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The over production of offspring leads to a high population.

The demand for more resources outstrips the supply of food/shelter/breeding sites.

Once the carrying capacity has been reached, the mortality rate increases.

There will be increased competition between individuals in a population,.

This leads to natural selection, as individuals with advantegeous traits survive and reproducing passing down their heritable traits.

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Describe the consequences of the potential overproduction of offspring. (5

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Describe the consequences of the potential overproduction of offspring. (5

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Keywords: Morality, Carrying capacity, Variation, competition, natural selection

a. more (offspring) than the environment can support / carrying capacity reached;
b. increased mortality/lower life expectancy/more deaths;
c. competition (for resources) / struggle for survival;
d. food/mates/nest sites/territory/other example of resource shortage / example of greater need;
e. variation between members of population / example of variation;
f. better adapted more likely to survive / converse; (reject Lamarckian statements such as those who adapt survive)
g. better adapted reproduce / pass on (favourable) genes/traits / converse;
h. natural selection / (survival of fittest) leads to evolution;

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Explain Evolution in Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

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Explain Evolution in Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

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a. antibiotics (are chemicals) used to treat bacterial diseases;
b. within populations, bacteria vary in their (genetic) resistance to antibiotics/fitness;
c. resistance arises by (random) gene mutation;
d. when antibiotics are used antibiotic-sensitive bacteria are killed;
e. (natural) selection favours those with resistance;
f. resistant bacteria survive, reproduce and spread the gene / increase allele frequency of resistant bacteria;
g. the more an antibiotic is used, the more bacterial resistance/the larger the population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria;
h. genes can be transferred to other bacteria by plasmids;
i. doctors/vets use different antibiotics but resistance develops to these as well;
j. multiple-antibiotic resistant bacteria evolve/it becomes difficult to treat some infections;

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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of natural selection. Natural selection is the competition for survival.

Bacteria that have advantage
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Overproduction means when there are too many offsprings reproduced that the available resources is not sufficient to satisfy the needs of each individual. Such resources can include food, water and habitat and mates.

How many individuals a habitat can take before resources run out is called carrying capacity. When the carrying capacities are reached, there will competition for resources. Those with

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Explain how the process of evolution occurs.    (8)

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Explain how the process of evolution occurs.    (8)

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a)     Evolution is «cumulative» change in population/species over time
OR
change in allele frequency

b)    A population has variations amongst the individuals

c)     Due to meiosis
OR
sexual reproduction

d)    Due to mutations

e)     Certain variations give an advantage to some organisms over others in certain environments

f)      Populations/species produce more offspring than the environment can support

g)     Individuals of the species compete for the same resources

h)    The better-adapted organisms tend to survive and reproduce
OR
less adapted organisms tend to die or reproduce fewer offspring

i)      Individuals «that reproduce» pass on their «heritable» characteristics/alleles/genes to their offspring (“Traits” is an acceptable alternative to “characteristic”)

j)      Natural selection increases the frequency of «heritable» characteristics/alleles/genes of the better-adapted organisms (Accept “genes”)

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Explain evolution in antibiotic resistance in bacteria
- Evolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
- variation causes natural selection which is caused by mutation, meiosis and sexual
- antibiotics kill bacteria or weaken the bacteria allowing the immune system to fight and destroy pathogens
- due to variation, some of the bacteria would have resistance

- as the carrying capacity is reached, it means that there are more offspring than the environment can support
-there will be competition for survival for resources
-due to variation between population, the species with the more adaptable characteristics will be able to survive and reproduce
- most adapted heritable characteristics will be passed on to offsprings from natural selection

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-Evolution is the change of heritable characteristics of an organism over a period of time
-The change in heritable characteristics can be caused by chromosomal mutations, meiosis and sexual reproduction.
-This change in characteristics are known as variations
-Then, selective pressures such as environmental factors, prey-predator, and so on lead to the death of certain organisms that possess a certain variation.
-The variation which is harmful to the species then do not survive and reproduce.
-Useful or desirable variations thrive on, survive and are naturally selected over the others.
-These naturally selected variations lead to a cumulative change over time, and hence evolution.
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Evolution is a cumulative change in hereditary characteristics of a species.
Bacteria divide to produce offspring and undergo mutations over time.
These mutations can provide antibiotic resistance to certain strains of antibiotics to the bacteria
The bacteria that has resistance survives, reproduces to pass on the resistance to offspring
The bacteria that lack resistance dies and do not produce offspring.
Hence, the non-resistance genes are not passed down to the new generation.
Thus, the selective pressure of antibiotics cause the natural selection of resistant bacteria over non-resistant bacteria.
Over time, the species of bacteria develops more resistance to more antibiotics over time and use of various antibiotics to treat infections.
This leads to even more highly resistance bacteria strains.
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Due to over production of offspring, the carrying capacity of the environment is reached.
Hence, selective pressures such as competition between the offspring occur.
The offspring develop individual traits from variation.
The useful variations thrive and survive to reproduce, while the bad variations die.
Hence, the population will decrease in size due to being naturally selected by the survival of the fittest

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-variation among individuals in a population due to different phenotypes
-the alleles that code for the different phenotypes are passed on to offspring
-individuals that have beneficial phenotypes are more likely to survive due to natural selection/selection pressures
-these individuals are more likely to breed
-the beneficial alleles are passed on to the offspring
-over time, the population begins to show a shift in the allele frequency
-the population evolves over time, and the expression of beneficial alleles increase in the population
-increase in frequency of beneficial heritable characteristics and phenotypes in the population result in evolution of species

--variation among individuals in a bacterial population due to different phenotypes
-different alleles due to mutation in some individuals in the bacterial population
-mutation can be beneficial or harmful to bacteria
-some phenotypes are more adapted to resistance against certain antibiotics
-the bacteria that have beneficial traits survive when exposed to antibiotics.
-the bacteria multiply rapidly; rapid increase in bacterial population that is now resistant to the antibiotic
-bacteria have now achieved resistance to antibiotic

-increased competition for scarce resources
-more natural selection pressures
-only individuals more adapted to the environment and increased competition survive
-individuals that have beneficial phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce
-offspring are more adapted to the environment

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-Cumulative change in a heritable characteristics in a population'
- evolution occurs over time due to natural selection
- Mutation can also occur.  It is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors.
- Sexual reproduction
o man ;^)
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-Bacteria that have unique antigens characteristic which leads to them to resist the antibiotics whereas the others dies.
- Due to the lack of competition, the surviving bacteria multiples are a high rate.
- Reproduction causes high rate of mutation

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- Higher level of competition for basic needs such as water, food and land
- Affect the food chain
- carrying capacity is affected
- morality rate will increase
-