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In the midst of an economic crisis, debate over slavery erupted when Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. In the end, Missouri was admitted as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a free state to maintain balance. A certain line was also drawn in the Louisiana Purchase to separate slave and free states. This line would become a key problem in the future.

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- Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C.

-California is admitted as a free state

- Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. (During the 1850s, the U.S. Congress used popular sovereignty to decide and justify legislation giving the residents of a western territory the authority to allow or prohibit slavery there.)

-The Fugitive Slave Law is passed.(Gave slavery a legal protection by the federal government, meaning that it became a federal crime to help slaves runaway and escape. Escaped slaves could still be arrested even in a free state. This created problems in the government because this was a pro slavery act and it was a violation of basic American rights.)

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Five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in 1850 to deal with issues of slavery in the territorial expansion.

The Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C was abolished.

The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state;

allowed the territorial legislatures of New Mexico and Utah to settle the question of slavery in those areas;

set up a stringent federal law for the return of runaway slaves;

abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia; and

gave Texas $10 million to abandon its claims to territory in New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.

The compromise admitted California as a free state and did not regulate slavery in the remainder of the Mexican cession all while strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act, a law which compelled Northerners to seize and return escaped slaves to the South.

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1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850-Gavin

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1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850-Gavin

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Required the return of any runaway slave. (any black, even free, could be returned if someone claimed them as their slave)

stripped runaway slaves of many rights, ex Due process of law

Slaves that were captured were required to stand trial in front of a commissioner that was paid 5$ for freeing a slave and 10$ for sending them back.

Caused widespread outrage in the north and caused many to argue that slavery shouldn’t be allowed in western territories

Eight northern states enacted laws to help prevent this, but the southerners argued that this was a violation of law.

Many black communities in the north provided sanctuary and help to fleeing slaves

This made the north increase help to the fleeing slaves and resist certains laws made by the south.

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The law was passed, requiring runaway slaves to be returned

Every citizen was required to assist, and refusal or opposition resulted in fines

Even people who were free could be captured if someone claimed to be their owner

Some northern states opposed and passed laws preventing capture

Communities of free people helped provide sanctuary and fought to save people who were being captured

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A white female author brought awareness to the ruthlessness of slavery through a book. The main character was a black man represented as a hero. She wanted to bring awareness to the fact it was immoral and gain sympathy from other white citizens of america; she extended this to Britain, all in hopes that slavery would end - Britain ended up taking her words to heart, and were one of the first to start the end of slavery.

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Awakened Northerners to the fact that slaves suffered

One of the first works to show an African American as a hero

Placed slavery into a religious framework deeply meaningful to nineteenth-century Americans

Attempt to enlist the sympathies of both England & America in the sufferings of an oppressed race

Awakened Northerners to the fact that slaves suffered just as the ancient Hebrews suffered bondage in Egypt, Stowe created a heightened awareness of slavery's moral evil

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Divided the Democratic party and created the Republican party.

Ironically, Senator Douglas was the author of the legislation who had pushed the Compropise of 1850 and swore to never make a speech of slavery issues again; but clearly he originated this divide because of slavery.

Douglas opened areas in west Iowa that were reserved for Indian settlement to all white settlement.

Southern members of Congress demanded that Douglas add a clause specifically repealing the Missouri Compromise, which would have barred slavery from the region.

He declared that the Missouri Compromise was "inoperative and void.

Douglas's supporters pictured him as a proponent of western development and a sincere believer in popular sovereignty as a solution to the problem of slavery in the western territories.

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- the kansas nebraska act was responsible for the destruction of the whig party and the introduction of the republican party.
- a man named senator douglas made area that was specifically carved out for natives into a space for white people aswell.
- douglas also proposed that the newly opened land have a vote for wether or not they have slavery in that region.
- douglas voided the missouri compromise  while holding the firm idea that the legality of slavery should be decided by the people

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1854: The formation of the republican party {simcha}

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1854: The formation of the republican party {simcha}

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Formed as an opposition to the democratic party’s pro-slavery view.

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February 22, 1856: First Organizing Convention of G.O.P (Adin)

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February 22, 1856: First Organizing Convention of G.O.P (Adin)

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Early 1854, first meeting of the republican party took place in Wisconsin

Formed in opposition to democratic ideals on slavery.

Democratic representatives Preston Brooks and Lawrence Keitt (South Carolina) brutally attacked Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner gave a passionate anti-slavery speech which Brooks took offense

Settler Sovereignty meant pro slaverly according to anti-abolitionists

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A black slave named Dred Scott went to court in Missouri arguing that since he had lived in free states for several years, he should no longer beagle to be held in slavery in non-free states. The missouri court agreed, but the supreme court repealed the descision, and said he had no right to sue because he was black. Many republican poloticians were outrged by this.

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-Dred Scott was a slave but was a slave an a free state so he attempted to sue for his freedom
-Dred Scott won the case in the lower court but then it got appealed in the higher courts
-This is important event in history because the purpose at the time was to balance free states and slave states

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-The debate included critical issues dividing the nation--slavery versus free labor, popular sovereignty, and the legal and political status of black Americans.
- The Lincoln and Douglas debates were important because back then senators were elected by state legislature Lincoln and Douglas were trying their best for their parties to win in the Illinois general assembly .
- Lincoln Douglas debates were a series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas and they were both running for senate. The debate was mainly about slavery, free labor, popular sovereignty, and the legal rights of African Americans.

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Debate for the US Senate for Illinois - Abraham Lincoln vs Senator Stephen A. Douglas

Senator Douglas - tried to pain Lincoln as a “black republican” who wanted to incite the civil war, emancipate the slaves, and make black equal to the whites

he viewed black people as inferior to white people

Lincoln - argued that blacks shouldn’t have any political or social equality with whites, but they are people and deserve the basic rights

regarded slavery as a dynamic, expansionistic institution, hungry for new territory

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- a group of 21 men attacked Harper's Ferry in Virginia so that they could obtain firearms to free slaves
- he wasn't successful since a bell range in the middle of the operation and most of his men were killed, only 5 escaped, and the rest were arrested
- Brown was sentenced to die in the gallows and many northerns saw that he was a martyr to the cause of freedom
- many southerns didn't believe that Douglas and Lincoln were speaking for most northerns
- Lincoln disparaged Brown's actions by calling them an act of "violence, bloodshed, and treason"
- southerns became resolute that the only way for slavery to continue was to secede and form a slaveholding union

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-August 19, 1859, John Brown and Frederick Douglass, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. For three consecutive days they discussed whether violence could be legitimately used to free the nation's slaves.
-John Brown believed so while Fredrick Douglas saw this approach as suicide

-October 16, 1859 John brown and his Militia of 21 men decided to seize the federal arsenal
-The plan worked at the start with John and his militia captured a watchman and cut the town's telegraph lines. Brown and his militia seized the federal arsenal along with several million dollars worth of arms and munitions.
-But during the night the church bell rung alarming everyone in a 30 mile radius to be on the lookout for them
-They were trapped and only 5 of the 21 men made it out alive
-John was sentenced to death and became a almost martyr like person changing the beliefs of the north making them believe slavery was necessary to stop slavery.
-The south saw seceding as the only way to keep it

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-1860 democratic party meet in south carolina to select presidential nominee

-Southern representatives insisted on a federal code to keep slave owners rights

-Federal code was rejected and all deep southern representatives walked out

-They then gathered 6 weeks later then selected their delegate which was stephen douglass

-On the third ballot the republican party nominated abraham lincoln as their candidate

-Election revealed that the country was externally divided.

-In the north the presidential campaign was lincoln versus douglas

-in the south it was breckinridge and bell

- only douglas ran a true countrywide campaign

-the republicans did not campaign in the south

-Lincoln's name did not appear on the ballot in 10 stades

-In the final balloting, Lincoln won only 39.9 percent of the popular vote, but received 180 Electoral College votes, 57 more than the combined total of his opponents.

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-This election showed how divided the country had become

-Democratic party met in South Carolina
-two separate sectional campaigns (One in north one in south)
-Lincolns name didn’t appear on the ballot in 10 states
-Republicans didn't campaign in the South
-Huge issue of trust with respect to the capture and return of fugitive slaves
-Lincoln won only 39.9 percent of the popular vote, but received 180 Electoral college votes (57 more then other opponents).