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Clauses of contrast, purpose and reason - Grammar chart

Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/ even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or even though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However should ALWAYS be followed by a comma.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/ in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector. ( could, can, would, etc.)

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of or due to.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to

Due to means 'because of' although it is more formal. We also use due to before a noun.

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Clauses of contrast, purpose and reason - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose and reason. B1. Intermediate English grammar exercises. However, although, despite, in spite of, in order to, so as to, etc.

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How many verb tenses are there in English? - Anna Ananichuk

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Look at these examples to see how must, might, may, could, can't and couldn't are used in the past.

An earthquake? That must have been terrifying!
We don't know for sure that Alex broke the coffee table. It might have been the dog.
How did she fail that exam? She can't have studied very much.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

We can use modal verbs for deduction - guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility. This page focuses on making deductions about the past.

We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.

Who told the newspapers about the prime minister's plans? It must have been someone close to him.
The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.
Oh, good! We've got milk. Mo must have bought some yesterday.

We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened.

I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?
Police think the suspect may have left the country using a fake passport.

May have is more formal than might have. Could have is also possible in this context but less common.

We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened.

She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.
I thought I saw Adnan this morning but it couldn't have been him - he's in Greece this week.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

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Look at these examples to see how must, might, may, could, can't and couldn't are used in the past. An earthquake? That must have been terrifying! We don't know for sure that Alex broke the coffee table. It might have been the dog. How did she fail that exam?

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Verbs of the senses: look, sound, feel, etc.

Exercise 1

Choose the most suitable forms of the following verbs of the senses for each gap below.

Verbs of the senses - Grammar chart

Verbs of the senses

We can use the verbs look, smell, taste, sound and feel before adjectives, nouns, and clauses (subject + verb)

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + adjective

We can use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + adjective to talk about how something feels, tastes, etc.

When you use that cream, your skin feels really smooth.

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + like + noun

We can also use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + like before a noun.

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + as if/as though + clause

We use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + as if/as though + clause (subject + verb).

Note that in informal English we often also use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + like + clause.

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Verbs of the senses: look, sound, feel, etc. - Test-English

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Verbs of the senses. Sense verbs followed by adjective, noun or clause. Look, look like, look as if, feel, feel like, feel as if, sound, sound like, etc.

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Connectors online worksheet for Bachillerato. You can do the exercises online or download the worksheet as pdf.

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https://1movies.bz/

Make sure to use an Ad blocker extension on your browser (I recommend uBlock Origin)

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Oxford University Press, English Language Teaching - elt.enquiry@oup.com

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7B verbs of the senses | English File | Oxford University Press

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Students >English File >Advanced third edition >Grammar >File 7 >7B verbs of the senses

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Grammar explanation and practice test at B1 level

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Similes - using 'like' and 'as' to create similes #GrammarLesson

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Deadly California Wildfire · English grammar exercise (advanced level)

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Complete daily English exercises created by native teachers on bitgab

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Commonly Confused Words! English is full of words that sound alike but are spelled differently. It's also full of words that have similar (but not identical) meanings that are easy to misuse. Below are some of the most commonly confused and misused words in English.

Commonly Confused Words

Incorrect: Please except this gift.

Correct: Please accept this gift.

, as a verb, means to exclude or leave out. As a preposition it means "with the exception of". means "to receive willingly". For example: We visited every landmark except the Eiffel Tower. The school is accepting only those students who have had their shots; all others are excepted.

Incorrect: His death really effected me.

Correct: His death really affected me.

The most common use of is as a noun meaning "something produced by a cause". The most common use of is as a transitive verb meaning "to act upon". For example: The disease had a lasting effect on the child. The family's lack of money affected his plans.

is the comparative of the adjective . It is used as an adverb to mean "to or at a more advanced point."

For example: He rode farther down the road.

Some speakers argue a difference between the adverbial uses of and . In general usage, however, the choice between and is a matter of preference.

For example: He rode further down the road.

Incorrect: This box contains less fire crackers.

Correct: This box contains fewer fire crackers.

Less is used with uncounted nouns.

For examples: less soup, less intelligence, less forage...

is used with countable nouns.

For examples: fewer voters, fewer apples, fewer commercials...

Commonly Confused Words in English | Pictures

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Commonly Confused Words: Useful List and Examples

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Commonly Confused Words! English is full of words that sound alike but are spelled differently. It's also full of words that have similar (but not identical) meanings that are easy to misuse. Below are some of the most commonly confused and misused words in English. Incorrect: Please except this gift.

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Which Words Did English Take From Other Languages?

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English—is one of the most incredible, flavorfully-complex melting pots of linguistic ingredients from other countries. These linguistic ingredients are called loanwords that have been borrowed and incorporated into English. The loanwords are oftentimes so common now, the foreign flavor has been com…

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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.randomlogicgames.battletext&hl=en&gl=US

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Are you confused about whether to add an s at the end of a word? It's not just for plural nouns, but also for verb endings, and there's also a pronunciation issue in some cases. Then, there's the added question of whether to add an apostrophe-even native English speakers get mixed up about that one! This lesson on when to add the s, and how exactly to add it, is designed to clarify all of this for you. Make sure to practice with the quiz after watching.

about engVid

Learn English for free with 2002 video lessons by experienced teachers. Classes cover English grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, IELTS, TOEFL, and more. Join millions of English learners worldwide who are improving every day with engVid.

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Learn English for free with hundreds of video lessons by experienced native-speaker teachers. English grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, IELTS, TOEFL, writing, and more.

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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.masterkeygames.sayingsmaster&hl=en_US

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Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing.

You can quickly see why punctuation is important if you try and read this text which has no punctuation at all:

perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences clear when i am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i sometimes leave out punctuation marks grammar is stupid i can write without it and dont need it my uncle Harry once said he was not very clever and i never understood a word he wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much enough to write to Uncle Harry he needs some help

Now let's see if punctuating it makes a difference!

Perhaps you don't always need to use commas, periods, colons etc. to make sentences clear. When I am in a hurry, tired, cold, lazy, or angry I sometimes leave out punctuation marks. "Grammar is stupid! I can write without it and don't need it," my uncle Harry once said. He was not very clever, and I never understood a word he wrote to me. I think I'll learn some punctuation - not too much, enough to write to Uncle Harry. He needs some help!

Use the pages in this punctuation section to learn how to make your English clearer and better organised.

Punctuation Rules in English

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Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. You use punctuation marks to structure and organise your writing. You can quickly see why punctuation is important if you try and read this text which has no punctuation at all:

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however at the beginning of the second sentence after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However is ALWAYS followed by a comma.

We can also use however at the end of the sentence.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

We can also use the structure in order for someone/something to do something.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector, e.g. could, can, would, etc.

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

We can use for + - ing verb (instead of to + infinitive) to talk about the purpose of an object or action when we use the verb used or when we imply it.

In case + clause

To express purpose, we can also use in case+ subject + verb. We use this form to talk about precautions, when we do something because something not wanted might happen.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to/owing to/on account of

We can also use before a noun. They mean 'because of' but are more formal.

Clauses of result

We use clauses of result to talk about the result of an action or situation.

So

We can use so + subject + verb at the end of a sentence to mean 'this is why'.

For this reason

We normally use for this reason at the beginning of a sentence. We use a comma after it.

As a result/consequently/therefore

As a result, c onsequently and therefore are more formal and more common in written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

We can also use consequently and therefore in mid position (before the verb, after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. Advanced English grammar and exercises. In spite of, despite, although, in order to, so as to, due to, etc.

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Improve your English pronunciation with Tim’s Pronunciation Workshop! Tim shares his top tips for clear speaking - and tries not to have any accidents.

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Connectors ("conjunctions") | Grammar Quizzes

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Understand the meaning and usage of connective words (coordinators, subordinators, adjunct prepositions) when joining words, phrases and clauses.

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Connectives and Linking Phrases - Online Exercises - English Grammar

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Connectives and Linking Phrases - English Grammar Exercises

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American vs. British vs. Australian English | One Language, Three Accents

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Where did English come from? - Claire Bowern

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A brief history of plural word...s - John McWhorter

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Job and work are used in different ways. Here are the important differences that English learners need to know:

Work and job as nouns and verbs

Work is both a verb and a noun (uncountable); job is mostly used as a noun (countable):

I'm busy - I have a lot of work. (uncountable noun)

I have two jobs - I'm a taxi driver, but I also work as a part-time fireman. (countable noun)

I'm a teacher at a nursery. It's a great job - I love it. (countable noun)

We say go to work, start work, finish work:

To describe what you do to earn money

Job is much more specific than work: your job is the name of the work that you do to earn money. It refers to your particular employment position, such as a teacher, accountant, builder, manager, etc.:

I like my job; I'm a teacher.

My brother has found a good job as a sales manager at Vodafone.

I'm looking for a new job. = I'm looking for a new position.

I'm looking for new work.

What's your job, Peter? = What do you do for a living?

We use work to say talk about the location or who our employer is, NOT to give a specific description or title:

In these last examples, we do NOT know what the people's responsibilities are; we only know where they work or who they work for. We DON'T know exactly what John's job is, we DON'T know exactly what Elizabeth's job is. And we only know that Tony works in London - we don't know what he does there: we would have to ask him what his job is.

Other meanings

As a verb, work can have other meanings, e.g. how a machine works, meaning how it functions or if it is functioning properly:

The photocopier isn't working- it's broken.

Do you understand how a car works?

As a noun, a job can also mean a task, such as repairing something at home:

I have a few jobs to do this weekend - I have to paint the fence and fix the garage door.

OK, now it's your turn to work - try the exercise below. Fill each gap with the correct form of either work or job (use one word per gap):

If you found this article helpful, please share it with friends and click the 'Like' and 'G+' buttons below. Feel free to ask a question or leave a comment. Thanks.

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Job and work are used in different ways. Here are the important differences that English learners need to know: Work and job as nouns and verbs Work is both a verb and a noun (uncountable); job is ...

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Topic: Vocabulary | Level: Beginner

Online English Quiz

Instructions: Choose the correct word.

Printable Worksheet

Instructions: Choose the correct word.
Click here for the answer sheet
Copyright © UsingEnglish.com Ltd. - All rights reserved
This quiz and printable worksheet can be used by students and teachers without any fee in the classroom; however, you must keep all copyright information and references to UsingEnglish.com in place.

View the original online at: https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/57.html

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'Job & Work' - English Quiz & Worksheet - UsingEnglish.com

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Topic: Vocabulary | Level: Beginner Instructions: Choose the correct word. Instructions: Choose the correct word. Click here for the answer sheet Copyright © UsingEnglish.com Ltd. - All rights reserved This quiz and printable worksheet can be used by students and teachers without any fee in the classroom; however, you must keep all copyright information and references to UsingEnglish.com in place.

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Advanced Grammar | Past Modals Exercise | esl-lounge Student

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Simple Inversion: I will never or never will I? - English In A Minute

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Advanced Grammar | Inversion Multiple Choice Exercise | esl-lounge Student

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What is an inversion with a negative adverbial?

In formal English, we can place a negative or restrictive adverb at the beginning of a sentence to make the sentence more emphatic or dramatic. When we do this, the adverb is then followed by an inversion: auxiliary verb + subject (+ verb). See the example below:

When there is no auxiliary verb, we use do/ does (present) or did (past) as auxiliary.

Common adverbs used with this structure

In the table below you can see some of the most common negative or restrictive adverbials that are sometimes used at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis.

Hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner

We normally use hardly ... when, barely ... when, scarcely ... when, and no sooner ... than in narratives with past perfect in the inversion.

Adverbial + clause + inversion

Note that after some adverbials, such as only if and only when we use a subordinate clause (subject + verb), and that the inversion is never in the subordinate clause but in the main verb of the sentence. Check the sentence below:

The same happens with other adverbials, such as not since and not until; we use a subordinate clause (subject + verb), and the inversion is never in the subordinate clause but in the sentence's main verb. Check the sentence below:

If you are in doubt, it's always useful to look at the sentence without the negative adverbial at the beginning.

The main subject and verb are at the beginning of the sentence, and this is the element that must be in the inversion.

Not

We must always use not followed by another element before the inversion.

Adverbs of frequency

We can also use inversion after the negative or restrictive adverbs of frequency, such as seldom, rarely, or never.

We often use never to talk about experiences. In that case, we normally use present perfect or past perfect.

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Inversion with negative adverbials - adding emphasis - Test-English

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Inversion with negative adverbials. In formal English we can place a negative or restrictive adverb at the beginning of a sentence to make the sentence more emphatic or dramatic. When we do this, the adverb is then followed by auxiliary verb + subject.

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Click and Drop - where you see this symbol ? mouse over it for instructions

1.

You shouldn't tell him about my trip to China. (On no ...)

2.

You are not going to get me to eat that! (No way ... !)

3.

I have seldom seen such a brilliant goal. (Seldom ...)

4.

Such a hurricane has rarely happened in Hereford. (Hardly ever ...)

5.

I wouldn't want to hurt your feelings for all the world. (Not ...)

6.

They were never aware of the danger that threatened them. (At no time ...)

7.

This must not leak out to the press. (Under ...)

8.

He wasn't rich and he wasn't handsome. (Neither ...)

9.

We haven't often witnessed such artistry. (Rarely ...)

10.

The bridge collapsed as soon as we managed to get across. (No sooner ...)

11.

We were only able to cross the border by offering him a bribe. (Only ...)

12.

Immediately he opened his mouth he started complaining about everything. (Barely ... before ...)

1.

She has no idea what a surprise she's going to get. (Little ... know)

2.

The bell had barely started to ring when the children rushed out of the classroom. (Scarcely)

3.

He didn't start his speech until there was absolute silence in the hall (Not ...)

4.

We will only be able to accept your offer if we are offered free delivery (Only ...)

5.

It is with good reason that Edinburgh is known as the Athens of the North (Not for ...)

6.

We have never been so well wined and dined in our lives (Never ...)

7.

She didn't break the news of her engagement until after dinner (Only ...)

8.

We weren't told that we would need our passports. (At no time ...)

9.

They don't charge you as much for water anywhere else. (Nowhere else ...)

10.

I wouldn't fly with them again even if they offered me a free flight. (Not even ...)

11.

We had barely entered the shop when an assistant jumped on us. (Hardly ... when ...)

12.

He is both charming and very rich. (Not only ..., but ... also ...)

Ex 1 1. has, 2. did, 3. had, 4. was, 5. audience, 6. started, 7. will, 8. so many, 9. can, 10. then, 11. before, 12. than

Ex 2 1. did, 2. such, 3. else, 4. account, 5. circumstances, 6. until, 7. even, 8. would, 9. only, 10. nor, 11. nothing, 12. way

Ex 3

1. On no account should you tell him about my trip to China.

2. No way are you going to get me to eat that!

3. Seldom have I seen such a brilliant goal.

4. Hardly ever has such a hurricane happened in Hereford.

5. Not for all the world would I want to hurt your feelings.

6. At no time were they aware of the danger that threatened them.

7. Under no circumstances must this leak out to the press.

8. Neither was he rich nor was he handsome.

9. Rarely have we witnessed such artistry.

10. No sooner had we managed to get across than the bridge collapsed.

11. Only by offering him a bribe were we able to cross the border.

12. Barely had he opened his mouth before he started complaining about everything.

Ex 4

1. Little does she know what a surprise she's going to get.

2. Scarcely had the bell started to ring when the children rushed out of the classroom.

3. Not until there was absolute silence in the hall did he start his speech.

4. Only if we are offered free delivery will we be able to accept.

5. Not for nothing is Edinburgh known as the Athens of the North.

6. Never in our lives have we been so well wined and dined.

7. Only after dinner did she break the news of her engagement.

8. At no time were we told that we would need our passports.

9. Nowhere else do they charge you so much for water.

10. Not even if they offered me a free flight would I ever fly with them again.

11. Hardly had we entered the shop when an assistant jumped on us.

12. Not only is he charming, but he is also very rich.

Printer friendly post

You can make a teacher copy with answers by clicking on 'Show All'. Make sure you 'Clear All' before printing student copies. Or you can print normally and the answers will appear on a separate page (Page 5), after the exercises (pages 2-4). I strongly recommend doing a Print Preview first. You might want to change your margins and you certainly won't want to print every page.

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TEFL teacher explores grammar and language points with exercises, quizzes and some opinionated rants

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Passive Voice: Intermediate & Advanced Exercises (and Explanation) - English Current

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An explanation of the passive voice with practice exercises (intermediate & advanced) to study online. Includes free worksheet download for ESL class.

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Passive reporting structures: BBC English Class

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Read about using it is ... (that) and X is ... to with reporting verbs to report what people believe or say. Then, when you are ready, try these reporting passives practice exercises.

It is known / believed that + statement

This is a common way to report information in academic English, news reports and other types of formal English. Use .

It has been argued that girls do better in single sex schools.

X is known / believed to + verb

Another similar structure starts with the person/thing that does the action. Use to report what people believe or say about X.

If you want to talk about an action in the past, use to + have + past participle.

Common reporting verbs

Verbs for mental processes:

It is assumed, believed, felt, hoped, known, thought, recognised, understood ...

Verbs for speaking:

It has been acknowledged, agreed, alleged, announced, argued, claimed, confirmed, estimated, pointed out, proposed, predicted, reported, said, suggested ...

Verbs for research:

It has been demonstrated, discovered, established, observed, found, proved/proven, seen, shown ...

Note you can use different forms of 'to be', depending on the situation. For example, research is usually reported with 'it has been' or 'it was'.

It is thought ... (now)

It was believed ... (past)

It has been shown ... (before now, still true)

It could be argued ... (possibility)

It will be seen ... (future fact / prediction)

Now try these passives practice exercises to test yourself on using reporting passives structures.

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Read about using it is ... (that) and X is ... to with reporting verbs to report what people believe or say. Then, when you are ready, try these reporting passives practice exercises. This is a common way to report information in academic English, news reports and other types of formal English.

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PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVE CONTRUCTIONS

The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

Active: People believe that he lied in court.
Passive: 1. It is believed (that) he lied in court. (impersonal)
It + passive + that-clause
2. He is believed to in court. (personal)
Subject + passive + to-infinitive
Active: They expect him to arrive soon.
Passive: 3. It is expected (that) he will arrive soon. (impersonal)
It + passive + that-clause
4. He is expected soon. (personal)
Subject + passive + to-infinitive

Different tenses in personal passive constructions. Present personal passive construction:Present personal passive construction:
Present active:
People believe that Mr Brown owns a lot of land in the north.

personal passive construction:
A new law is expected to be introduced next year.

Past active:
People believed that Mr Brown owned a lot of land in the north.
They thought that the prisoners had escaped.

Mr Brown was believed to have owned a lot of land in the north.
The prisoners were thought to have escaped.

Personal and Impersonal Constructions

Personal and Impersonal Constructions

Gap-fill exercise

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Tgr.

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The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

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In informal language we often use impersonal expressions like:

People say that the minister is likely to resign.

They expect him to announce his resignation this week.

They think that there are two possible candidates for his job.

In newspapers, reports and other more formal writing, this idea is often expressed with a structure based on a passive reporting verb. This has the effect of distancing the information. In this post we look at three such structures:

It is said that the minister is likely to resign.

He is expected to announce his resignation this week.

There are thought to be two possible candidates for his job.

To do these exercises you need to know the basics of making passive structures. If you need reminding, you could look at my post - Introduction to the passive

It is said that ...

It was thought that ...

It has been suggested that ... etc

Verbs used like this include: agree, announce, believe, calculate, claim, consider, discover, estimate, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, show, suggest, think, understand

Note: These verbs are most frequently used in simple and perfect tenses in the present and past. Remember that verbs like believe, hope, know, think, understand are not used in continuous tenses.

Rewrite the sentences starting with It plus a passive structure. pay attention to tense, but don't add any punctuation. Don't use any contractions.

2. He is said to be ...

We can also use a structure with a subject, a passive verb and a to-infinitive:

The president is thought to be planning a trip to the area.

The young actor was reported to have signed up for a new film.

More engineers are expected to be taken on soon.

Verbs used like this include: believe, expect, report, say, think, understand

Pattern: subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive clause

Infinitive forms

We can use the to-infinitive in various forms. See if you can remember them (use the examples above to help you):

Note: Perfect infinitives are used for actions that happened before the reporting.

Exercise 2b

Enter a suitable verb in the appropriate form of the infinitive. Each infinitive is in a different form.

We can use a third pattern with preparatory there and a passive reporting verb followed by a to-infinitive, especially when saying something exists or existed.

There is understood to be a strong desire for peace talks.

There are reported to have been several explosions.

There was thought to be another entrance to the building.

There were said to have been a lot of applicants for the job.

Note the use of tenses, the agreement between the passive reporting verb and the noun phrase, and the use of standard and perfect infinitives.

Verbs used like this include: feel, presume, report, say, think, understand

Make passive sentences starting with There is ... or There are ... using the reporting verb in brackets in the tense given, plus a standard or perfect infinitive of be as instructed, plus the phrase given.

4. Passive reporting structures - putting it all together

Make passive sentences starting with the words in italics. Don't use contractions and don't add any punctuation.

Make sentences with passive reporting structures starting with the words in given in brackets. Don't use contractions and don't add any punctuation.

Photo of Big-eared Townsend bat from Wikipedia

Exercise 6 - Read the text, then fill each gap with one word.

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TEFL teacher explores grammar and language points with exercises, quizzes and some opinionated rants

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Browse through practices in this summary on punctuation: run-ons, commas, bulleted lists, hyphens, commas, parentheses, dashes, style manual rules, and more.

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Ellipsis: How to Omit Words and Speak English Naturally

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آموزشگاه زبان

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آموزشگاه زبان انگلیسی

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زبان انگلیسی

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تربیت مدرس زبان، بهترین موسسه زبان،  مدرسه زبان انگلیسی

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بهترین آموزشگاه زبان، آموزش آنلاین، آموزش زبان آنلاین، دوره زبان آنلاین، کلاس زبان آنلاین، مکالمه زبان آنلاین، آیلتس آنلاین، آموزشگاه زبان آنلاین، بهترین آموزش آنلاین، آموزشگاه مجازی، آموزش مجازی، آموزش زبان مجازی، کلاس زبان مجازی، مکالمه زبان مجازی، آموزشگاه زبان مجازی، برگزاری کلاس های غیر حضوری زبان انگلیسی، کلاس زبان

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آموزشگاه زبان انگلیسی پلاس با در اختیار داشتن جدید ترین مِتُد آموزشی روز دنیا، همه روزه حتی در ایام تعطیل هفته آماده پاسخگویی و ثبت نام شما زبان آموزان گرامی بصورت آنلاین و برگزاری کلاس های غیر حضوری و آنلاین و بصورت مجازی میباشد

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All English verb tenses explained | Canguro English

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Advanced Grammar | Third Conditional Exercise | esl-lounge Student

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Conditional sentences III, Exercise - easy

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Conditional sentences, type III, if clauses, mixed exercise

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Mixed conditionals - English In A Minute

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Using Mixed conditionals - BBC English Class

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Grammar explanation and practice test at B2 level

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Look at these examples to see how third and mixed conditionals are used.

We would have walked to the top of the mountain if the weather hadn't been so bad.
If we'd moved to Scotland when I was a child, I would have a Scottish accent now.
If she was really my friend, she wouldn't have lied to me.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Do you know how to use third and mixed conditionals?

Third conditionals and mixed conditionals

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition ( If I hadn't been ill) and the main clause tells you the result ( I would have gone to the party). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.

If I hadn't been ill, I would have gone to the party.
I would have gone to the party if I hadn't been ill.

Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.

Third conditional

The third conditional is used to imagine a different past. We imagine a change in a past situation and the different result of that change.

If I had understood the instructions properly, I would have passed the exam.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery.

In third conditional sentences, the structure is usually: If + past perfect >> would have + past participle.

Mixed conditionals

We can use mixed conditionals when we imagine a past change with a result in the present or a present change with a result in the past.

1. Past/Present

Here's a sentence imagining how a change in a past situation would have a result in the present.

If I hadn't got the job in Tokyo, I wouldn't be with my current partner.

So the structure is: If + past perfect >> would + infinitive.

2. Present/Past

Here's a sentence imagining how a different situation in the present would mean that the past was different as well.

It's really important. If it wasn't, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday.

And the structure is: If + past simple >> would have + past participle.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to use third conditionals and mixed conditionals? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Oxford University Press, English Language Teaching - elt.enquiry@oup.com

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Students >Solutions >Advanced >Grammar >Unit 5 - Exercise 2 - Ellipsis

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English Articles (a, an, the)! Learn how to use articles (a, an, the) in English with useful grammar rules, ESL printable worksheets and example sentences. When studying English grammar, you may have come across the article. We are going to take a look at what an article is, how it is used and the rules surrounding it. We are going to do this by taking a look at some examples of articles in use within a sentence, this way we will be able to gain a greater understanding of its function.

What Is An Article?
What Is An Article in English? A An The
In English grammar, there are two different types of article, the definite article and the indefinite article. In the most simple terms an article is a way of letting the listener or speaker know that a noun is either unspecific or specific. The words which are used as articles are the, an and a.

Let's take a look at some examples to clarify the meaning of an article.

You can see that when we use the article 'the' that we are showing that we are talking about a specific day and also a specific family. However, if we change the article, we can show that we are not talking about a specific journey or family. Take a look at the example now:

During a long journey, a family can play car games.

Simply by changing the article, we have made the sentence a more general statement and not about a specific thing or person.

Articles are small but important words in the English language.

Articles are considered adjectives because they modify or help describe nouns.

Articles always come before or precede the nouns they describe.

There are only three articles in English: a, an and the.

There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and ' an' or definite 'the'. You also need to know when not to use an article.

In many languages, articles are a special part of speech which cannot be easily combined with other parts of speech.
Article Grammar: A An The - Image 1
Different Types Of Article

As we mentioned, in English there are two different types of article, the definite article and the indefinite article. They are each used for their own purpose and we are now going to take a look at these in a little more depth.

Definite Article

The best way to remember what a definite article is, is to remember that the word 'the' is the definite article. As we have briefly seen in our earlier examples, the word the can be used to demonstrate that the speaker is referring to something specific and not talking in a general sense.

When using a definite article, it can be combined with either a plural, a singular or an uncountable noun. We are now going to take a look at some examples of the definite article being used within a sentence.

Please show me the photo.

Can I see the blue dress, I do not like the red one.

Are we going to watch the football game?

I need the long wire, it is the only wire which will reach the plug socket.

Indefinite Article

When we are talking about the indefinite article, we are referring to the words 'a' and 'an' and depending on which word they are referring to, will depend on which one you use.

If the noun begins with a vowel, you should use 'an.'

If the nouns begins with a consonant, you should use 'a.'

We use the indefinite article as a way of demonstrating that we are not referring to a specific item or person but rather talking a more general sense. Let's take a look at some examples of the indefinite article being used within a sentence.

I need to read a book, do you have a good one?

I am going to watch a movie, I am not sure which one.

There is an animal in the garden.

Sally has an invention she is working on.

How to Use Articles in English Grammar? (A An The)

Rules For Using An Article

There are a variety of rules when it comes to using either a definite or an indefinite (did you notice the use of 'a' and 'an' in this sentence?) Let's now take a look at the rules surrounding this grammatical element in order that we use it correctly.

Rule #1. We mentioned that depending on whether the noun begins with a consonant or a vowel will depend on which form of the indefinite article you will use, however like many times in the English language, there are some exceptions to this rule. The best example of this is with the word 'honour' which begins with a consonant, however this letter is not pronounced so you would not use the word 'a' in this instance, you would say:

The same rule applies when a word begins with a vowel which is pronounced as though it were a consonant. An example of this would be:

He is an United Nations representative.

Rule #2. If you are using a noun which has been modified by an adjective, then the article should come before the adjective and should correspond to the adjective rather than the noun. For example, the noun 'igloo' would usually take the article 'an' however if you wanted to describe it as being large, you would create a sentence as follows:

Another example of this would be if you were going to refer to the noun 'book' which would usually take the article 'a' however if you wanted to describe the book as being amazing, then you would create a sentence as follows:

Rule #3. When you are using an uncountable noun (this is a noun which cannot be counted or is infinite or intangible. Some examples of these might be sand, wine, soda, air, information etc) you should never use the indefinite article. The reason for this is that this form of article is only used for singular nouns. You may, however use words such as some when talking about these uncountable nouns. Let's take a look at some examples.

If you were to say the following sentence, it would not make any sense.

Because the noun is uncountable, the use of the indefinite article does not sound correct, however if you were to use the definite article, this would not make sense either as you would be asking for a specific thing, consider the following sentence:

Unless there is a specific bowl of water waiting to be given to the dog, this sentence would not be correct. If you wish to refer to an uncountable noun in this way, the correct sentence would be as follows:

Rule #4. If you are using an article with a possessive pronoun, the rules change once again. In actual fact, the use of these two together does not make much sense. Look at the following sentence:

This is not correct as you cannot use an article with a possessive pronoun, therefore the article should be omitted.

Rule #5. Finally, there may be times where an article can be left out, as it is not necessary to refer to the noun. A good example of this would be the sentence 'I like to play football.' Whilst football is a noun, using the before it would be unnecessary and so the article is not included.

Indefinite Articles | A and An
Indefinite Article Definition
The words are called indefinite articles. We can use them with singular nouns to talk about any single person or thing.
When to use 'a'
Deciding which indefinite article to place in front of a word depends upon the initial sound of the word, not the first letter of the word.
When to use "an"
' A' is used before words beginning with a consonant sound.
How to Use A, AN - Image 2 Rules for Using A, An - Image 3
The article ' an ' should be placed before words that begin with a vowel sound.
Definite Article Definition
Definite Article | The
Article Grammar: The Article THE in Geographical Names - Image 4
The Definite Article 'THE' generally specifies and identifies. It answers the question: ' Which one? ' Is specifies a person, place, or thing already mentioned.

The definite article ' the' means this, that. It answers the question which one?. It can be used with both singular and plural nouns. A noun is first introduced with the indefinite article and the definite article is used to refer to it again.

When Not to Use an English Article

1. We usually use no article to talk about things in general.

2. We do not use an article when talking about sports and games.

3. Do not use article before the names of countries unless the name suggests that the country is made up of smaller units or constituent parts.

Use the - the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States of America), the Irish Republic... (Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.)

4. Do not use article before the name of language.

5. Do not use article before the names of railway stations when they are also place names.
Article Grammar: When to Use No Article - Image 5
6. Do not use articlebefore the names of meals if they refer to the meals generally, as a part of the daily routine.

7. Do not use article before noun + number.

Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Learn how to use articles with countable and uncountable nouns in English.

You need to categorize the noun as count or noncount to choose the correct article.

Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.

Examples: an apple, a school, 1 picture, 2 pictures, 3 pictures, 2 men, 4 men, 8 men.
Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns - Image 6

Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be counted.

Examples: information, water, understanding, wood, cheese.

An article is a very important part of English grammar and how they are used always depends on the noun that they are referring to, unless that noun in being modified by an adjective, in this case the article will correspond with the adjective. There are various rules surrounding the use of articles, yet these are simple and easy to learn.

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Articles in Grammar: Useful Rules, List & Examples

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English Articles (a, an, the)! Learn how to use articles (a, an, the) in English with useful grammar rules, ESL printable worksheets and example sentences.

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Articles Exercises (A, An, The) - Beginner, Intermediate, & Advanced ESL

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Article exercises (a, an, the) for beginner, intermediate, & advanced students. Try the free Articles quiz online or download the worksheet. ESL/EFL

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Grammar-Quizzes › Noun Phrases › Determiners › Articles › Article Diagnostic Quiz

Diagnostic Quiz

Identify specific English grammar points that need review. Use the study link to find out why a particular answer is correct or incorrect.

Beginning

Determine which article to use in each sentence.

1. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.

2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check 1-12" button at the bottom.

Intermediate

Determine which article can be used in each sentence.

1. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.

2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check 13-26" button at the bottom.

"Bee." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Aug. 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee. Accessed on 23 Aug. 2016.

The Bee Goddess. White Buffalo Calf Productions, 2013. Accessed on 6 Jan. 2014.

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Grammar-Quizzes › Noun Phrases › Determiners › Articles › Article Diagnostic Quiz Identify specific English grammar points that need review. Use the study link to find out why a particular answer is correct or incorrect. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.

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English has three articles: , AN, and THE. These articles are used before nouns to show whether the nouns are general or specific. Learning how to use , AN, and THE can take time. To speed up the process, this English articles tutorial includes descriptions and exercises to make every English learner an articles expert.

How to Use this Tutorial

1. Read A vs. An and complete articles exercises 1 - 6.

2. Read A(An) vs. The and complete articles exercises 7 - 11.

3. Advanced article usage is more challenging. If you wish to become an English articles expert, read Advanced Articles, complete articles exercises 12 - 30, and take the articles final test.

4. Please note that after each exercise below, we have listed the article uses covered with a link to the descriptions.

Articles A An The Exercises

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The Internet's best tutorial on A, AN, and THE with 30 exercises to practice what you learn.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Klaus Rosmanitz.

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Definite and Indefinite Articles - ART002 - English Grammar Exercises

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Choose the correct definite article or leave blank .

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When words sound different in isolation vs. in a sentence, look up the pronunciation first in a dictionary, then use https://youglish.com

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Stative or dynamic uses of sense verbs

Stative uses of feel, hear, see, smell, taste

When we use the verbs feel, hear, see, smell, or taste to talk about the impressions that we receive through our five senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell, taste), they are all non-action verbs and cannot be used in progressive forms.

Can/can't (feel, hear, see, smell, taste)

We normally use can or can't with these verbs (and NOT present continuous) to talk about something that is happening at the moment.

Look and sound are also stative (or non-action) verbs when they mean 'seem' or 'appear'.

Dynamic uses of feel, hear, look, see, smell, taste

The verbs feel, look, smell, and taste can be used in continuous forms when they are voluntary actions.

We can also use feel in progressive tenses to talk about how we feel physically or emotionally.

The verbs hear and smell can also be used as action verbs with different meanings.

Sense verbs + infinitive or gerund?

After feel, hear, listen, notice, see, watch we can use a gerund to express an incomplete action, an action in progress, or a repeated action:

After feel, hear, listen, notice, see, watch we can use an infinitive to talk about an action we heard or saw from beginning to end; usually a short action, and not a repeated action.

Sense verbs + adjective, noun or clause (linking verbs)

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + adjective

We can use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel before an adjective to talk about how something feels, tastes, etc.

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + like + noun

We can also use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + like before a noun.

Note that we say smell/taste of to talk about the smell or flavour are of the real thing and we say smell/taste like when it's a smell or flavour similar to the real thing. Compare:

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + as if/as though + clause

Note that in informal English we often use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + like + clause.

Seem + adjective, seem like + noun, seem as if/though + clause

Note that in informal English we also use like before a clause.

Seem, appear + to + infinitive

After seem and appear we often use to + infinitive (present events), or a to + have + past participle (past events).

It seems/appears + that + clause

We can also use It seems/appears + that clause.

When we use seem and look as non-action verbs, there is some difference in meaning.

Sometimes we can use one verb but not the other and vice versa.

Sense verbs, followed by adjective or adverb?

When the verbs of senses are used as non-action verbs, they are copular verbs, and copular verbs (like be) are followed by adjectives, and not by adverbs.

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Verbs of the senses. Dynamic and stative uses. Hear, see, smell, feel, taste, look, sound. Infinitive or gerund after sense verbs. Like, as if, as though.

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Alright, it's time for some advanced English grammar!

But as you know, here at tofluency we do things in a fun way. In this latest lesson, you're going to learn how to use should have, could have and would have through some real life examples.

Click play below or watch it on YouTube here.

How to Use Should Have, Could Have and Would Have

Should Have

Should have is mainly used to give advice for past events. This is hypothetical. What an ideal action was in the past. Something that wasn't done.

The first example I gave was this: imagine that my wife is running a big race tomorrow morning. I say: you should go to bed early tonight.

But in the morning, she comes downstairs and looks exhausted. She stayed up late and watched TV. I say to her: you should have gone to bed earlier. You shouldn't have watched TV so late.

Here are more examples:

You should have gone to bed earlier.

I shouldn't have said that.

I shouldn't have drunk so much.

He should have scored there.

I shouldn't have bought that jacket.

Could Have

We use when we're talking about something that we had the ability to do but didn't do it.

The first example I gave was this: I could have gone to Newcastle University, but I went to Leeds instead.

This says that Newcastle University accepted me as a student, but I didn't go.

We often use could have with an element of criticism. For example, my friends threw a huge party but only invited me after it started. I tell them: you could have invited me earlier!

We also use this with the 3rd conditional. Here are two examples:

I could have got into any university in the word if I had applied.

I could have picked up some milk if you had told me that you needed some.

Would Have

Speaking of conditionals, we mainly use would have in the 3rd conditional. I gave an example from the latest episode of The To Fluency Show: If we had planted more trees, we would have had more apples last summer.

Here are more examples:

I would have come if you had told me earlier.

If I had gone to Oxford University, I would have hated it.

If Messi had scored, Barcelona would have won.

I would have gone to the wedding, but my son got sick.

Contractions and Pronunciation

In spoken English, you'll often hear the following:
Should've, could've, and would've.
https://tofluency.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/shouldve.mp3

This also gets contracted to the following:
Shoulda, coulda, woulda.
https://tofluency.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/shoulda.mp3

For example, I shoulda told you.

https://tofluency.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/I-shoulda-told-you.mp3

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How to Use Should Have, Could Have & Would Have (Lots of Fun Examples!) | To Fluency

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Alright, it's time for some advanced English grammar! But as you know, here at tofluency we do things in a fun way. In this latest lesson, you're going to learn how to use should have, could have and would have through some real life examples. Click play below or watch it on YouTube here.

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Grammar-Quizzes › Verb Phrases › Verb Groups › Modals › Could have vs. Should have

Offer options and advice after an event has occurred

Options and Advice of Past Events

After a disaster, such as the sinking of the Titanic, people analyze options that were available at the time. Then they recommend changes so that accidents can be avoided in the future.

Could have and Should have

Could have is used for alternative options. There are many things that could have been done. Maybe, they would have made a difference, maybe not.

Should have is used for the best option. This is / these are the key, most important, things that would have made a difference. (After the Titanic Inquiry, they became recommendations for changes in maritime rules.)

Lost Opportunity

Could have - had the opportunity, but didn't take it

HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT

sighting (N) - previous seeing, experience of seeing

One expression with two meanings

STATEMENT OF POSSIBILITY

Late Advice

Should have - advice given after-the-fact

HYPOTHETICAL CAUSE - EFFECT STATEMENTS

See Could / Should - Grammar Notes.

Opportunities Not Taken

1. Select the response from the list that best completes the sentence.

2. Compare your response to the feedback by clicking the "Check" or the "Check 1-10" button.

"How the Titanic Worked" http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/titanic.htm

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Should have v. Could have | Grammar Quizzes

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Offer options and advice after an event occurs; compare using the hypothetical past modals 'should have' and 'could have'. 'We should have slowed down.

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The number of gaps depends of the selected game mode or exercise.

The video will stop till all the gaps in the line are filled in.

If the video stops your life will go down, when your life runs out the game ends.

To listen to a line again, press the button or the "backspace" key. You can also drag to the left over the lyrics.

To skip a word, press the button or the "tab" key. You can also drag to the right over the lyrics.

Be aware: both things are penalized with some life.

When you fill in the gaps you get points.

If you make mistakes, you will lose points, live and bonus.

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Beverley Knight - Shoulda Woulda Coulda | Music Video, Song Lyrics and Karaoke

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The number of gaps depends of the selected game mode or exercise. The video will stop till all the gaps in the line are filled in. If the video stops your life will go down, when your life runs out the game ends. To listen to a line again, press the button or the "backspace" key.

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Master ALL TENSES in 30 Minutes: Verb Tenses Chart with Useful Rules & Examples

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Why can't shoe manufacturers ____ comfortable shoes for women? I wish they would ____ us a favor and redesign shoes. Can you imagine trying to ____ conversation in high heels while your feet are screaming-painful? Can you imagine ____ing your work while standing on only half of each foot?

I have a hard time ____ing up my mind when I'm shopping for shoes-the cool-looking ones or the comfortable ones? Of course, it does not ____ sense to buy shoes that will hurt. So why do they end up in my shopping bag?

Don't ____ the mistake of being a "fashion victim".

Buy shoes that will not ____ harm to your feet.

Choose the shoes that will ____ you smile rather than grimace.

____ a promise to be kind to your feet.

end up (V) - arrive or conclude unexpectedly

fashion victim (expression) - a person who suffers in order to appear fashionable

grimace (V) - a facial expression showing pain; frown

manufacturer (N) - a producer or maker of a product

rather than (prep) - and not

screaming (Adj) - shout (vocalize) a high pitch sound of pain

Every morning, my brothers and I do our chores before we go to school. We have to get up, do our beds and showers. We get dressed while Mom does breakfast. Then, we make the table and sit down and eat. Dad tells us to work hard in school and make all our assignments.

Also, he tells us not to be lazy and tell excuses. He says that when he was a child, his family had to make do with very little money. His father had to work hard to have a living. His family had to do without a lot of things they wanted. We always promise to do our best.

chore (N) - daily work; small task

even so (prep / adv.) - nevertheless, but still

pep talk (expression) - encouraging words that someone says to us before beginning something

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Why can't shoe manufacturers ____ comfortable shoes for women? I wish they would ____ us a favor and redesign shoes. Can you imagine trying to ____ conversation in high heels while your feet are screaming-painful? Can you imagine ____ing your work while standing on only half of each foot?

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The English verbs do and make are frequently confused, so pay particular attention to the expressions below. It is best to learn the expressions by heart. Some guidelines do exist to help you determine which word to use when, but in general you will not have time to think through the rules before choosing a word.

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Welcome to English in Chester A first class learning experience for every student.

English in Chester is an established, independent English language school with high academic standards and a world-wide reputation for quality. We are located in the centre of Chester, a uniquely beautiful, historic and traditionally English city.

More information about the school Why study at English in Chester?

View our current social programme, nationality mix and the latest news and photos from the school.

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English in Chester is an established, independent English language school with high academic standards and a world-wide reputation for quality. We are located in the centre of Chester, a uniquely beautiful, historic and traditionally English city. More information about the school Why study at English in Chester?

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Mispronounced Words! Big list of 185 English words you're (probably) mispronouncing! and how to get these commonly mispronounced words right!
Learn more with a big list of common grammar mistakes in English.
Mispronounced Words
Top 60 Mispronounced English Words | Common Pronunciation Mistakes Video Got 'em all? Probably not. But after you've heard the correct pronunciation a few times, it will start to sink in. So keep this video bookmarked, and practice these while you're waiting in line or riding public transportation. So what if people look at you funny!
Commonly Mispronounced Words List

Don't Say: man-naise

Don't Say: min-ih-skyool

Don't Say: see-roo-leen

Don't Say: chen-ill-eh

Don't Say: tor-tee-laas

Don't Say: vegi-table

Don't Say: buff-ay

Don't Say: ass-ter-iks

Don't Say: day-vuh-lupp

Don't Say: koh-koh-wa

Don't Say: tra-zee-end

Don't Say: ar-tic

Don't Say: fig-er

Don't Say: for-tay

Don't Say: in-soo-shant

Don't Say: lam-bast
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 1
Don't Say: nuke-yoo-lar

Don't Say: mis-chee-vee-us

Don't Say: nitch

Don't Say: nup-shoo-al

Don't Say: oft-en

Don't Say: perc-u-late

Don't Say: pre-spire

Don't Say: pitch-er

Don't Say: plent-i-tude
Don't Say:
Don't Say: per-cip-i-ta-shun

Don't Say: prob-ly/ prah-bal-ly

Don't Say: real-a-ter

Don't Say: sher-bert

Don't Say: tik-l-lish

Don't Say: tri-ath-a-lon

Don't Say: vay-hikle

Don't Say: ver-bage

Don't Say: win-ter-y

Don't Say: ah-boh-lohn

Don't Say: al-bae-it

Don't Say: aal-mund

Don't Say: ah-tat-chee

Don't Say: boh-teek

Don't Say: cha-os

Don't Say: mee-mee/ mem

Don't Say: beu-ry

Don't Say: dis-kree-shun

Don't Say: den-goo

Don't Say: mary-joo-anna

Don't Say: woo-men

Don't Say: bray-k-faast

Don't Say: hurt

Don't Say: tom-b

Don't Say: as-tha-ma

Don't Say: wed-nes-day

Don't Say: ba-ool

Don't Say: pi-za

Don't Say: pu-liss
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 2
Don't Say: koo-p

Don't Say: que-pun

Don't Say: de-briss/ day-brees

Don't Say: di-boo

Don't Say: die-vawrs

Don't Say: ih-pi-toe-m

Don't Say: fohx-pas

Don't Say: fill-um

Don't Say: fl-ahr

Don't Say: gauj

Don't Say: jen-re

Don't Say: hy-per-bowl

Don't Say: in-jen-wee-tee

Don't Say: ahy-tin-ary

Don't Say: jew-ler-ree

Don't Say: lin-guh-ree

Don't Say: lip-sing

Don't Say: mahn-yuhk

Don't Say: par-uh-dig-m

Don't Say: pro-noun-see-a-shun

Don't Say: syoo-duh-nim

Don't Say: coat

Don't Say: ruh-geem

Don't Say: baas

Don't Say: qui-noa

Don't Say: jala-pe-noh

Don't Say: broo-shet-ah

Don't Say: pros-ciu-tto

Don't Say: gno-cc-hi

Don't Say: par-me-san

Don't Say: hum-iss

Don't Say: fil-let

Don't Say: pass-tah

Don't Say: car-mel

Don't Say: o-nion

Don't Say: mini-ture

Don't Say: kuh-len-duh

Don't Say: kom-pleet
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 3
Don't Say: ren-dez-vuss

Don't Say: rez-er-vore

Don't Say: sal-muhn

Don't Say: sa-loon

Don't Say: sil-i-kohn

Don't Say: saar

Don't Say: subt-l

Don't Say: suit/ soot

Don't Say: too-shen

Don't Say: tur-quiz

Don't Say: yol-ke

Don't Say: ekstem-pore

Don't Say: wine-yard

Don't Say: ri-zum

Don't Say: poig-nant

Don't Say: poy-em

Don't Say: mo-jee-toh

Don't Say: ban-kway

Don't Say: eye-run

Don't Say: vo-ee-lin

Don't Say: wee-dio

Don't Say: daa-taa

Don't Say: mawnk

Don't Say: es-steyt

Don't Say: es-spesh-uh-lee

Don't Say: ek-sahyt

Don't Say: poh-zish-uhn

Don't Say: poh-ten-shuhl

Don't Say: juh-pan-ees

Don't Say: sec-kend

Don't Say: prezh-uh

Don't Say: ti-keyt

Don't Say: swor-d

Don't Say: an-swer

Don't Say: doub-t
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 4
Don't Say: men-stray-shun

Don't Say: sup-pose-ab-ly

Don't Say: taunt

Don't Say: tor-ward

Don't Say: shayze-lounge

Don't Say: men-oo

Don't Say: ree-sipt

Don't Say: moos

Don't Say: subs-tract

Don't Say: g-naw

Don't Say: chay-sis

Don't Say: dez-ert

Don't Say: lie-bull

Don't Say: up-most

Don't Say: can-ud-dett

Don't Say: aw-ree

Don't Say: eye-kee-ya

Don't Say: am-mee-theest

Don't Say: kom-poh-zish-uhn

Don't Say: kuh-leeg

Don't Say: kon-dem

Don't Say: kom-pohs

Don't Say: ek-skyoos

Don't Say: ek-stra

Don't Say: old-timer's disease

Don't Say: bid-ness

Don't Say: kay-bin

Don't Say: tru-th

Don't Say: uh-pose-it

Don't Say: waist-coat

Don't Say: plum-ber

Don't Say: mo-jee-to

Don't Say: chu-pole-tay

Don't Say: kom-pair

Don't Say: kom-mit-tee
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 5
Examples of Commonly Mispronounced Words Illustrated with Pictures
List of Commonly Mispronounced Words with Examples - Image 1
180 Most Often Mispronounced Words and Phrases | Infographics
Mispronounced English Words | Image 1 Commonly Mispronounced English Words | Image 2 Mispronounced English Words | Image 3 Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 4 Mispronounced Words | Image 5 Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 6 Mispronounced English Words | Image 7 Commonly Mispronounced English Words | Image 8 Mispronounced English Words | Image 9 Commonly Mispronounced Words | Image 10
Commonly Mispronounced Words | Videos

Learn more with a list of 10 most commonly mispronounced words in English.

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185 Commonly Mispronounced Words in the English Language

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Mispronounced Words! Big list of 185 English words you're (probably) mispronouncing! and how to get these commonly mispronounced words right! Learn more with a big list of common grammar mistakes in English. Top 60 Mispronounced English Words | Common Pronunciation Mistakes Video Got 'em all? Probably not.

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Difference between TRAVEL, TRIP, & JOURNEY: Confusing Words in English

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English Travel Vocabulary: Planning a trip

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Are you going to travel? Make sure youre prepared with the vocabulary you will need for your business trip or vacation. In this lesson, Ill teach you the English vocabulary you must know for travel -- from preparing your travel itinerary and making reservations, to getting your visas and boarding your flight.

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Do you often travel for business or for pleasure? Learn this essential travel vocabulary before your next trip!

Planning your journey

Some people book online, while others go to a travel agent and read the holiday brochures before buying tickets or making a hotel reservation.

You need to decide how much you want to pay for your flights. First-class or business class is the most expensive, while most people travel in economy class.

It's also a good idea to buy some travel insurance before you go - just in case you have an accident or miss your flight. Independent travellers like to organise everything themselves, to avoid going to the same tourist traps (places where lots of tourists go). But some people prefer to book a package tour , where everything is paid in advance.

Travel vocabulary for flying

Most people travel by air - especially for a long-haul destination (somewhere far away) or for a short weekend break or city break. If you are travelling a long distance, you might have a layover (or stop-over) for a few hours at an airport, or you might get a connecting flight (where you change aeroplanes).

When you arrive at the airport, you first check in at the check-in desk. If you have luggage for the hold, you weigh it here. Your luggage is taken onto the plane by baggage handlers (people who load the luggage on and off the plane.) You can take hand luggage with you onto the plane. You get a boarding pass (or boarding card) to get on the aeroplane.

After this, you go through security (where your hand luggage is x-rayed) and also through passport control, where your passport is checked. (You also go through passport control when you arrive at your destination.) In most airports you also see police and their sniffer dogs, who patrol for explosives. You can also go duty-free shopping, where you can buy things at a lower price. Check that you don't go over ( = exceed) your duty-free allowance, or you will have to pay duty (tax) when you arrive at your destination.

When you are on the plane, the cabin crew look after you. There's often an in-flight meal and the pilot usually makes an announcement about the flight route and flying altitude.

When you arrive, find out which baggage carousel your suitcases arrive on. Then when you collect your luggage, you need to go through customs and declare anything that you need to pay extra tax on. From there, you can take public transport to your hotel, get a taxi, or go to the car-rental desk - if you are going to hire / rent a car.

You can expect long queues in airports at certain times of the year, or if flights are delayed, for example. Sometimes, airport staff go on strike (stop work because of "industrial action") which can also cause delays.

If the flying time is long, you can have jet lag when you arrive, as your body tries to adjust to the different time-zone.

Other means of travel

Here's some more travel vocabulary if you are going somewhere by road, rail or sea.

If you take a road trip, you can go at your own pace. That means you can stop when you want. If you're travelling in the UK, you can stop at the motorway services to fill up on petrol, get something to eat, or just for a comfort break (to use the toilet).

Travelling by rail can be a comfortable way to travel, especially if you have good seats and a buffet service (where you can buy food). It's often cheaper to buy a return ticket (than two single tickets). Like travelling by air, you also have a choice of tickets: first class or second class.

If you travel by sea, you need to get to the port (for cruise ships) or the ferry terminal. Both cruise ships and ferries have different decks, with the upper decks for passengers and the lower decks for cars or cargo.

More essential travel vocabulary words and phrases

suitcase = a large bag which goes in the hold of the aeroplane

baggage / luggage (uncountable noun) = everything that you take with you on holiday.
"Do you have any hand luggage?"
"The baggage handlers are on strike."

oversize luggage = when your bag is very big (for example, if you are carrying skis)
"There's a special place to check in oversize luggage."

handbag = a bag that women carry

backpack = a fabric suitcase that you carry on your back.

money belt = a fabric belt that you wear around your waist and where you put valuable things like your passport or money

travel documents = everything that you need to travel, such as passport and tickets

Travel Phrasal Verbs

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Do you often travel for business or for pleasure? Learn this essential travel vocabulary before your next trip! Planning your journey Some people book online, while others go to a travel agent and read the holiday brochures before buying tickets or making a hotel reservation. You need to decide how much you want to pay...

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Look at these examples to see how will, going to and the present continuous are used.

Oh great! That meeting after work's been cancelled. I'll go to that yoga class instead.
I'm going to try to visit my relatives in Australia this year.
The restaurant is reserved for 8. We're having a drink at Beale's first.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar explanation

We use different verb forms to talk about our plans for the future, depending on what kind of plan it is: a spontaneous plan, a pre-decided plan or an arrangement.

We use will to talk about spontaneous plans decided at the moment of speaking.

Oops, I forgot to phone Mum! I'll do it after dinner.
I can't decide what to wear tonight. I know! I'll wear my green shirt.
There's no milk. I'll buy some when I go to the shops.

We use going to to talk about plans decided before the moment of speaking.

I'm going to phone Mum after dinner. I told her I'd call at 8 o'clock.
I'm going to wear my black dress tonight.
I'm going to go to the supermarket after work. What do we need?

Present continuous

We usually use the present continuous when the plan is an arrangement - already confirmed with at least one other person and we know the time and place.

I'm meeting Jane at 8 o'clock on Saturday.
We're having a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?

We often use the present continuous to ask about people's future plans.

Are you doing anything interesting this weekend?

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Look at these examples to see how will, going to and the present continuous are used. Oh great! That meeting after work's been cancelled. I'll go to that yoga class instead. I'm going to try to visit my relatives in Australia this year. The restaurant is reserved for 8.

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Future arrangements

Present continuous

We often use the present continuous to talk about future events that are already planned and decided, when a date and/or a place have been chosen.

Be going to

We can also use be going to for future arrangements.

Present continuous vs be going to

We can normally use both present continuous and going to to talk about future plans, but the present continuous emphasises the fact that we have already decided a place and/or time, whereas be going to emphasises our intention to do something.

Future continuous

We can also use the future continuous instead of the present continuous for future events that have already been planned or decided.

We often use the future continuous to ask politely about future arrangements.

And of course, we use the future continuous to talk about situations or actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.

Present simple

We use the present simple for future events that are scheduled or timetabled.

Predictions

Will

We use will to talk about something we think will happen:

Be going to

We use be going to to talk about something that is very near to happen or that we see is going to happen (there is present evidence)

Future perfect

Future perfect simple

We use the future perfect simple for actions that will be finished before a certain time in the future.

We can also use the future perfect simple to talk about the duration of a situation until a certain time in the future (with stative verbs).

Future perfect continuous

We use the future perfect continuous with dynamic verbs to talk about the duration of a situation until a certain time in the future.

Future time clauses (when, as soon as, until, before, after)

Use present simple to talk about the future in sentences with when, as soon as, until, before, after

Other uses of will

Instant decisions

We use will for decisions that we make at the moment of speaking ( instant decisions).

Promises and refusals

Future facts

Offers

When we offer to do something for somebody, we use I will in statements or shall I in questions.

Suggestions

We use shall we to make suggestions.

Requests

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Future forms - expressing future time - Test-English

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Future forms - expressing future time. Advanced English grammar exercises. Will, be going to, present continuous, be about to, be to, be due to, etc.

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Other ways to express future - Grammar chart

Be about to, be on the brink/verge/point of

Be about to

We often use be about to + infinitive to say that something will happen in the very near future.

Be on the brink/verge/point of

We can also use be on the brink of, be on the verge of or be on the point of to say that something will happen very soon.

The two historical enemies are on the point of reaching an agreement.

Be due to

We use be due to + infinitive to talk about things that are planned or expected to happen.

Be to

We can use be to + infinitive in different situations.

Official arrangements

Be to + infinitive is often used in news reports to talk about official arrangements and events that are planned or expected to happen. The meaning is usually something like 'it is expected'.

Prince William is to visit Paris for the first time since his mother died. (=It is expected that Prince William will...)

Formal instructions and orders

We can also use be to + infinitive to talk about official instructions and orders. When used in the negative form, it expresses prohibition.

If clauses

We often use be to + infinitive in an if-clause. In these cases, we say what should be done (main clause) to achieve the desired result (if-clause).

Be bound to, be likely to (probability)

Be bound to

We use be bound to + infinitive to say that something is certain or very likely to happen.

His new film is bound to win the heart of every romantic out there.

Be likely to

We use be likely to + infinitive to say that something will probably happen. We can also use It + be likely that + clause.

It's likely that the company will have to pay for the damages.

We use be unlikely + infinitive to say that something will probably not happen. We can also use It + be unlikely that + clause.

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Other ways to express future - be about to, be due to, etc. - Test-English

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Other ways to express future. There are number of different expressions that we can use to talk about the future. Be due to, be about to, be on the verge of, be on the brink of, be on the point of, be to, be sure to, be likely to.

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This future perfect listening exercise has a song by famous American country music start Faith Hill. The future perfect is not the most common verb tense in English, but this song has several examples in the lyrics. Do you know the structure for the future perfect? You can see it here:

Subject + Will + Have + Past Participle

Here are some examples:

I will have eaten.

She will have finished the project.

They will have taken the test already.

This song has many examples of this verb tense. Listen to the song with the video and complete the listening exercise below.

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Future Perfect Listening Exercise - Faith Hill - learnEnglish-online

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This future perfect listening exercise has a song by famous American country music start Faith Hill. The future perfect is not the most common verb tense in English, but this song has several examples in the lyrics. Do you know the structure for the future perfect?

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Future continuous and future perfect - Test-English

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Future continuous and future perfect. Upper-intermediate English grammar. I will be doing, I will have done. Grammar exercises.