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The Ottoman Empire was the last of the Islamic Empires and it ruled from 1299 to 1923. It was founded by Osman I. Religion was important, however, the Ottomans who were Muslims, did not force their religion on others. If you were a Christian or Jew at that time, you wouldn't be affected.  The most popular leader of their time  was Suleiman the Magnificent . Another leader of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet II, led the Ottomans into a battle with the Byzantine Empire. They won and took over Constantinople. After they lost a battle with another group of people, they slowly declined in power. The Ottoman Empire ended in 1923 and they became the country of Turkey.

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The Abbasid Empire ruled over two periods of time. They ruled from 750-1258 and 1261-1517.  They would choose new caliphs by seeing who was the closest male relative of the previous caliph. One of the famous caliphs of their era was al-Mansur who founded the Abbasid Empire.

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5) Map of the Umayyad Empire at its Height

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5) Map of the Umayyad Empire at its Height

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The Umayyad Empire had power over the Islamic Empire from 661-750 A.D. It gained power after Ali died. They were 30% of the world population at that time, which is insane for one empire.That's about 62 million people. The Umayyad empire was started by Muawiya, which by some, was considered the 5th caliph. Uthman also ruled during this time.

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After Muhammad's death, there were 4 Caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Abu Bakr ruled from 632-634. He spread Islam to all of Arabia and restored peace. Umar ruled from 634-644. He Islam to Egypt,Syria, and Persia. He also redesigned the government and make taxes way more fair as to not anger civilians. Uthman ruled from 644-656. He spread Islam into the eastern Mediterranean and Afghanistan. Something else he did was build more bridges, canals, and roads. Ali ruled from 656-661. He fixed many government systems and changes the way taxes were collected.

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The Arabian Peninsula is a vast desert. It is very sandy and there isn't a very good way to maintain a good source of water unless you are on the coasts. The elevation throughout the peninsula is around the same; around 500 feet above sea level. At the very top of the Arabian Peninsula, there is a mountain range.

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1) Map of Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes

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1) Map of Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes