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kayleni & karen

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Peyton

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worksheet
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/triangular-trade-slavery-11522000

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mia and harman

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jakhi arroyo

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Peyton

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Jacob Jansen

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The truth about the Atlantic Slave Trade is that millions of Africans were not shipped from Africa to America. The trade started with the indigenous black nations. that the Europeans defeated in wars and colonization.

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Atlantic Slave Trading happening timelapse Video Link

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Atlantic Slave Trading happening timelapse Video Link

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Gabriel and Joshua

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This Haunting Animation Maps the Journeys of 15,790 Slave Ships in Two Minutes

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By the conclusion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade at the end of the 19th century, Europeans had enslaved and transported more than 12.5 million Africans.

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marissa and krislynn
the ship henattre  maire carried 200 on along the middle passage

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Mia and Harman

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The Atlantic slave trade: What too few textbooks told you - Anthony Hazard

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Peyton

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the slave trade http://www.brh.org.uk/site/articles/pictures-of-the-trans-atlantic-slave-trade-abolitionists-and-maroon-rebels/

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Emily  Angelo

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unkown

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Joshua and Gabriel

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Jacob Jansen

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Joshua and Gabriel

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Atlantic slave trade - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help

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Beginning about 1500, millions of black Africans were taken from their homes and sold into slavery in the New World. European colonial powers, working with African rulers, shipped their human cargo across the Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations in their American colonies.

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http://www.brh.org.uk/site/articles/pictures-of-the-trans-atlantic-slave-trade-abolitionists-and-maroon-rebels/ the slave trad

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it forms a trinangle and traded  lots of things

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Joshua and Gabriel

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ashley jacky                                                     

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ashley jacky                                                     

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what they traded

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Joshua and Gabriel

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traded things

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James and Juan.R

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it lasted 1526 - 1867 Kayleni & Karen

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Mia & Harman

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Jacob Jansen

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TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGES

Over the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million slaves had been shipped from Africa, and 10.7 million had arrived in the Americas. The Atlantic Slave Trade was likely the most costly in human life of all of long-distance global migrations.

The first Africans forced to work in the New World left from Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century, not from Africa. The first slave voyage direct from Africa to the Americas probably sailed in 1526.

The volume of slaves carried off from Africa reached thirty thousand per year in the 1690s and eighty-five thousand per year a century later. More than eight out of ten Africans forced into the slave trade made their journeys in the century and a half after 1700.

By 1820, nearly four Africans for every one European had crossed the Atlantic. About four out of every five females that traversed the Atlantic were from Africa.

The majority of enslaved Africans were brought to British North America between 1720 and 1780. The decade 1821 to 1830 still saw over 80,000 people a year leaving Africa in slave ships. Well over a million more - one tenth of the volume carried off in the slave trade era - followed within the next twenty years.

Africans carried to Brazil came overwhelmingly from Angola. Africans carried to North America, including the Caribbean, left from mainly West Africa.

Well over 90 percent of enslaved Africans were imported into the Caribbean and South America. Only about 6 percent of African captives were sent directly to British North America. Yet by 1825, the US had a quarter of blacks in the New World.

The Middle Passage was dangerous and miserable for African slaves. The sexes were separated, kept naked, packed close together, and the men were chained for long periods. About twelve percent of those who embarked did not survive the voyage.

US SLAVERY COMPARED TO SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS

American plantations were dwarfed by those in the West Indies. In the Caribbean, slaves were held on much larger units, with many plantations holding 150 slaves or more. In the American South, in contrast, only one slaveholder held as many as a thousand slaves, and just 125 had over 250 slaves.

In the Caribbean, Dutch Guiana, and Brazil, the slave death rate was so high and the birth rate so low that they could not sustain their population without importations from Africa. Rates of natural decrease ran as high as 5 percent a year. While the death rate of US slaves was about the same as that of Jamaican slaves, the fertility rate was more than 80 percent higher in the United States.

US slaves were more generations removed from Africa than those in the Caribbean. In the nineteenth century, the majority of slaves in the British Caribbean and Brazil were born in Africa. In contrast, by 1850, most US slaves were third-, fourth-, or fifth generation Americans.

Slavery in the US was distinctive in the near balance of the sexes and the ability of the slave population to increase its numbers by natural reproduction. Unlike any other slave society, the US had a high and sustained natural increase in the slave population for a more than a century and a half.

CHILDREN

There were few instances in which slave women were released from field work for extended periods during slavery. Even during the last week before childbirth, pregnant women on average picked three-quarters or more of the amount normal for women.

Infant and child mortality rates were twice as high among slave children as among southern white children. Half of all slave infants died in their first year of life. A major contributor to the high infant and child death rate was chronic undernourishment.

The average birth weight of slave infants was less than 5.5 pounds, considered severely underweight by today's standards.

Most infants of enslaved mothers were weaned within three or four months. Even in the eighteenth century, the earliest weaning age advised by doctors was eight months.

After weaning, slave infants were fed a starch-based diet, consisting of foods such as gruel, which lacked sufficient nutrients for health and growth.

HEALTH AND MORTALITY

Slaves suffered a variety of miserable and often fatal maladies due to the Atlantic Slave Trade, and to inhumane living and working conditions.

Common symptoms among enslaved populations included: blindness; abdominal swelling; bowed legs; skin lesions; and convulsions. Common conditions among enslaved populations included: beriberi (caused by a deficiency of thiamine); pellagra (caused by a niacin deficiency); tetany (caused by deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and Vitamin D); rickets (also caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D); and kwashiorkor (caused by severe protein deficiency).

Diarrhea, dysentery, whooping cough, and respiratory diseases as well as worms pushed the infant and early childhood death rate of slaves to twice that experienced by white infants and children.

DOMESTIC SLAVE TRADE

The domestic slave trade in the US distributed the African American population throughout the South in a migration that greatly surpassed in volume the Atlantic Slave Trade to North America.

Though Congress outlawed the African slave trade in 1808, domestic slave trade flourished, and the slave population in the US nearly tripled over the next 50 years.

The domestic trade continued into the 1860s and displaced approximately 1.2 million men, women, and children, the vast majority of whom were born in America.

To be "sold down the river" was one of the most dreaded prospects of the enslaved population. Some destinations, particularly the Louisiana sugar plantations, had especially grim reputations. But it was the destruction of family that made the domestic slave trade so terrifying.

PROFITABILITY

Prices of slaves varied widely over time, due to factors including supply, and changes in prices of commodities such as cotton. Even considering the relative expense of owning and keeping a slave, slavery was profitable.

In order to ensure the profitability of slaves, and to produce maximum "return on investment," slave owners generally supplied only the minimum food and shelter needed for survival, and forced their slaves to work from sunrise to sunset.

Although young adult men had the highest expected levels of output, young adult women had value over and above their ability to work in the fields; they were able to have children who by law were also slaves of the owner of the mother. Therefore, the average price of female slaves was higher than their male counterparts up to puberty age. Men around the age of 25-years-old were the most "valuable."

Slaveholding became more concentrated over time, particularly as slavery was abolished in the northern states. The fraction of households owning slaves fell from 36 percent in 1830 to 25 percent in 1860.

During the Civil War, roughly 180,000 black men served in the Union Army, and another 29,000 served in the Navy. Three-fifths of all black troops were former slaves.

WORKS CITED AND RESOURCES
University of Virginia, American Slave Narratives The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, Emory University The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African (1789) Special thanks to Steven Mintz, University of Texas

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Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery

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TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGESOver the period of the Atlantic Slave Trade, from approximately 1526 to 1867, some 12.5 million slaves had been shipped from Africa, and 10.7 million had arrived in the Americas.

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Each Ship carried 400-500 Slaves
Ms. Tull

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Ms. Tull

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Ms. Tull

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Ms. Tull

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What was the Atlantic slave trade?

The Atlantic slave trade or triangular trade involved the forced enslavement of many millions of Africans and their transport to the Americas, where they were made to work without wages in often inhumane conditions.

The trade was at its height during the 18th century when Britain was the most active trading nation.

The cost of the slave trade in terms of human suffering can not be calculated.

Top 10 facts

1. Slavery had existed for many years before the Atlantic slave trade commenced. The first known written law code - that of Hammurabi, dating from around 1760 BC - makes references to slaves.

2. The first Europeans to enter into and profit from the slave trade in Africa were the Portuguese who began trading in the 15th century.

3. African kings and merchants sold captured enemies or criminals to the European traders. Sometimes they had to sell slaves or risk being taken captive themselves.

4. Approximately 12 million people were enslaved as a result of the Atlantic slave trade.

5. The journey between Africa and the Americas, the so-called middle passage, took an average of seven weeks.

6. Nearly 40% of people taken in slavery came from West Central Africa - the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.

7. Approximately 15% of slaves died whilst being transported to the Americas.

8. Slaves were often captured inland and were marched for many weeks to reach the coast. There they were imprisoned in forts called factories awaiting shipping across the Atlantic.

9. Slaves were tightly packed on board ships which could carry between 350 and 600 people, with as little as 4 feet of space. The unsanitary conditions led to the spread of disease and many slaves attempted to starve themselves or became very depressed. Some tried to jump overboard.

10. 70% of slaves worked to produce sugar with others producing tobacco, coffee or cotton.

Timeline

First ship-load of Africans arrive in Virginia USA

Did you know?

Denmark was the first country to ban the slave trade in 1792.

Slaves were expected to work 48 hour shifts during harvest time.

During the 18th century approximately 6 million slaves were transported from Africa. The major slaving nation at that time was Britain, responsible for the transport of 2.5 million Africans.

The life expectancy for slaves in Brazil was 23 years of age.

It has been calculated that slaves had only 4 square feet of space on the slave ships.

Former slaves Olaudah Equino and Sojourner Truth both wrote about their experiences of slavery and were effective campaigners against slavery.

Harriet Tubman was born a slave in Maryland in the United States of America and became the most famous "conductor" of the Underground Railroad, leading slaves in the American South to freedom in the North. Harriet Tubman was only five foot tall but she liberated over 300 slaves!

The Atlantic slave trade lasted four and a half centuries.

Browse the gallery below and see if you can spot the following:

Slaves being moved to the coast of Africa

An African slave dealer marching slaves to the coast

Slaves onboard ship

Plan of a slave ship

Slaves being taken to a slave ship

A revolt aboard a slave ship

Slaves being rescued from a slave ship

Gallery

About

Slavery is where one person is owned by another. A slave is treated as if he or she were a piece of property and is forced to work for nothing for their owners. Slavery has probably existed throughout human history and been practised by many different civilisations.

Slavery in Africa existed before the arrival of Europeans but the Atlantic slave trade changed the scale of the trade and the way it was conducted. Over the centuries up to 12 million African people were enslaved and transported to the Americas. The majority (48%) went to the Caribbean islands, with 41% going to Brazil and 5% to North America. These slaves were chattel slaves which meant that their children were also slaves.

The Atlantic slave trade arose because Europeans were keen to make money from the newly discovered territories of the Americas. The native Indian population had been very much reduced and in some places almost wiped out by the Europeans and the survivors proved unsuited to the heavy labour they required. The transport of slaves from Africa seemed to provide the profit-hungry Europeans with an endless supply of labour.

The trade in slaves was called the triangular trade because it had three stages.

1. Manufactured goods from Europe such as blankets, beads and guns were taken to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves.

2. The transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas was known as the middle passage.

3. Finally raw material and goods produced as a result of slave labour such as cotton, sugar, rum and tobacco from the Americas were brought back to Europe.

The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave trade was led by William Wilberforce, Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson, though many Black British people also participated in the abolition movement. Although the British took a leading role in abolishing the trade it should not be forgotten that for many years Britain had been the most active slave-trading nation of all. Many people made a lot of money from the trade and cities such as Bristol, London and Liverpool grew wealthy as a result of it.

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The Atlantic slave trade or triangular trade involved the forced enslavement of many millions of Africans and their transport to the Americas, where they were made to work without wages in often inhumane conditions. The trade was at its height during the 18th century when Britain was the most active trading nation.