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Religion

1. Mostly Sunni Muslims

2. Islam fortified after Conquest of Constantinople

+ Arab regions

1. 14-16th century, Ottoman conquered Balkan Peninsula, & Ottoman did not want Christianity to penetrate.

HOW THE GOV CONVERT PEOPLE

1. Ottoman empire leader was nice to everyone EXCEPT for Non-Muslims

2. Made them paid taxes

3. Castrated Christians (chopped off their balls)

4. Basically you better convert or you'll be bullied

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Ottoman Empire Social Groups
- Ottoman Empire's social structure was broken up into 4 Social Groups:
- The Men of the Pen (Judges, Prayer Leaders, intellectuals)
-The Men of the Sword (Military)
- The Men of Negotiations (Merchants)
- The Men of Husbandry (Farmers and Livestock Raisers)
Patriarchy in the Ottoman Empire
Women living in the Ottoman Empire were governed by the Sharia.
- Sharia: The Sharia included many laws that dealt with crimes, politics, economics, etc. The two primary sources of the Sharia law are the Quarnic verses (Ayahs) and by the prophet Muhammad.
- Ottoman women had the ability to own property. In addition, they had access to justice systems, and can be taken to court themselves.
-Women were able to socialize with each other in their homes and at bathhouses. Visiting each other at the baths were an important social ritual. Women would bring bathing accessories, including high, wooden sandals.

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-Osman I (1299-1323)
~First monarch of the empire
~Ottoman Empire takes its name after him
-Orhan Gazi (1323-1362)
~Second monarch of the empire
~Tried to share the empire with his brother Alaeddin who did not accept but rather became a vizier
~Took over large parts of the Byzantine Empire during its civil war
-Mehmed the Conqueror (First Reign: 1444-1446) (Second Reign: 1451-1481)
~Captured Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul, and transformed the Hagia Sofia into a mosque
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Flowers on the left symbolize the Toleration of the Ottomans.

Weight balance on the left symbolizes the Justice of the Ottomans.

Books on the left under the balance are a Koran and a Law book, symbolizing the Islamic state.

Weapons on the left and right symbolize the Ottoman Army.

Sun symbolizes the greatness of the Ottoman state.

Red flag on the right is the Turkish flag.

Green flag on the left is the Sacred Standard of the Caliphate.

Eliptical figure in the middle and the turban above it symbolizes the Ottoman dynasty as the leader (or caliph) of all the Muslims in the World.

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-Trade Partners of the Ottoman Empire included England, France, Syria, and Constantinople. A major export coming from the Ottoman Empire was cotton.
-Though International trade was prevalent in the Ottoman Empire, domestic trade was much more common. This was the case because the Ottomans viewed other nations as threats to their safety.
-Venice was a major trade partner of the Ottoman Empire because when Venice and Constantinople were major trade partners, and when the Ottomans took over Constantinople and changed it to Istanbul, the Venetians made trade pacts with the Ottomans.
-The Ottomans, once they took over Egypt, had high access to grain that they would trade internationally to gain wealth.
-Textiles and Glass, Venetians made glass, and they needed special ash to make the glass, the Ottomans had ample amounts of the necessary ash.
Medieval Times
During Medieval Times, there was no specific form of economy, it was a mix of craftsmen and merchants making and selling their own products domestically. (Guilds were abundant in the 1580's they were organizations that were meant to get improved workers rights).
Late 18th Century
-The global demand for textiles and leather increased, so the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the resources the had to be able to produce fine textiles and leather. This brought wealth to the Ottomans because they were able to sell their textiles and leather.
19th Century
-The industry started producing more weapons and large scale cotton cultivation. Cotton, being one of the main Ottoman exports, was an integral part of the economy, and the ability to mass produce cotton would help to add wealth and prosperity.

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1299 - Osaman I declares his kingdom to be an independent state and founds the empire
1453 - Mehmed II captures Constantinople
1483 - Constantinpole renamed Istanbul
1529 -  first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria
1542 - Budapest conquered adding Hungary to the empire
1571 -  a naval engagement  when a fleet of the Holy League, of which the Venetian Empire and the Spanish Empire were the main powers, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire
1604 - ottomans drive out Iraq
1684 - forced out of Hungary
1922 - The last sultan, Mohammed IV is over thrown.

Reason for decline after the 1700's:
- Other nations were threats (Europe rise in power decreased Ottoman power)
- focused on improving the Ottoman nation but they progress slowly
- collapsed after WWI
- Ottoman's did not accept conquered people

Key Terms:
Devshirme- Christian boys were recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government
Sultan - The supreme ruler
Vizier - a high official
Janissary - Ottoman's sultan's bodyguards and house troops. First elite modern army of Europe
Blue Mosque  - contains Ahmed's tomb and located in istanbol

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The Ottomans came to power in the 15th Century, they lasted for about 600 hundred years until 1922.

They established a constitutional/absolute monarchy. The highest position in the centralized government was the Sultan, he controlled provinces and officials, whatever he said was law.

The Ottoman Empire expanded to parts of Egypt and northern Africa all the way up to Anatolia and Poland, and they conquered the western parts of Arabia. *

The people the Ottoman empire conquered were treated kindly. An Ottoman ruler, Osman, had often improved the lives of Peasants. Another Ottoman named Orkan, had also treated the conquered kindly, but had made non-Muslims pay taxes

Key leaders:

Osman I: founded Ottoman empire, expanded kingdom (united states of Anatolia under one rule), established a formal government, allowed tolerated a difference in religion with the conquered people groups.

Mehmed II: Sultan from 1444-46, 51-81 (dad renounced throne, ruled when he was 12, dad later assumed control once again- second time he made a bigger impact; great military leader, captured Constantinople, territories in Anatolia and the Balkans

Suleiman the Magnificent: became Sultan in 1520 at age 26, bonded Empire together in a workable social structure, simplified tax system, reduced government bureaucracy, expanded art and literature, used foreign influences to express Ottoman Ideas

-Sinan’s masterpiece, Mosque of Suleiman

Caption for picture: the map below shows the Ottoman Empire and its conquered territory within Eurasia.