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A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens.

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The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

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Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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A legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978.

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Reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).

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De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination.

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Speech accompanied by activities such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. Protection of this form of speech under the first amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if porperly balanced by considerations of public order.

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Introduction. Twoclauses of the First Amendment concern the relationship of government to religion: the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.

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In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legalrule, based on constitutional law, saying that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.