# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References:
1. Normative Issues in Global Environmental Governance: Connecting Climate Change, Water and Forests Gupta, J

Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands ISSN: 1187-7863 EISSN: 1573-322X DOI: 10.1007/s10806-014-9509-8

Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics, 2015, Vol.28 (3), p.413-433

2. Special issue: Exploring global and transnational governance of climate change adaptation
Persson, Åsa ; Dzebo, Adis

Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands ISSN: 1573-1553 ISSN: 1567-9764 EISSN: 1573-1553 DOI: 10.1007/s10784-019-09440-z

International  environmental agreements : politics, law and economics, 2019, Vol.19 (4), p.357-367

3.The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance:
Causes, Consequences, and Responses

Zelli, Fariborz ; van Asselt, Harro

CAMBRIDGE: MIT PRESS ISSN: 1526-3800 EISSN: 1536-0091 DOI: 10.1162/GLEP_a_00180

Global environmental politics, 2013-08-01, Vol.13 (3), p.1

4. Governing climate change transnationally: assessing the evidence from a database of sixty initiatives Bulkeley, H ; Andanova, L ; Bäckstrand, K ; Betsill, M ; Compagnon, D ; Duffy, R ; Kolk, A ; Hoffmann, M ; Levy, D ; Newell, P ; Milledge, T ; Paterson, M ; Pattberg, P ; VanDeveer, S

London, England: SAGE Publications ISSN: 0263-774X EISSN: 1472-3425 DOI: 10.1068/c11126

Environment and planning. C, Government & policy, 2012, Vol.30 (4), p.591-612

5. Complex global governance and domestic policies: four pathways of influence
BERNSTEIN, STEVEN ; CASHORE, BENJAMIN

Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISSN: 0020-5850 EISSN: 1468-2346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01090.x

International affairs (London), 2012-05, Vol.88 (3), p.585-604

6. Zurita, Maria de LourdesMelo, Thomsen, Dana C, Holbrook, Neil J, Smith, Timothy F, Lyth, Anna, Munro, Paul G, . . . Powell, Neil. (2018). Global water governance and Climate Change: Identifying innovative arrangements for adaptive transformation. Water (Basel), 10(1), 29.

7. Harvey, Blane, Jones, Lindsey, Cochrane, Logan, & Singh, Roop. (2019). The evolving landscape of climate services in sub-Saharan Africa: What roles have NGOs played? Climatic Change, 157(1), 81-98.

8. Hadden, Jennifer, & Jasny, Lorien. (2019). The Power of Peers: How Transnational Advocacy Networks Shape NGO Strategies on Climate Change. British Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 637-659.

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Topic:Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.
1.Dellmuth, Lisa Maria, & Tallberg, Jonas. (2017). Advocacy Strategies in Global Governance: Inside versus Outside Lobbying. Political Studies, 65(3), 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716684356
2.Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 28(3), 413–433.
3.Kofler, Natalie, Collins, James P, Kuzma, Jennifer, Marris, Emma, Esvelt, Kevin, Nelson, Michael Paul, … Schmitz, Oswald J. (2018). Editing nature: Local roots of global governance: Environmental gene editing demands collective oversight. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 362(6414), 527. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4612
4.
Zelli, Fariborz, & van Asselt, Harro. (2013). Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Global Environmental Politics, 13(3),
5.Hargrove, Andrew, Qandeel, Mais, & Sommer, Jamie M. (2019). Global governance for climate justice: A cross-national analysis of CO2 emissions. Global Transitions, 1, 190–199.
5.Virgoe, J. (2009). International governance of a possible geoengineering intervention to combat climate change. Climatic Change, 95(1-2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9523-9
6.Koop, S. H.A, Koetsier, L, Doornhof, A, Reinstra, O, van Leeuwen, C. J, Brouwer, S, … essen, P. P.J. (2017). Assessing the Governance Capacity of Cities to Address Challenges of Water, Waste, and Climate Change. Water Resources Management, 31(11), 3427–3443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1677-7
7. Harrould-Kolieb, Ellycia R. (2019). (Re)Framing ocean acidification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement. Climate Policy, 19(10), 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1649994
8. Ebi, K. L. (2020). Mechanisms, policies, and tools to promote health equity and effective governance of the health risks of climate change. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-019-00212-2

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Topic: Multiculturalism is compatible with civic unity. Discuss this statement with reference to culture, identity and its impact on globalisation, remembering to include arguments on both sides of the debate.
Reference:
Pakulski, J., & Markowski, S. (2014). Globalisation, Immigration and Multiculturalism - the European and Australian Experiences. Journal of Sociology (Melbourne, Vic.), 50(1), 3-9. DOI: 10.1177/1440783314522186.

Marga, A. (2010). Globalization, Multiculturalism and Brain Drain. Organisational Transformation and Social Change, 7(1), 105-15. DOI:10.1386/jots.7.1.105_1.

Olanrewaju, I., Loromeke, R., & Adekoye, R. (2017). Multiculturalism, Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Nigeria. Journal of African Union Studies, 6(1), 39-62. DOI:10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n1a3.

Bloemraad, I. (2007). Unity in Diversity? Bridging Models of Multiculturalism and Immigrant Integration. Du Bois Review, 4(2), 317-36. DOI:10.1017/S1742058X0707018X.

Banerjee, S. B., & Linstead, S. (2001). Globalization, Multiculturalism and Other Fictions: Colonialism for the New Millennium? Organization (London, England), 8(4), 683-722. DOI:10.1177/135050840184006.

Melluish, S. (2014). Globalization, Culture and Psychology. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 26(5), 538-43. DOI:10.3109/09540261.2014.918873.

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Topic: Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues.

References:

1.  Levy, David L. (2021). COVID‐19 and Global Governance. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12654

2. Dellmuth, Lisa Maria, & Tallberg, Jonas. (2017). Advocacy Strategies in Global Governance: Inside versus Outside Lobbying. Political Studies, 65(3), 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716684356

3.  Joyeeta Gupta, & Claudia Pahl-Wostl. (2013). Global Water Governance in the Context of Global and Multilevel Governance. Ecology and Society, 18(4), 53. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05952-180453

4. Kofler, Natalie, Collins, James P, Kuzma, Jennifer, Marris, Emma, Esvelt, Kevin, Nelson, Michael Paul, … Schmitz, Oswald J. (2018). Editing nature: Local roots of global governance: Environmental gene editing demands collective oversight. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 362(6414), 527. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4612

5. Thérien, Jean-Philippe, & Pouliot, Vincent. (2020). Global governance as patchwork: the making of the Sustainable Development Goals. Review of International Political Economy : RIPE, 27(3), 612–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1671209

6.
Zelli, Fariborz, & van Asselt, Harro. (2013). The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance: Causes, Consequences, and Responses Introduction. Global Environmental Politics, 13(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00180

7.
Shim, Jae-Mahn, & Shin, Eunjung. (2020). Drivers of ratification rates in global biodiversity governance: local environmentalism, orientation toward global governance, and peer pressure. Environmental Politics, 29(5), 845–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1630070

8.
Campbell, Lisa M, Corson, Catherine, Gray, Noella J, MacDonald, Kenneth I, & Brosius, J. Peter. (2014). Studying Global Environmental Meetings to Understand Global Environmental Governance: Collaborative Event Ethnography at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity Introduction. Global Environmental Politics, 14(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_e_00236

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Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

1.Tsao, Jiun Han. (2013). Global governance and climate change --an assessment of challenges and strategies related to the COP15 decision-making mechanism. EurAmerica, 43(1), 148.

2.Ebi, Kristie L. (2020). Mechanisms, policies, and tools to promote health equity and effective governance of the health risks of climate change. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(1),

3.Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 28(3), 413–433.

4.Persson, Åsa, & Dzebo, Adis. (2019). Special issue: Exploring global and transnational governance of climate change adaptation. International Environmental Agreements : Politics, Law and Economics, 19(4), 357–367.

5.Hargrove, Andrew, Qandeel, Mais, & Sommer, Jamie M. (2019). Global governance for climate justice: A cross-national analysis of CO2 emissions. Global Transitions, 1, 190–199.

6.Zelli, Fariborz, & van Asselt, Harro. (2013). Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Global Environmental Politics, 13(3),

7.Hall, Nina, & Persson, Åsa. (2018). Global climate adaptation governance: Why is it not legally binding? European Journal of International Relations, 24(3), 540–566.

8.Gu Xuewu. (2014). SPECIAL ISSUE： CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE EU and China： Destined to Be Partners in Shaping the Post-Kyoto Regime. Social Sciences in China, 3, 187–198.

# data[].attributes.body
Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References:
1. Zhou, K., & Cao, X. (2010). Fostering a Triple Response Mechanism to Combat Global Climate Change: Emission Abatement, Carbon Capture and Water Improvement. Frontiers of law in China, 5(3), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11463-010-0106-0

2. Shaw, C., & Nerlich, B. (2015). Metaphor as a mechanism of global climate change governance: A study of international policies, 1992–2012. Ecological Economics, 109, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.001

3. Ebi, K. L. (2020). Mechanisms, policies, and tools to promote health equity and effective governance of the health risks of climate change. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-019-00212-2

4.Virgoe, J. (2009). International governance of a possible geoengineering intervention to combat climate change. Climatic Change, 95(1-2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9523-9

5. Steenwerth, K.L, Hodson, A.K, Bloom, A.J, Carter, M.R, Cattaneo, A, Chartres, C, & Leemans, R. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture global research agenda: scientific basis for action. Agriculture & Food Security, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-3-11

6. Harrould-Kolieb, Ellycia R. (2019). (Re)Framing ocean acidification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Paris Agreement. Climate Policy, 19(10), 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1649994

7. Koop, S. H.A, Koetsier, L, Doornhof, A, Reinstra, O, van Leeuwen, C. J, Brouwer, S, … essen, P. P.J. (2017). Assessing the Governance Capacity of Cities to Address Challenges of Water, Waste, and Climate Change. Water Resources Management, 31(11), 3427–3443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1677-7

8. Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 28(3), 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-014-9509-8

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International Aid and Globally directed development projects do not work.

1. Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2014). Why Foreign Aid Fails—And How to Really Help Africa. The spectator, 25.

2. Dang, H. A., Knack, S., & Rogers, F. H. (2013). International aid and financial crises in donor countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 32, 232-250.

3.Diallo, A., & Thuillier, D. (2005). The success of international development projects, trust and communication: an African perspective. International journal of project management, 23(3), 237-252.

4.Golini, R., Kalchschmidt, M., & Landoni, P. (2015). Adoption of project management practices: The impact on international development projects of non-governmental organizations. International journal of project management, 33(3), 650-663.

5. Integrity, G. F. (2015). Financial Flows and Tax Havens. Combining to Limit the Lives of Billions of People. Washington.

6. Integrity, G. F. (2020). Trade-related illicit financial flows in 135 developing countries: 2008–2017. Retrieved May, 19, 2020.

7. Kangoye, T. (2012). Aid and Governance: When aid unpredictability increases corruption in recipient countries. Retrieved on, 03-06.

8. Riddell, R. C. (2008). Does foreign aid really work?. Oxford University Press.

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Globalisation has been a liberating and democratising force for civil society.

1. Habib, A., & Kotze, H. (2002). Civil society, governance and development in an era of globalisation. Centre for Civil Society and School of Developmental Studies, accessible at www. ukzn. ac. za/ccs.

2. London, L., & Schneider, H. (2012). Globalisation and health inequalities: Can a human rights paradigm create space for civil society action?. Social Science & Medicine, 74(1), 6-13.

3. Zarsky, L., & Tay, S. S. (2017). Civil society and the future of environmental governance in Asia. In Asia's Clean Revolution (pp. 128-154). Routledge.

4. Eastwood, L. E. (2018). Negotiating the environment: Civil society, globalisation and the UN. Routledge.

5. Gola, N. R. (2019). Forces of Development: Globalisation, Civil Societies, and NGOs in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Narratives. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(5), 120-127.

6. Heyne, L. (2018). Globalization and democracy: Does denationalization affect the quality of democracy?. In Democracy and Crisis (pp. 229-252). Springer, Cham.

7. Bárcena, A., & Porcile, G. (2018). Globalization and Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism: A Structuralist Interpretation.

8. Ismanto, I. (2017, November). Globalization and democracy: Challenges for Indonesia. In Third International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICSPS 2017) (pp. 47-49). Atlantis Press.

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Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.
References:

1.
Jaenicke, Martin. (2017). The Multi‐level System of Global Climate Governance – the Model and its Current State. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(2), 108–121. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1747

2.
Allan, Jen Iris, & Hadden, Jennifer. (2017). Exploring the framing power of NGOs in global climate politics. Environmental Politics, 26(4), 600–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1319017

3.
Sinclair, T. J. (2012). Global governance. Cambridge, England ; Malden, Massachusetts: Polity.

4.
Paterson, M. (1996). Global warming and global politics. London ; New York: Routledge.

5.
Cossia, J. M. (2011). Global warming in the 21st century [electronic resource]. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

6.Desonie, D. (2008). Climate [electronic resource] : causes and effects of climate change. New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House.

7.Pickering, Jonathan, McGee, Jeffrey S, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, Sylvia I, & Wenta, Joseph. (2019). Global climate governance between hard and soft law : Can the Paris agreement's 'Crème Brûleé' approach enhance ecological reflexivity? Journal of Environmental Law, 31(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqy018

8.From Rio to Paris via Kyoto: How the Efforts to Protect the Global Climate Affect the World Energy Development. (n.d.). Thermal Engineering, 66(11), 769–778. https://doi.org/info:doi/

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues.

1. Broto, Vanesa Castan. (2017). Urban Governance and the Politics of Climate change. World Development, 93, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.031

2.Betsill, Michele M, & Bulkeley, Harriet. (2006). Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change. Global Governance, 12(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01202004

3.SCHREURS, Miranda A. (2010). Multi-level Governance and Global Climate Change in East Asia. Asian Economic Policy Review, 5(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2010.01150.x

4.Abbott, Kenneth W, Green, Jessica F, & Keohane, Robert O. (2016). Organizational Ecology and Institutional Change in Global Governance. International Organization, 70(2), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818315000338

5.Campbell, Lisa M, Gray, Noella J, Fairbanks, Luke, Silver, Jennifer J, Gruby, Rebecca L, Dubik, Bradford A, & Basurto, Xavier. (2016). Global Oceans Governance: New and Emerging Issues. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 517–543. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021121

6.Cardesa-Salzmann, Antonio, & Cocciolo, Endrius. (2019). Global Governance, Sustainability and the Earth System: Critical Reflections on the Role of Global Law. Transnational Environmental Law, 8(3), 437–461. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102519000098

7.Held, David, & Roger, Charles. (2018). Three Models of Global Climate Governance: From Kyoto to Paris and Beyond. Global Policy, 9(4), 527–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12617

8.Watts, Nick, Amann, Markus, Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja, Belesova, Kristine, Bouley, Timothy, Boykoff, Maxwell, Byass, Peter, Cai, Wenjia, Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid, Chambers, Jonathan, Cox, Peter M, Daly, Meaghan, Dasandi, Niheer, Davies, Michael, Depledge, Michael, Depoux, Anneliese, Dominguez-Salas, Paula, Drummond, Paul, Ekins, Paul, … Ghanei, Mostafa. (2018). The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. The Lancet (British Edition), 391(10120), 581–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32464-9

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Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues.

1. Ho-Lem, Claudia, Zerriffi, Hisham, & Kandlikar, Milind. (2011). Who participates in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and why: A quantitative assessment of the national representation of authors in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1308-1317.

2. Diab. (2010). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment process is reviewed. South African Journal of Science, 106(11-12), 1-2.

3. McGregor, Ian, Yerbury, Hilary, & Shahid, Ahmed. (2018). The voices of local NGOs in climate change issues: Examples from climate vulnerable nations. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, 10(3), 63-80.

4. Deere-Birkbeck, Carolyn. (2009). Global governance in the context of climate change: The challenges of increasingly complex risk parameters. International Affairs (London), 85(6), 1173-1194.

5. Dellmuth, Lisa M, Gustafsson, Maria‐Therese, Bremberg, Niklas, & Mobjörk, Malin. (2018). Intergovernmental organizations and climate security: Advancing the research agenda. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change, 9(1), N/a.

6. Zurita, Maria de LourdesMelo, Thomsen, Dana C, Holbrook, Neil J, Smith, Timothy F, Lyth, Anna, Munro, Paul G, . . . Powell, Neil. (2018). Global water governance and Climate Change: Identifying innovative arrangements for adaptive transformation. Water (Basel), 10(1), 29.

7. Harvey, Blane, Jones, Lindsey, Cochrane, Logan, & Singh, Roop. (2019). The evolving landscape of climate services in sub-Saharan Africa: What roles have NGOs played? Climatic Change, 157(1), 81-98.

8. Hadden, Jennifer, & Jasny, Lorien. (2019). The Power of Peers: How Transnational Advocacy Networks Shape NGO Strategies on Climate Change. British Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 637-659.

# data[].attributes.body
Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.
References:
1. Global governance : a review of multilateralism and international organizations. (1995). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. $$# UkShU.

2. Stephen, Matthew D. (2014). Rising powers, global capitalism and liberal global governance: A historical materialist account of the BRICs challenge. European Journal of International Relations, 20(4), 912–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066114523655

3. Beck, S, Borie, M, Chilvers, J, Esguerra, A, Heubach, K, Hulme, M, … Görg, C. (2014). Towards a reflexive turn in the governance of global environmental expertise : the cases of the IPCC and the IPBES. Gaia (Heidelberg, Germany), 23(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.23.2.4

4. Bisaro, Alexander, & Hinkel, Jochen. (2016). Governance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 6(4), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2936

5. Condon, B. J., & Sinha, Tapen. (2013). The role of climate change in global economic governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6. Broto, Vanesa Castan. (2017). Urban Governance and the Politics of Climate change. World Development, 93, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.031

7. Betsill, Michele M, & Bulkeley, Harriet. (2006). Cities and the Multilevel Governance of Global Climate Change. Global Governance, 12(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01202004

8. SCHREURS, Miranda A. (2010). Multi-level Governance and Global Climate Change in East Asia. Asian Economic Policy Review, 5(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2010.01150.x

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Multiculturalism and civic solidarity
1.Educational Publishing Foundation, & Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues. (1999). Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology. Washington, DC]: [Educational Pub. Foundation of the American Psychological Association].

2.Ng Tseung-Wong, Caroline, & Verkuijten, Maykel. (2015). Multiculturalism, Mauritian Style : Cultural Diversity, Belonging, and a Secular State. The American Behavioral Scientist (Beverly Hills), 59(6), 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214566498

3. Herting, S. (2012). Globalization [electronic resource] : a threat to cultural diversity in southern Ethiopia? Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.

4.Jenks, C. (2005). Subculture [electronic resource] : the fragmentation of the social. London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

5.Kanbur, Ravi, Rajaram, Prem Kumar, & Varshney, Ashutosh. (2011). Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Strife. An Interdisciplinary Perspective. World Development, 39(2), 147–158.

6.König, Anika. (2016). Identity Constructions and Dayak Ethnic Strife in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 17(2), 121–137.

7.Mersmann, B., Kippenberg, Hans G., & Gurrey, Owen. (2016). The humanities between global integration and cultural diversity. Berlin, Germany ; Boston, Massachusetts: De Gruyter.

8.Paquet, G. (2008). Deep cultural diversity [electronic resource] : a governance challenge. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.