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1857: No Black could attain citizenship.

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1861-1865: War to end Slavery

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1863-1877: First Civil Rights Movement

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(1865) Explicitly banned slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. An exception was made for punishment of a crime.

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(1868) Set out the definitions and rights of citizenship in the United States -- In theory, reverses Dred Scott Decision.

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(1870) Prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude.

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(1896) U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"

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(1877-1954) Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.

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(1954) U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. Separate is inherently unequal.