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When a student can integrate their new knowledge/skills with their current knowledge/skills.
Students' learning is most valuable when they can apply their previously-learned knowledge/skills to a new situation.

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-Tying your shoe
-you don't even have to think about it. It doesn't matter what shoes you are wearing, if they need to be tied then you know how to tie them. You are even able to use the knot of shoe-tying
-Crossing the street:
-you subconsciously know the rules of crossing the street. It doesn't matter what time of day, where you are, the cars surrounding you...you'll know how to cross the street
-Walking to a new address (no GPS)
-imagine you're walking to a friends house of which you've never been. You only have the address so you draw upon the skills you have in order to get there. You know that they live on the west side of town. You know which way the ocean is, and that the ocean means west since you live in California. You know where the street is in approximation to other streets because you've seen it on a map before. You know that the house numbers on that street go up by increments of 2. So using all your prior knowledge you are able to arrive at a destination you've never been to.

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2 Types:
1. Tools designed to aid our physical capabilities
2. Tools designed to aid our mental capabilities

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-GPS
-A carpenter's tools
-Reading and Writing
-Cell phones
-Sports equipment
-Tablets/iPads
-Television

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Knowledge is best transferable when you can make connections to your everyday life and can find daily applicable uses for the new information

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Knowledge is best transferable when you can make connections to your everyday life and can find daily applicable uses for the new information

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1. Traditional
2. Constructivism & Metacognition
3. Tools as a Transfer Vehicle

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Make explicit what you are trying to teach and what you want students to be able to do with what they are learning!

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Make explicit what you are trying to teach and what you want students to be able to do with what they are learning!

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The process of a person using their prior knowledge to guide them in problem-solving during a new situation

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-CONSTRUCTIVISM: Using prior knowledge as a foundation for the construction of new knowledge
-METACOGNITION: Thinking about one's thinking

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Kids need awareness in 3 areas:
1. An awareness of knowledge - understanding what they know
2. An awareness of thinking - understanding cognitive tasks
3. An awareness of thinking strategies - understanding approaches to learning, self-assessing, self-questioning, and revision

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-Tools can help at an amplification level - help you better do things that you can already do
-Tools can help a person move beyond amplification - help you do things you wouldn't otherwise be able to do

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1. Near and Far Transfer of Learning Theory
2. Low Road and High Road Transfer of Learning Theory

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-Near Transfer: Some tasks are so nearly alike that transfer of learning is easy and almost automatic (like tying shoes)
-Far Transfer: Tasks in which transfer of learning does not happen with a natural automaticty
What some people consider far transfer, others could not
Ex. Tying a bow behind your back. Most people can tie a bow in front of them, but tying a bow behind one's back can be trickier to some people than others

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People's innate abilities to do transfer of learning are part of an innate intelligence 

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People's innate abilities to do transfer of learning are part of an innate intelligence 

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-Low Road Transfer: When a new situation is of similar context to prior knowledge in that it triggers a semi-automatic response .
Ex. Driving a truck when you've only ever driven a car
-High Road Transfer: When a new situation warrants a mindful, complex reflection on how prior knowledge can be used in the current situation
Ex. A person that is new to politics but skilled at chess can transfer the same strategies