These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress.For example , water , alcohol, gasoline , mineral oil.

Non-Newtonian fluids
When shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of the fluid changes in respect to the amount of shear or stress applied to the fluid.There are four ways to describe the fluid which are dilatant ,pseudoplastic , rheopectic, thixotropic . Example for this fluids are ketchup , glue , cream.

Reflection :
I had so much fun last week . I love the way u taught us . Chill and rilex but got the point , knowledge and input . So far what I remember I learnt about the importance of fluid mechanics to civil engineers . Then I learnt about open and closed system which I can relate it with my surrounding . Next I learnt the  methods for solving fluid dynamics problems.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1:
PO1
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2:
i) Newtonian Fluids
- follows the newton's law of viscosity which states  that the relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation is directly proportional.
- the viscosity of the Newtonian fluids remain constant regardless how big the applied force is.
eg: Water

ii) Non-Newtonian Fluids
- These fluids does not obey the newton's law of viscosity
- Non-Newtonian fluids result in different viscosity when different amount of force is applied,
-When large force is applied to it,
the viscosity increases which makes the fluid harder to deform.
-When small force is applied, the viscosity decreases which makes the fluid easier to deform.
eg: corn starch

Reflection: I'll try my best to catch up as i missed the last week's lecture. So far, this course seems very interesting. I've read the lecture notes and i'm looking forward to have a better understanding with your explanation.

# data[].attributes.body
Homework 1 :
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science,engineering fundamental and engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Homework 2:
Newtonian fluid - the viscosity remains constant and will not change if any force applied on it. (Eg water)

Non newtonian fluid - liquid that does not exhibit linear relationship between shear stress and rate of angular deformation. (Eg corn starch)

Reflection:
throughout the two lecture in first week, I’ve learnt the learning activity that proposed by lecturer, it’s a special way that i never seen before, it’s a good try and i think that this quick learning will be always smooth and good throughout these 12weeks, and I’ve learnt the definition of fluid and the proprieties of fluid. And lastly, what’s fluid mechanics truly related to civil engineer that will helps me in future.

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Posting after this tab will not be considered.

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Ong shi sheng_24853

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Reflection:
I've learned about

1. Definition of pressure

2. Types of pressure (Absolute,Gage, & Vacuum)

3. Characteristics of pressure (act perpendicular, equal values if fluid at rest, in closed vessel all parts have same pressure)

4. Relationship between Pressure-Density-Height (P=ρgh)

5. -Pressure with depth (P=Patm + ρgh)

6. Pascal's law (P=F/A)

7. Measurement of pressure (Barometer for Patm, & Manometer for pressure differences) and other pressure measurement devices.

8. Force is a vector that must have 3 items (magnitude, location of act, direction)

9. Horizontal and vertical component

Reference:
Munson, Young, Okiishi, Huebsch (2009) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Available at: http://civilcafe.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/9/8/28985467/fluid_mechanics.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

For the second week, I have learnt about pressure
( P=F/A  @ P = density x gh) and how to find the pressure in different level. Besides, i also know that barometer pressure is use to measure the atmospheric pressure. I also able to calculate the pressure in manometer. Hydrostatic pressure have 3 items which are magnitude, location of act and direction. For hydrostatic pressure on submerged curved surfaces, there are two components-horizontal force and vertical force.By using this formula, I am able to calculate the resultant force and know where the force will act on submerged curved surfaces.

Reference:
Batchelor, G. K. (2000).An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800955

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
i can summarize the definition of fluid statics: study about fluids at rest. The fluids can be liquid or gas. Hydrostatic pressure- when the fluid is liquid. the pressure exerted by a fluid when the force acting on it. Force is a vector that must have 3 items: magnitude, location of act and the direction. I also learned some formula to find force. There's different formula applied between hydrostatic pressure force on plane and curved surfaces. For curved surfaces, there's vertical and horizontal component. From these components, we can find resultant force.

Reference:
Donald F. Elger, Barbara A. Lebret, Clayton T. Crowe & John A. Roberson (2016). Engineering Fluid Mechanics 11th Edition.
http://dl140.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/189578d55397d0982bcf044c0ba3e2cf/[Donald_F._Elger,_Barbara_A._LeBret,_Clayton_T._Cr(z-lib.org).pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

I have learnt:

> The definition of pressure, P=F/A

> 3 types of pressure

-absolute-gage-vaccum

> Characteristic

- act perpendicular to the surface
-acting at any point are equal
- pascal law

> Barometer
(measured atmospheric)

> Manometer
(measured pressure difference)

> Force (horizontal & vertical)

- magnitude
- location
- direction

hc = centre of gravity   hp = pressure acting

Reference:

Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
--> pressure,P = F/A
= p(rho)gh
--> type of pressure
1. absolute (actual pressure)
2. gage (difference between the absolute pessure and local atmospheric pressure)
3. vacuum (below atmospheric)
--> Pascal's Law
--> Pa = Pb
--> hydrostatic (fluid is a liquid)
--> aerostatic (fluid is a gas)

Reference :
T. Al-Shemmeri  (2012) Engineering Fluid Mechanics. https://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/222/1/engineering-fluid-mechanics%5B1%5D.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt :
i) The definition of pressure, the Si unit to be used and its formula.
ii) The types of pressure (absolute pressure, gage pressure and vacuum pressure) and the formulas that show their relationship.
iii)Pascal's law
iv) The instruments to measure pressure and how to compute the pressure using the barometer and manometer.
v) The definition and formula of hydro static pressure

Reference: Yunus A. Cengel & John Cimbala (2013). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. https://b-ok.cc/book/2517687/e082f9

# data[].attributes.body
In week 2,I have learnt about :

-  Pressure.

Pressure is a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

-  Types of pressure

There are 3 types of pressure which are the Vaccum, Gage and Absolute. Absolute pressure is the actual pressure at a given position. Gage pressure is the difference in pressure between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.

-   Characteristics Of Pressure

1. Pressure acts perpendicularly.

2. Pressure acts equally regardless of direction.

3. Pascal’s Principle.

-  Barometer and Manometer

Barometer > To measure atmospheric pressure

Manometer > To measure difference in pressure.

-  Force

Vertical and Horizontal force

Reference :
R.C. Hibbeler. (2015), Fluid Mechanics. Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
In week 2, I have learnt about :

> PRESSURE
-- Pressure = Force / Area

-- 3 Types of pressure (Absolute Pressure, Gage Pressure, Vacuum Pressure) and the relationships & formulas between them.

Pgage = Pabs - Patm

Pvac = Patm - Pabs

-- Pressure = ρgh (density*gravitational force*height)

-- Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

-- Manometer is used to measure pressure difference.

-- P1 = Patm + ρgh (in manometer)

Reference:
Dr. R.K Bansal (2010), A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Machines (Revised Ninth Edition). New Delhi.
http://www.musaliarcollege.com/e-Books/ME/Fluid%20Mechanics%20&%20Hydraulic%20Machines.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection for week 2

What have I learnt :

Pressure
- Pressure is the force acting on a surface area. Pressure at rest increases with depth as a result of added weight.

1Pa= Nm^2

P= F/A

Types of pressure
-Absolute pressure
-Gage pressure
-Vacuum pressure

-Pascal’s law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.

Devices used to measure pressure:
-Barometer
-Manometer
-Deadweight tester

Reference:
Yunus Cengel &John Cimbala (2014) Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,

4th Edition.
https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/fluid-mechanics-fundamentals-applications-cengel-cimbala/M9781259696534.html

# data[].attributes.body
I've learnt about:
-Pressure:
Pressure means how much something is pushing on something else. It is expressed as force per unit area: P=F/A.

-Types of Pressure:
a. Absolute pressure
b. Gage pressure
c. Vacuum pressure

-Pascal Law
Any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally in all directions throughout the fluid.

-Vertical & Horizontal Forces in Fluid.

References:
Philip J.Pritchard, John W.Mitchell (2011). Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition.
http://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/disciplinas/TM240/Marchi/Bibliografia/Pritchard-Fox-McDonalds_2011_8ed_Fluid-Mechanics.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection for week 2
I have learn :
1) Type of pressure
- Absolute, Gage, Vacuum
2) Characteristics of Pressure
- perpendicular, equal, same
3) Measurement of Pressure
-barometer, manometer
4) Hydrostatic Pressure Force
-magnitude, location of act, direction
5) how to calculate force on submerged plane surface and submerged curved surfaces

References:
Dr. R.K Bansal (2010), A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Machines (Revised Ninth Edition). New Delhi.
https://www.academia.edu/10119500/A_Text_Book_of_Fluid_Mechanics_and_Hydraulic_Machines_-_Dr._R._K._Bansal

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection :

Pressure
- a normal force exercted by a fluid per unit area, P=F/A

- divided into three, which are absolute pressure, gage pressure and vacuum pressure.

- characteristics : perpendicular to the wall, must equal at any point/direction, transmitted to all part at same pressure

Equipments to measure pressure are barometer, manometer.

Two types of fluid statics which are Hydrostatics and Aerostatics. This week focused on hydrostatic force on curved surfaces. In this lecture, questions ask to determine the center of pressure, hp, center of gravity, hc, horizontal pressure force, FH , vertical pressure force, FV and other new formulas to find out resultant force and angle of inclination.

Reference :

Donald F. Elger, Barbara C. Williams, Clayton T. Crowe Washington State, John A. Roberson. Engineering Fluids Mechanics Tenth Edition. https://www.academia.edu/37581876/Engineering_Fluid_Mechanics_10th_2012_Wiley_4790_.pdf?auto=download

# data[].attributes.body
1)I have learnt:
-The definition of pressure,P=F/A (F=force, A=area)
2)Type of pressure:
-absolute pressure
-gage pressure
-vacuum pressure
3)Characteristic of pressure:
-act perpendicular to the wall
-value are equal at any point
-pascal law(P=F/A)
4)barometer
-measure atmospheric pressure
-Patm=ρgh
5)manometer
-pressure differences
6)3 components:
-magnitude, act of location and direction
7)Horizontal&vertical components

References:
Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

I have learned:

1. 3 types of pressure, which are gage, absolute and vacuum pressure

2. I have also learned that pressure= force over area

3. I have learned that the more we go below a fluid, the higher pressure it is. To calculate the pressure, we use the formula Patm+Rgh

4. Manometer is used to measure pressure difference.

5. Pressure acts perpendicularly to the surface

Reference:

Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt that there are three types of pressure, absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum pressure and also learnt about the characteristics of pressure.
Next, pressure also varies with depth. Increase in depth will also increase the pressure. Besides, The apparatus that was invented to measure atmospheric and gas pressure are manometer and barometer.
Last but not least, I have learnt about  static pressure that can be divided into two types which are hydrostatic for liquid and aerostatic for gases. Hydrostatic can be divided into two categories. The first one is hydrostatic pressure on submerged flat surface and the other one is hydrostatic on submerged curved surface.
Reference :
Pearson : College Physics by Hugh D.Young, Philip W. Adams, and Raymond J. Chastain

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
From this lecture, first i have learnt type of pressure,characteristics of pressure, measurement of pressure, etc.
Also, I learnt how to calculate the pressure in different situations with examples given by dr, throughout the examples, i learnt how to find the height with given formula which is p=h x rho x g ,in order to find the pressure.

Reference:
Donald F.Elger,Babara A.Lebret, Clayton T.Crowe& John A. Roberson(2016) Engineering fluid mechanics 11th Edition
http://dl140.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/189578d55397d0982bcf044c0ba3e2cf/%5BDonald_F._Elger,_Barbara_A._LeBret,_Clayton_T._Cr(z-lib.org).pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection
I have learnt the definition of pressure that is p=f/A and p=pgh. There are three types of pressure that are gage, vacuum and absolute pressure. Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure while manometer is used to measure the pressure difference. There are two types of force which are vertical and horizontal and they related to location, magnitude and direction.
Reference:
Bansal, R. K., & Brar, J. S. (2013). Textbook of machines in S I Units. Bangalore: Laxmi Publications.
https://books.google.com.my/books/about/A_Textbook_of_Fluid_Mechanics.html?id=FzQz6A6SnyoC&redir_esc=y

# data[].attributes.body
I've learned,
Fluid Static (Part 1)

1) There are 3 types of pressure;
- Pabs -> actual pressure
- Pgauge= Pabs - Patm
- Pvac= Patm - Pabs

2) Characteristics of pressure;
- acts perpendicular to the wall
contact to fluid
- value of pressure at any point
in a fluid at rest are equal
- F1/A1 = F2/A2

3) P= pgh

4)  Measurements of pressure
Barometer
- measure Patm
Manometer
- Pressure difference

Hydrostatic Pressure force :
- no shear stresses trying to     deform it
- deal with normal stress

Force:
1) Magnitude
2) Location of act
3) Direction

Plane surface :
1) Magnitude, F= pghc * A
2) Location, acting at center of      pressure, hp
3) act perpendicular to wetted   surface

Curved Surface:
Horizontal
1) Magnitude, F = pghc * A
2) Location - horizontally to the curved surface

Vertical
1) Magnitude, F = pgV
2) Location - vertically to curved surface, that is Xc
3) Resultant force.

Refference : Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics Pearson https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection.
Ive learnt about pressure. the general formula for it is force over area. the unit used to quantify pressure is in pascal or newton per meter squared. besides that, i also learnt that pressure can be measured with another formula which multiplies the density with gravity and height.

there are 3 types of pressure, the absolute pressure, the gage pressure and the vacuum pressure. all these can be realated by two different equations: pgage =pabs - patm or pvac = patm - pabs.

there are also 3 characteristics of pressure. 1. presure of a fluid acts perpendicular to the wall in contact with the fluid. 2. the values of pressure acting at any point in a fluid at rest are equal regardless of the direction the force is acting on and 3, it obeys the pascal law of p1=p2.

pressure density and height can be related by the following formula: p=density x gravity x height

there is also a variation of pressure in the depth pf a liquid. when depth increases, the pressure increases. in gas, however, the variation of pressure with height can be negligible.

there are also several tools to measure pressure. a barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. it is al so often refered as barometric pressure. a manometer is used to measure small and moderate pressure differences. other pressure measurement devices includes: a bourdon tube, a pressure tranducer, a strain gage pressure tranducer, a prezoelectric tranducer and a dead weight tranducer.

fluid statics deal with the problems assicated with fluid when a fluid is at rest.

1. horizontal component
Fh = density x gravity x height of centroid x area
Hp = moment of inertia on the centrois over the area multiplied by the height of centroid plus the height of centroid

2. verticle component
Fv= density x gravity x volume
Xc = (A1x1 +- A2x2)/ (A1+-A2)

3, resultant force
Magnitude, F = cert(Fh2 + Fv2)

References:

Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

thank you and have a good day

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I've learned the Definition of pressure ,Types of pressure (Absolute,Gage, & Vacuum) and Characteristics of pressure ,pressure,P = F/A and (P=ρgh)

Reference:

Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
From last week I've learned

1. There are three types of pressure which are            absolute, gage and vacuum.

2.There's also some characteristics of pressure,
-acts perpendicular to the wall that contacts with
the fluid.
-value of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest
are equal.
-F1/A1 = F2/A2

3. P = force,F/area,A

4. Static pressure can also be divided into two types which are hydrostatic for liquid and aerostatic for gasses.

Reference:
Pearson : College Physics Tenth Edition
Hugh D. Young, Philip W. Adam, Raymond
J. Chastain.

# data[].attributes.body
For the fluid statics,i understand that there are 3 type of pressure that is absolute pressure,gage pressure and vacuum pressure.Those pressure are use according to different condition to solve the problems (by using the formula in the slide).i learnt how to calculate the pressure a different type of fluid with a certain height .

For the second class, there is a lots of formulas need to memorize  and use it to calculate the pressure or hydrostatic force.Understanding the question is very important when solving this kind of question and i will try my best and keep practice.

Reference:

Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection :
1) I learn that what is pressure.
Formula of pressure is P=F/A or P=pgh and p is density of the liquid.
2) three types of pressure
i)absolute pressure
ii)gage pressure
iii)vacuum pressure
3)measurement of pressure
i) manometer
ii) barometer
4)vertical and horizontal force

Reference:
Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines https://www.academia.edu/10119500/A_Text_Book_of_Fluid_Mechanics_and_Hydraulic_Machines_-_Dr._R._K._Bansal

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
After this week, I has gained a lot of knowledge about pressure. I learned that there are three types of pressure which are gage, absolute and vacuum pressure. Besides, I also get to recalled both formula of pressure that I learned before which is P = F/A and P=ρgh. So by referring to the second formula I get to know that the greater the depth of water the higher the pressure is.  Plus, I also know an apparatus called manometer can use to measure the difference of pressure. Lastly the pressure is acting perpendicularly to the surface. Through the group work I managed to get more familiar with the formula that I learned and also the correct way to solve problems  that regarding to this week's topic which is pressure.

References:
Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
After the another week, i had recalled bck my knowledges about pressure.What are new to me are for pressure are
1) Absolute Pressure
2) Gage Pressure:
Absolute pressure - Atmospheric pressure
3) Vacuum Pressure :
Atmospheric pressure - Absolute pressure
4) pressure= rho*g*h amd I used it to solve a lot of questions making me memorised it
5) Barometer- use to measure atmospheric pressure ( can used water or mercury) if using mercury(Ex: 76mmHg)
6) Manometer - measure preessure different according to the question given, sometime the density different and the depth of fluid also different
7) Hydrostatic Pressure Force= rho*g*h*Area
8) Find the location of the center of force using formula of hp
and also recalled back how to find the centroid and the moment of inertia od=f an area.
These are all what I learned in a week and really gained a lot of knowledges.
Happy Chinese New Year!

My reference:

Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. by Hibbler:  https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
What i learnt on week 2 is :
1) Types of pressure - gage , absolute & vacuum pressure.
2) Pressure = F/A , P = density x g x h
3) Characteristics of pressure -
i) pressure act perpendicular to the wall or surface area
ii) The values of the pressure acting at any point in a fluid at rest are equal regardless of its direction
iii) The fluid pressure applied to a fluid in a closed vessel is transmitted to all parts at the same pressure value as that applied (Pascal’s law).
4)The measurement devices
5) Example of calculations which are quite tough for me . i will try to do more exercise soon.

Reference :
Dr. R.K Bansal (2010), A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Machines (Revised Ninth Edition). New Delhi.
https://www.academia.edu/10119500/A_Text_Book_of_Fluid_Mechanics_and_Hydraulic_Machines_-_Dr._R._K._Bansal

# data[].attributes.body
In this week i’ve learnt that pressure can be differentiate in 3 different type which is Absolute, Gauge and Vacuum pressure. Furthermore i’ve learnt more about application of the formula P= (pgh) and F= (pgh x A) where p=density, g=gravity acceleration, h=height and A=Area of contact. The standardise atmospheric pressure is 76mmHg and can be measured by barometer while manometer can gives us the relationship between atmospheric pressure and pressure in the fluid.

References :
Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

1)      I know how to apply the knowledge of fluid properties and hydrostatic to problems associated with fluid forces, pressures, stability and buoyancy. After that, the pressure have 3 differences. Its absolute pressure, gage pressure and vacuum pressure. For absolute pressure is to measure relative to absolute vacuum like absolute pressure is zero. And it’s the actual pressure at a given position. For the gage pressure it is the most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere. And for the vacuum pressure is pressure below the atmosphere pressure. All of the pressure have 2 formular that can apply, its p gage = p abs –p atm and p vac= p atm –p abs.

2)      I also study about pascal’s law. The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount. It have two piston that have the different area . the formular is F1A1 = F2A2.

3)      The pressure of depth have in lecture last week.( p = patm +pgh)

i.ve learned about barometer but I have a bit confuse about it. The things that I know is of length or the cross-sectional area of the tube has no effect on the height of the fluid column of a barometer. Its provided that the tube diameter is large enough to avoid surface tension (capillary) effects

4)       And the last thing I have learned is manometer. Its have the differences calculate beween fluid. And the pressure of fluid can be calculalte and fix in one calculation.

References :
Hibbler,R.C.(2015) Fluid Mechanics.Pearson. https://b-ok.cc/ireader/2774689

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection :
During week 2, I've learned about
- Definition of pressure
- P=F/A
- Absolute, Gauge, Vacuum
- P=pgh
- Characteristics of pressure
- Pressure is higher at lower position
- Pressure is equal at a leveled position
- The purpose of using barometer and manometer
- Hydrostatic pressure = pgh x A
- Not to forget, the exercises helped a lot in understanding the behavior of pressure

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection
-During this week, I have learned a lot about pressure.
-Pressure is high at low poistion
-Pressure is low at high position
-The formula for pressure is P=F/A
-For hydrostatic pressure, P=pghA

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt :
i) The definition of pressure, the Si unit to be used and its formula.
ii) The types of pressure (absolute pressure, gage pressure and vacuum pressure) and the formulas that show their relationship.
iii)Pascal's law
iv) The instruments to measure pressure and how to compute the pressure using the barometer and manometer.
v) The definition and formula of hydro static pressure

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

--> pressure,P = F/A

= p(rho)gh

--> type of pressure

1. absolute (actual pressure)

2. gage (difference between the absolute pessure and local atmospheric pressure)

3. vacuum (below atmospheric)

--> Pascal's Law

--> Pa = Pb

--> hydrostatic (fluid is a liquid)

--> aerostatic (fluid is a gas)

# data[].attributes.body
For week 2 class I have learnt on how the pressure works in the pipe and also the variation of gas transfer in the various shapes

# data[].attributes.body
Submission after this is not counted.

# data[].attributes.body
REFLECTION
i have learnt about:

1.
˫ Stream flow
˫ Flowrate/Discharge -
  volume
˫ mass flowrate – mass              ˫ Q = AV
    = volume/time

2.
˫ Continuity equation -
  no mass can be created/
  destroyed
˫ ∑Qin-∑Qout =∆s/∆t

3.
˫Bernouli Equation
 - Pressure head = P/ρg
 - Velocity head = v²/2g
 - Elevation head= z
 - Total head,
   H = P/ρg + v²/2g + z

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt about

1) Flowrate (volume of fluid that passes through an area)

Q = volume/time (V/t)

Q = cross section area x flow velocity (Av)

2) Mass flowrate (mass of fluid passing through a cross-sectional area)

m ̇= mass/time (m/t)

m ̇= 𝜌Q

3) Continuity equation

∑𝑄𝑖𝑛 −∑𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆𝑆/∆𝑡

4) Continuity equation for flow in a pipe

𝑚2 = 𝑚1

𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1

𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 (flow is incompressible)

𝑄2 = 𝑄1

5) Bernoulli equation

P/𝜌g is the pressure head

V2/2g is the velocity or kinetic head

z  or h is the elevation head

H is the total head

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt

1) STREAMLINE

> line drawn through the flow field that the velocity is tangent to the streamline at every point

2) TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

3) IMPORTANT TERMS

> Flowrate (volume of fluid that passes through an area/ unit time)

Q = v/t or Av (m³/s)

> Mass flowrate (mass of fluid passing through cross sectional)

m = m/t or  ρQ (kg/s)

4) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

||

-> CONTINUITY EQUATION

(not fully occupied with fluid)

ΣQ in - ΣQ out = ΔS/Δt

(fully occupied with fluid)

Q in = Q out

-> BERNOULLI EQUATION

Energy = head

1) pressure head = P/ρg

2) velocity head   = V²/2g

3) elevation head = z or h

HGL (hydraulic grade line)

- sum of static pressure & elevation

EGL (energy grade line)

- the total head of the fluid

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
For this week, i have learned about:
1. Fluid flow = motion of flow
2. Streamline: line that drawn through the flow field in a such manner. The local velocity is tangent to the streamline at every point along the line.
3. Fluid flow is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid dynamics.
4. Stream flow: the flow path of fluid particle. During the flow no other particle will cross flow.
5. Flowrate, Q = Volume/time (m3/s)
6. Mass flowrate = mass/time (kg/s)
7. The flow rate entering - the flow rate leaving  = the rate of change of storage.
8. It is considered as steady flow when there is no change in storage (if the control volume is rigid & fully occupied by the fluid)
9. ρ2A2V2=ρ1A1V1
10. Bernoulli equation shows a relation between pressure, velocity and elevation in a frictionless flow of constant density.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection :
| Stream flow |

The flow path of fluid particle.

| Flowrate |

The flow of volume of fluid V through a surface per unit time, Q=v/t (m³/s)

| Mass flowrate |

The mass of fluid passing a point in a system per unit time, ṁ=m/t

| Conservation of Energy - Continuity Equation |
The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval ∆t is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during ∆t,    ΣQin=ΣQout

| Conservation Energy - Bernoulli Equation |

P/ρg : pressure head

V²/2g : kinetic head

z/h : elevation head

P + ½ ρv² + ρgh = constant
Pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy

- Steady and balance flow of frictionless fluid and constant density.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt:

1. Flowrate
- volume of fluid passes through an area  per unit time
- Q=volume/time
-Q=Av

2. Mass Flowrate
- mass of fluid passes through an area per unit time
- m=mass/time

3. Conservation of Mass-Continuity equation
- ΣQ in - ΣQ out = ΔS/Δt
- if  the control volume is rigid and fully occupied,  ΣQ in = ΣQ out

4. Bernoulli Equation
- the relationship between pressure(P), velocity(V), and elevation(h) for steady flow of a frictionless fluid with a constant density.

- P₁/ρg + v₁ ²/2g + z₁    =
P₂/ρg + v₂ ²/2g + z2 + ΣhL

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt :
1) flow rate
Q=v/t
Q=AV

2) mass flow rate
m=m/t

3) Continuity equation
∑𝑄𝑖𝑛 −∑𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆𝑆/∆𝑡

4)Bernoulli equation
pressure head =P/𝜌g
velocity or kinetic head = V2/2g
elevation head = z  or h
total head = H

# data[].attributes.body
i have learnt:
1) Flow rate:  the volume of fluid which passes per unit time
~Q= volume/time(V/t)
~Q=  Av (Area x Flow velocity)

2)Mass flowrate: mass of fluid passing through cross sectional

~m = m/t or  ρQ (kg/s)

3) Continuity equation
~ ∑𝑄𝑖𝑛 −∑𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆𝑆/∆𝑡

4)Bernoulli equation
~ pressure head =P/𝜌g
~ velocity or kinetic head = V2/2g
~ elevation head = z  or h
~ total head = H

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt:
1. Flowrate: Volume of fluid that passes through an area per unit time.

Q = Volume/Time (V/t)
Q = Area*Flow velocity (A*v)

2. Mass flowrate: The mass of fluid passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time.

m = mass/time (m/t)
m = ρQ

3. Conversation of Mass (Continuity Equation): The flow rate entering a control volume minus the flow rate leaving the control volume must be equal to the rate of change of storage.

∑Q_in -∑Q_out =∆S/∆t

4. Bernoulli Equation: ±the relationship between pressure (P), velocity (v) and elevation (h) for steady flow of a frictionless fluid of constant density.

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt:

1. Flow rate
- volume of fluid that passes through an area per unit time.
2. Mass flow rate
- mass of fluid passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time
3. Conversation of mass
- also known as Continuity equation
- No mass can be created or destroyed
- The flow rate entering a control volume minus the flow rate leaving the control volume must be equal to the rate of change of storage.

4.  Bernoulli equation
- pressure head
- velocity or  kinetic head
- elevation head

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt that :-
1- Stream flow
The flow path of each of the fluid particle.
No particle will cross flow other particle during the flow.

2-  Flowrate/Discharge
Flowrate, is the volume of fluid that passes through an area per unit time.
Q = volume/time (V/t) or Q = cross section area x flow velocity (Av)
Unit: m3/s

3 - Mass flowrate
Mass flowrate, is the mass of fluid passing through a cross-sectional area per unit time
m ̇= mass/time (m/t) or m ̇
Unit: kg/s

Contuinity Equation

∑𝑄𝑖𝑛 −∑𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆𝑆/∆𝑡

Bernoulli Equation

·  pressure head = P/𝜌g

·  velocity or kinetic head =        V2/2g

·  elevation head =  z  or h

·  total head = H

# data[].attributes.body
Posting after this tab will not be considered.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt about:
The Energy Equation
H = P/ρg + v2 /2g + z
where H is the total energy head.
By applying Bernoulli's equation, we get
Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2
P1/ρ1g + v12 /2g + z1 = P2/ρ2g + v22 /2g + z2 + h + w - q
where
h = loss per unit weight
w = work done per unit weight
q  = energy supplied per unit weight
The equations given were used in solving some applications such as
Venturi meter.

# data[].attributes.body
Energy eqn
E= P/rho(g) + v²/2g + z
I also learned how to apply the eqn in different kinds of pipe and tube.
Total Energy is also equal on both sides.

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt

1. Energy Equation
H= P/ρg + v2 /2g + z

2. Total Energy per unit Weight 1 = Total Energy per unit Weight 2
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ 2 /2g + z₁ =
P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ²/2g + z₂ + h + w - q

3. Different types of pipe such at Venturi Meter.

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt:
1. The Energy Equation:
H = P/ρg  +  v²/2g  +  z

2. Total Energy per unit weight is the same on both sides.
(P/ρg + v2 /2g + z) at 1 = (P/ρg + v2 /2g + z + h + w - q) at 2

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt:
1. The Energy Equation:
H = P/ρg  +  v²/2g  +  z

2. The energy on the left side is equivalent to the right side
(P/ρg + v2 /2g + z) at 1 = (P/ρg + v2 /2g + z + h + w - q) at 2

3. The Venturi meter

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:

I have learnt
1. Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2
(P1/ρ1g + v12 /2g + z1 = P2/ρ2g + v22 /2g + z2 + h + w - q)

2. the differences when calculating the pump and venturi meter

3. the energy equation
H = P/ρg  +  v²/2g  +  z

# data[].attributes.body
1. energy equation
H = P/ρg  +  v²/2g  +  z
2.Total Energy per unit weight is the same on both sides.
(P/ρg + v2 /2g + z) at 1 = (P/ρg + v2 /2g + z + h + w - q) at 2

# data[].attributes.body
i have learnt about:
1. The Energy Equation which is
H = P/ρg  +  v²/2g  +  z

2. Total Energy per unit weight is the same on both sides which is
(P/ρg + v2 /2g + z) at 1 = (P/ρg + v2 /2g + z + h + w - q) at 2

3. the pump and venturi meter

# data[].attributes.body
I have learnt:
1. The Energy Equation

H = P/ρg  +  v2/2g  +  z
2. Venturi Meter

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt about

1. Energy equation
H = P/ρg + v2 /2g + z

2. Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z2 + h + w - q

# data[].attributes.body
Reflection:
I have learnt:

> The Mechanical energy

(no energy supply)
- H = P/ρg +  v²/2g +  Z

- z1 + P₁/ρg  + v₁²/2g =
z₂ +P₂ /ρg  + v₂²/2g

(pump)
- z1 + P₁/ρg  + v₁²/2g =
z₂ +P₂ /ρg  + v₂²/2g + h + w - q

> Steady flow energy eq

ΔE = ΔQ - ΔW

> Venturi tube

Q =( A₁/(m² - 1)1/2) sqrt(2gh( ρman/ρ-1))

# data[].attributes.body
i understand how to use Energy equation which is
H = P/ρg +  v²/2g +  Z

and

Total energy per unit weight at 1
is equal to
Total energy per unit weight at 2
P1/ρ1g + v12 /2g + z1 =
P2/ρ2g + v22 /2g + z2 + h + w - q

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I have learnt
1) In a Bernoulli's equation, there are potential energy, kinetic energy, and pressure energy involved.
2) The flow exiting into the air is steady, incompressible, and irrotational only that we can apply for Bernoulli's equation.
3)   Bernoulli's Equation
- along a streamline
P1/ρg  + ((v1^2)/2g) +z1   =   P2/ρg + ((v2^2)/2g) + z2
4)
Total energy per unit weight 1 = Total energy per unit weight 2
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ 2 /2g + z₁ =
P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ²/2g + z₂ + h + w - q

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Reflection :
1. Energy Equation
H= P/ρg + v2 /2g + z
2. Total Energy per unit weight 1 is the same with total Energy per unit weight 2
(P/ρg + v2 /2g + z) at 1 = (P/ρg + v2 /2g + z + h + w - q) at 2

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Reflection:
I have learnt
1. Energy equation
Formula :
H = P/ρg + v2 /2g + z
2. Total energy per unit weight at 1 is the same as total energy per unit weight at 2
Formula:
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z2 + h + w - q

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For this week, I had learnt
1) Total energy per unit weight at 1= Total energy per unit weight at 2
P1/p1g + v1^2 /2g + z1 = P2/p2g + v2^2 /2g + z2 + h + w - q
2) Energy equation
H=P/pg + v^2 /2g + z

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the energy equation formula is:
H = P/ρg + v2 /2g + z;
where H is the total energy head.

the total energy per unit weight at position 1 is the same as total energy per unit weight at position 2, which is given by the formula:
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z2 + h + w - q;
where h = loss per unit weight, w = work done per unit weight, q  = energy supplied per unit weight.

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Reflection:

Flowrate=  volume of fluid that passes through an area

Q = volume/time (V/t)

Q = cross section area x flow velocity (Av)

Mass flowrate = mass of fluid passing through a cross-sectional area

m ̇= mass/time (m/t)

m ̇= 𝜌Q

Continuity equation

∑𝑄𝑖𝑛 −∑𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆𝑆/∆𝑡

Continuity equation for flow in a pipe

𝑚2 = 𝑚1

𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1

𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴1 𝑉1

𝑄2 = 𝑄1

Bernoulli equation

Relationship between pressure , velocity ,and elevation for steady flow of a fluid with a constant density.

- P1/ρg + v12/2g + z1    =  P2/ρg + v22/2g + z2 + ΣhL

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1. Energy Equation
H = P/ρg + v2 /2g + z

2. Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2 :
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z2 + h + w - q

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i have learnt about :

1.
Total energy per unit weight at 1 = Total energy per unit weight at 2 + loss per unit weight + work done per unit weight – energy supplied per unit weight

•  P₁/ρ₁g + v₁² /2g +  z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂² /2g + z2 + h + w - q

2. Energy differential of the system = Energy supplied to the system – energy leaving the system

•∆E = ∆Q-∆W

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Reflection :

The total energy per unit weight remains constant with frictionless fluid along a streamline.

Total energy between two point,
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z₂

Energy could have been supplied by introducing a PUMP,
P₁/ρ₁g + v₁ ² /2g + z₁ = P₂/ρ₂g + v₂ ² /2g + z₂ + h + w - q

Energy differential = Energy supplied - Energy leaving
ΔE = ΔQ - ΔW

Energy grade line (EGL),
P/ρg + v²/2g + z
The line that represents the total head of the fluid.

Hydraulic grade line (HGL),
P/ρg + z
The line that represents the sum of the static pressure and the elevation heads.

Dynamic head,
V²/2g
The difference between the heights of EGL and HGL