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Orenstein, G. A. (2020, November 22). Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/.

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Mcleod, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

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Cacioppo, J. T., & Freberg, L. (2019). Discovering psychology 3e: the science of mind. Cengage. https://app.luminpdf.com/viewer/600980ab1be0a10013a7502d.

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Erikson's theory is valid to use for this movie because it was able to capture and explain the major events of Jenna's life and is why it makes for a good "fit" when it comes to the psycho-developmental assessment of Jenna.

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Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development did a good job in helping to explain the life events and the personality of Jenna Rinks in the movie 13 Going on 30. In the movie, Jenna moved through 3 of the 8 developmental stages that Erikson identified and they all fell in to the age ranges that have been identified. This development theory has a "build-up concept" and each stage builds off  and affects one another.

With Jenna's personality in the beginning of the movie, it can be easily implied how she went through stage 4 of development because of her low-self esteem, which affected her stage 5 development and led to the main conflict of the movie, which was her confusion regarding her identity. This confusion leads to her isolation in the future from her legitimate friends and parents.

But the conclusion of the movie is when she learns her lesson about her identity and the importance of keeping it and leads to her trying to fix herself. When she goes back to her 13-year-old self, she goes back to stage 5 and does things differently in her life so she doesn't fail that stage, which leads to a better stage 6 development, which ends the movie with her finding love.

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True intimacy is achieved when there is a healthy, fulfilling relationship. Jenna and Matt eventually achieve that when they have a deep conversation where they confess their love for each other, even though Matt is going to marry soon. Matt tells her that despite their loss of connection, he still loves her and shows Jenna that he's kept the dollhouse from her 13th birthday all this time. This increases self-esteem and achieves deep intimacy within their relationship despite being initially rejected and leads to the solution when she goes back in time to change her life.

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Communication can deepen intimate connections. Jenna who has no recollection of what caused the separation between adult Jenna and adult Matt, asks Matt to explain what happened to them. Matt, reluctant to share why as he is still embarrassed and saddened by the incident, does so anyway which allows for Jenna to realize the effect of actions and vows to commit to salvage her relationships especially with Matt. This intimate moment helped Jenna develop her sense of identity and build her intimacy with Matt from platonic to romantic.

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13 Going on 30 - Jenna & Matt - What happened to us?

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Despite recently reconnecting with Matt after years of separation, Matt showed up for Jenna in her time of need and proceed to dance with her at her work event increasing her self-esteem and confidence even at the cost his embarrassment.  This development creates a personal level of intimacy within their relationship.

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13 Going On 30 - Michael Jackson Thriller Dance

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Jenna relationship with “best friend” Lucy was based on years of unspoken jealousy on both sides, masked by clique mentality and social hierarchy, which caused their relationship to be more superficial than legitimately intimate. In the movie, despite Jenna's continuous attempts to explain to Lucy that she is not the adult Jenna that she knows, Lucy dismisses her. Also, Lucy also talks about her behind her back, which can be found in this scene, interferes in her personal relationships by telling Jenna to hit on another man, and sabotages her by stealing her design idea to gain the credit for herself, which can be found in the photo.

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Though Jenna is in her 30-year-old body, mentally, she is still her 13-year-old self who is unfamiliar with physical intimacy. This inexperience is highlighted when she is ambushed by her boyfriend when he tries to do sexual things. Jenna is uncomfortable and tries to withdraw.

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The stage is when people look for love and to develop more intimate relationships through friendships, love, sexual intimacy, marriage, etc. Failure can lead to fear of commitment, isolation, loneliness, and depression.

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Her realization can also be found at the ending of movie when she goes back in time to redo everything and make her life right.

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Here, Jenna realizes the importance of maintaining her identity and being happy with who you are after rekindling her relationship with Matt and her parents, and displays her growth through her work as a magazine editor and the success of her redesign proposal.

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Here, Jenna wishes to be 30, flirty, and thriving, and gets her wish to come true when she wakes up as a 30 year old version of herself. Her sense of identity within her world has already been established by the former version of herself while 13 year-old Jenna suffers from role confusion

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13 Going on 30 (2004) - "Transformation" Scene

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Here there's a conflict between Jenna's personal identity and persona (ego). She's insecure about her status as a friend of the Six Chicks and attempts to earn validation by betraying Matt, her best friend, and bullying him

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This stage is when children are becoming more independent and look at things at the future; career, relationships, family, etc. and wants to belong to a society and fit in. Here, they learn their identities (figure out who they are) and their role in society. Failure leads to confusion about their role in society.

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When the Six Chicks come, they take off their jackets as they walk into the house and just pile their jackets onto Jenna, who allows them, which shows low self-esteem and low self-respect since she allows those she sees as more popular as her to disrespect her.

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Jenna doesn't like herself and wants to be 30 years old, as can be seen with the dialogue in this photo. She adores magazine models and in this scene, her mother is pulling out the tissues she put in her shirt as bra pads.

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This stage occurs before the age of 13, which is not included in the movie's plot since it starts on Jenna's 13th birthday. But with Jenna's personality and self-esteem, it can be implied that she failed at this stage and gained feelings of inferiority.

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This stage is when a child's peer group will become gain a large influence on their lives and will be a large source of their self-esteem. This can be seen with them attempting to win approval by demonstrating competency and beginning to develop pride in themselves. Failure to develop skills society wants leads to a feeling of inferiority.

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In his development of the theory, Erikson was sure to note that the developmental stages can all be influenced by an individual’s cultural environment and the way that their are raised.

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The 8 stages of Erikson’s theory include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Competence vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair. Contradictory to some other theories of development, these stages do not necessarily occur at a specific age for all individuals; rather, Erikson stressed the element of a positive (Identity) and a negative (Role Confusion) aspect for each stage. Essentially, one’s development will either progress or lack the virtue highlighted in each stage (Orenstein, 2020).

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In our analysis of 13 Going on 30, Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development (1968) are useful for gaining an understanding of the actions and perceptions of the film’s main character, Jenna Rink. According to Erikson’s theory, human development occurs over the span of an individual’s entire life, and our progression is influenced by both our environment and our genetic makeup.

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Jenna then opens her eyes and she’s 13 years old again. But this time, when Matt finds her in the closet, she kisses him. She then goes to confront Lucy, grabs the homework she was supposed to give to her, tears it up, and runs with Matt. The next 17 years go differently with her and Matt getting married and moving into their new house that looks similar to the dollhouse he made her for her birthday.

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Defeated, Jenna goes outside and sits with the dollhouse. She shuts her eyes and and some wind blows some of the remaining wishing dust onto her.

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Sad, Jenna rushes to Matt’s childhood home, where the wedding is going to be and goes upstairs to talk to Matt. She tells her that she loves him, but Matt tells her how they’ve been separated for such a long time that he can’t reciprocate it the way she wants it to be reciprocated. He’s going to get married to Wendy and them losing touch for so many years, just made him not want to abandon that. He tells her that they can’t turn back time. Matt then reveals that he’s kept the dollhouse he made for her 17 years ago. Jenna asks for it back and Matt tells her that he’s always loved her.

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The next day, Richard, the editor-in-chief of Poise, tells Jenna that Lucy leaked her design idea and photos to Sparkle and has become their new editor-in-chief. The company doesn't have a redesign idea anymore and it's over.

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To get back at Jenna, Lucy snoops into her office and ends up talking to Matt when he comes over. She then proceeds to lie to him and told him that Jenna wasn't going to use his photos and should instead let her use it. When Jenna tries to go to Matt and tell him the good news, she finds Wendy, Matt’s fiance, who tells her that their wedding is the next day.

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Jenna's redesign proposal was a success, while Lucy's proposal failed. So the next day, she's supposed to give her proposal to corporate so they don't get shut down and lose their jobs.

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Empowered from the talk with her mother, she goes back, apologizes to Matt, hires him as a photographer for a week and they work together on Jenna's redesign proposal for Poise. As the week goes on, they end up falling for each other, which end up with them kissing one night.

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Sad, Jenna talks to Matt, who then explains why their friendship fell off, which was because at her 13th birthday party, when she threw the dollhouse he made for her and then cut him off. She then goes to her childhood friend and cries in the basement closet where she was tricked to go into as a child. Her parents come home and find her and they talk.

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As time goes on and she learns more about how bad her life has been. She stopped talking to her parents, she’s done sexual things with a co-workers husband, she lost her original best friend, and she’s the one that’s been helping Poise’s rival magazine company Sparkle beat them. On top of that, when Poise is forced to redesign because of Sparkle’s success over the company, she overhears her supposed-to-be-best friend Lucy bad mouthing her and attempting to get credit for the redesign’s success all to herself.

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Being in her 30 year old life, she goes out to enjoy herself; her wish of being older did come true after all.

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Confused, Jenna goes to find Matt, who was able to fill her in a little bit about her missing past. He tells her that she became the leader of the Six Chicks and they stopped being friends a long time ago.

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Jenna awakens in a New York apartment in a 30 year old body. Confused, she screams and calls people on her phone to try and figure out what's happening. She finds out that she works for her favorite magazine company Poise with her best friend Lucy.

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Jenna is tricked into a closet by being told to play Seven Minutes in Heaven with Chris Grandy. But as she sits in the closet, the Six Chicks and the boys take the homework and food and leave the party. Matt comes back as the people are leaving, and finds Jenna in the closet and tells her what happened. Humiliated, he pushed him away, hides in the closet, and starts wishing to be 30 years old. While banging her head onto the shelf, the wishing dust on Matt's dollhouse, which is on the shelf, starts to fall on her head.

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The Six Chicks arrive at the party with some popular boys, which includes Jenna's crush, Chris Grandy. Also, to try and be cool, Matt is told to leave because he's "lame".

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To get the popular girls, a group called the Six Chicks that is led by Lucy, to go to her party, she offers to do their homework for them.

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Her best friend Matt comes and gifts her a self-made dollhouse and poured a packet of "wishing dust" on the roof of it as a good-luck charm.

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Jenna has turned 13 years old and wants to hold a party, so she invites her best friend and some of the popular kids to her party.