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Function:

· Helps to stabilize the internal environment of the organism by balancing the levels of water and intracellular fluids.

Characteristics:

· Movement of water molecules across a membrane.

· Occurs across a selectively permeable membrane that is freely permeable to water, but not freely permeable to solutes.

· Water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has a higher concentration of solutes, because that is where the concentration of water the lowest.

· Passive movement of water across a partially permeable membrane.

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Function :
Play role in nuclear division in animal cells / organize microtubule during cell division

Characteristic :
*Each centriole is made up of a ring of nine groups of
microtubules

*There are three fused microtubules in each group

*The two centrioles are arranged such that one is
perpendicular to the other

*During animal cell division, the centrosome
divides and the centrioles replicate (make
new copies).
* found in animal cells not in plant cell

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Funtion :To transport sodium and pottasium ions across the cell membrane in a ratio of 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ion brought in.
*It help to maintain cell potential and regulates cellular volume.

Characteristics:Moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients.It is a protein that has been identified in many cells that maintains the internal concentration of potassium ions higher than the surrounding medium(blood,body fluid,water and maintain internal concentration of sodium ions)

The pump has ATP activity,traverses the cell membrane and is activated by external K+ and internal Na+

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function: Like the active transport processes that move ions and small molecules via carrier proteins, bulk transport is an energy-requiring (and, in fact, energy-intensive) process. involve in formation of vesicles.

CHARACTERISTICS:
*moving small ions and molecules through the membrane cells
* need to remove and take in larger molecules and particles
*Active transport methods require the direct use of ATP to fuel the transport.
consists of:
-endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
-exocytosis

endocytosis
- type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell.
-There are different endocytosis variations, but all share a common characteristic: the cell’s plasma membrane invaginates, forming a pocket around the target particle

phagosytosis:
-the condition of “cell eating”
-the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it
-food,solid,bacteria
-involve formation of pseudopodium
-need to be digested by lysosomes

pinocytosis:
-cell "drinking"
-dissolved materials
-fluid/liquid form
-does not need to be digested by lysosomes
-directly absorbed into cytosol

receptor-mediated endocytosis
- have a specific binding affinity for certain substances
-the cell’s uptake of substances targets a single type of substance

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- Passive transport
- The diffusion of some substances across cell membrane with the help of channel proteins or carrier proteins.
- Does not require energy
- Substances cross the cell membrane going down the concentration with the help of transport proteins.

Two Types of Proteins
(a) Carrier Proteins.
Characteristic: Take specific substances across the membrane.
Function:
- Responsible for facilitated diffusion. Molecules will interact with the carrier proteins, and the carrier proteins alter its conformation which " squeezes " the molecules through the pore. Once the  transition is complete, the proteins return to their original shape.

(b) Channel Proteins
Characteristic:
- Also known as ion channels
- Allow charged molecules to cross them
- These channels are specific for specific type of ions to pass across and can open and close according to the needs of the cell
Function:
- Help regulates the ionic composition of the cell by opening or closing its gated since most if them are gated.
- Vital for cells to take in ions from outside of the cells since charged particles, ions cannot easily pass through non-polar lipid bilayer.

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- movement of substance from higher concentration to lower concentration gradient across phospholipid bilayer

CHARACTERISTIC :

Occurs across a semipermeable membrane

Requires a concentration gradient across the cell membrane

It is a passive transport mechanism thus require no energy expenditure by the cell

Does not need a carrier transport protein

Happens by random motion

Cannot be inhibited by an inhibitor molecule because of the absence of carrier proteins

Non-specific to any particle

A comparably slow process than other forms of diffusion

-Molecules can diffuse across phospholipid bilayer are lipid soluble molecules (Cholestrol), small & non polar molecules (o2,CO2), small & polar molecules (H20,glycerol)
-enable atoms&small molecules diffuse faster and enable lipid soluble molecules to diffuse freely

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CHARACTERISTICS
-round,oval or disk-shaped body
- Has 2 membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane)
- fluid space called matrix/ stroma
- disc-like shape called thylakoids
-thylakoid arrange in stack called granum/grana
- grana interconnected by lamella
- consist of enzyme/DNA/ribosomes

FUNCTION
- Site of Photosynthesis
- light reaction occur in thylakoid membrane
-dark reaction in stroma

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CHARACTERISTIC:
1. consist of DNA and ribosome
2.Surrounded by a double membrane separated by
intermembrane space.
- outer membrane – smooth and allows many small
molecules to pass through it
- inner membrane-highly folded into cristae,
strictly regulates the types of molecules that can
move across it.
3.The cristae increase the surface area.

FUNCTION:
1.Sites of cellular respiration

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CHARACTERISTIC :
- MADE OF PROTEIN AND rRNA
mANUFACTURED IN THE NUCLEOLUS OF THE NUCLEUS
- FREE RIBOSOMES ARE SUSPENDED IN THE CYTOSOL
- BOUND RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO THE OUTSIDE OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- OFTEN FOUND IN GROUPS CALLED POLYSOME OR POLYRIBOSOME
-small granule
-2 subunits / small subunit and large subunit
- non membranous

FUNCTION :
- THE SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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CHARACTERISTIC
-a spherical sac
-surrounded by a single membrane
-containing hydrolytic enzymes
-Lysosomes vary in size and shape but have several common features.
-have an acidic interior pH level of about 5

FUNCTION
-used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. If the cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-destruct in a process called programmed cell death, or apoptosis
-intercellular digestion such as phagocytosis and autophagy

phagocytosis
-digesting good particles by engulfing
-hydrolytic enzyme digest good particles
-digestion products such as simpler sugar and amino acid pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell

autophagy
-lysosome fuses with the outer membrane of damaged organelles
-lysosomal enzymes dismantle the enclosed material and return the organic monomers to the cytosol for reuse

autolysis
-destroy dead cells

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CHARACTERISTIC :

Single membrane organell

Consist of stack of flattened membrane sacs/ cisternae

Has cis face and trans face

The cisternae are not physically connected

Cis face facing nucleus

Trans face facing plasma membrane

FUNCTION :
- cis face receive material from transport vescile
-protein, carbohydrate, lipid from ER
- Modifying, packaging, sorting, and shipping protein via transport vesciles
- also produce lysosome

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FUNCTION.
- synthesis of lipid - (steroids and cholesterol, sebum)
-act as major site of storage and metabolism of calcium
(calcium triggers the muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibres)
- concerned with catabolism and detoxification of toxic substances

CHARACTERISTICS
1. FOLDED  IN INTERNAL MEMBRANE(BOTH ENDOPLASMIC)
2.LACKS OF RIBOSOMES
3.(SER) IS IN TUBULAR SHAPE

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characteristic :
- Studded with numerous ribosomes
- Rough ER looks like sheets or disk of bumpy membrane

function
- Process and transport protein synthesizes by ribosomes
- Modified protein to form enzyme, hormone
- To produce protein for the rest of the cell to function

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FUNCTION:
-controls activities of cell.
-contains DNA which determines cell properties and its metabolic functions.
-nucleolus: produce rRNA form ribosome

CHARACTERISTIC:
-double membrane
-the biggest organelle in the cell.
-spherical and dense which consists of chromatin,nucleoplasm,nucleolus and nuclear envelope