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In twin studies, researchers gather multiple identical and fraternal twins and measure a particular behavior. They see how similar the identical and fraternal twins are to each other and calculate the overall average.

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What were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

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What were the methods and results of Raine and Baker’s study?

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The researchers gathered data through questionnaires from the twins, their parents, and their teacher on antisocial behavior from the twins. The study showed that antisocial behavior in twins are half a product of genetics and half of environmental factors.

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What are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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What are the counter-arguments for saying that the MAOA gene causes aggression?

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In the Meyer-Lindenburg et. al. study variations of the MAOA gene will only show if it was paired with emotional arousal such as seeing an angry face or a fearful one.

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How could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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How could triangulation influence the validity of this research?

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By using multiple methods of research, researchers can gain more quantitative data that can be used for more analysis that will apply to the general population. Researchers from the Raine and Baker’s study could conduct an observational study on the twins to see how they behave instead of relying on people in the twins’ life.

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How can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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How can twin and adoption studies show that antisocial behavior is influenced by genetics and environment?

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By studying identical and fraternal twins, researchers can learn how genetics and environment influence antisocial behavior. By studying identical twins separated at birth, researchers can learn how environment influence behavior. Groves et. al. showed that heritability of antisocial behavior is only 28% in adults and 14% in children.

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What are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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What are the research findings on correlations between the MAOA variant (MAOA-L) and the brain?

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The MAOA gene variation produces less monoamine oxidase A enzyme, so the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are affected. The Caspi. Et. al. study showed that the presence of the variation of the MAOA gene coupled with abuse as a child increased the likelihood of displaying antisocial behavior.

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Why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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Why might people with an MAOA-L gene be more prone to impulsive violent reactors to threat?

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People with a variation of the MAOA gene shows greater activity in their amygdala during emotional arousal and they also show less activity in their ventromedial prefrontal cortex compared to people with the normal MAOA gene.

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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The inability to use system two processing will hinder the ability to think of long term consequences, leading to making a decision on impulse.

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What is the amygdala relationship with emotion?

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What is the amygdala relationship with emotion?

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It is the emotion centre of the brain, therefore controlling all of one's emotions.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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The person may not think of the future repercussions, thus leading them to commit crimes or acts of violence.

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How does this study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

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How does this study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

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Testosterone is shown to have an effect on behaviour through the castration of the rats. Castration to remove testosterone seemed to decrease aggression but on the other hand, castration with testosterone-filled tubes returned the rats to the normal state, as of being aggressive the same way. Castration also resulted in the alpha males losing their alpha status and subordinate rats taking their place. This study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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What were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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What were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

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They studied the alpha males from different rat colonies. Divided the rats into 4 groups: castration, castration with empty tubes, castration with testosterone-filled tubes, a “sham” castration (placebo). The results showed that castration decreased aggression, but having tubes filled with testosterone returned it to normal. The study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotions?

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What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotions?

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It is the “emotional centre” of the brain, is it a part of the limbic system which is responsible for emotions, survival instincts, and memory.

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Can this explanation of fear be applied to all situations?

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Can this explanation of fear be applied to all situations?

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No, with conditioning with the stimulus, it is possible for the individual to no longer have fear of this perceived threat.

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How can perception lead to physiological arousal with fear?

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How can perception lead to physiological arousal with fear?

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When a threat is perceived, the brain sends a signal to the endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems to trigger the fight or flight response.

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What are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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What are the physiological processes involved in the threat response?

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The endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems are activated when there is a threat and the body receives a shot of adrenaline in order to fight or to take flight. This causes increased blood flow, respiration, pupil dilation, and suppression of non essential bodily functions.

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What is one or more reasons why SM’s case might not be generalizable? 

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What is one or more reasons why SM’s case might not be generalizable? 

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Because she suffered from an extremely rare genetic condition that forced her to undergo a surgical procedure that has only been performed 376 times.

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How does SM’s case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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How does SM’s case demonstrate the role of the amygdala in experiencing fear?

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When SM’s amygdala was removed, she stopped feeling fear, so, we’re pretty sure that the amygdala has a role in whether we experience fear or not.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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The person may not think of the future repercussions.

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What were the methods and results  Rosenzweig and bennets rat experiment? 

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What were the methods and results  Rosenzweig and bennets rat experiment? 

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The method that was used were rats  that were place into a stimulated. The results of the study of the study that the anatomy of the brain was different in the EC and IC they found that there was an increased  thickness and higher weight of the cortex.

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It allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence

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The person may not think of the future repercussions.

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How does this study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does this study suggest a causal relationship between testosterone and behaviour?

# data[].attributes.body
Testosterone is shown to have an effect on behaviour through the castration of the rats. Castration to remove testosterone seemed to decrease aggression but on the other hand, castration with testosterone-filled tubes returned the rats to the normal state, as of being aggressive the same way. Castration also resulted in the alpha males losing their alpha status and subordinate rats taking their place. This study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the methods and results of Albert et al.’s rat experiment on testosterone and social dominance?

# data[].attributes.body
They studied the alpha males from different rat colonies. Divided the rats into 4 groups: castration, castration with empty tubes, castration with testosterone-filled tubes, a “sham” castration (placebo). The results showed that castration decreased aggression, but having tubes filled with testosterone returned it to normal. The study suggests testosterone, aggression and social dominance are closely linked.

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What were some of the methods and results of SM’s case study?

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What were some of the methods and results of SM’s case study?

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They exposed her to snakes and spiders, took her to one of the world’s scariest haunted houses, and had her watch a series of horror films. They also had her fill out questionnaires probing different aspects of fear, from the fear of death to the fear of public speaking.

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?  

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?  

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No, many people do violent things BECAUSE of their emotions. Many people commit violent acts either because their emotional impulses compel them to do it, or do it with the knowledge they will feel more positive emotionally after doing it.

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

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Can a lack of response and emotion explain all types of violence?

# data[].attributes.body
The inability to use system two processing will hinder the ability to think of long term consequences, leading to making a decision on impulse.

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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How could a lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence?

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A lack of response to emotional stimulus explain violence at times because we would be unaware towards our actions more. It would leave us to unconsciously carry out harmful actions because we would not be emotionally aware. We would not be able to recognize the danger or consequences of those actions and are more likely to go through with it.

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What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

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What is the amygdala’s relationship with emotion? 

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The amygdala is known as the “emotional centre”. It activates our stress response and also correlates to how we identify and recognize fears. Since its function is connected to the stress response, this determines our emotional response as well. It activates stress before our conscious brain is aware of it which also interlaces with how we express our emotions as well.

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Can you apply these cognitive processes to other situations?

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Can you apply these cognitive processes to other situations?

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- When criminals commit the crimes they do, their vmPFC may have been damaged or possibly undeveloped.

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How might have processing been influencing the decision making of children in the marsh mellow study?

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How might have processing been influencing the decision making of children in the marsh mellow study?

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-Since the children were so young, it can be argued that the vmPFC was not developed fully, which processes decision making skills.

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What is the difference between "processing", "judgement" and "decision making"?

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What is the difference between "processing", "judgement" and "decision making"?

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-Processing: a system series of actions directed to some end.
Judgement: make a decision or to form an opinion.

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 How does Phineas Gage’s case show that damage to the frontal lobe can affect behaviour?

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 How does Phineas Gage’s case show that damage to the frontal lobe can affect behaviour?

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- Phineas Gage's frontal lobe was severely damaged and following the incident, his personality changed. For example, he was now rude to women. The doctor's observations linked brain damage to our personality, our "sense of self" and also our ability to regulate our behavior. Biological basis for influencing behavior.

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Are there any alternative explanations for Gage's change in behaviour?

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Are there any alternative explanations for Gage's change in behaviour?

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- Correlation does not mean causation. Just because the events correlate, does not mean they caused each other. Life changes and mental illness may have effected his behaviour.

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What is the function of the frontal lobe?

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What is the function of the frontal lobe?

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*regulates impulsive behaviour
*process complex thoughts
*allows us to predict outcomes for actions