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a dominant or recurring idea in an artistic work.

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There is continued reference to the titular symbol, the mockingbird, as evidenced through the representation of central characters. On receiving air rifles as Christmas gifts, Scout and Jem are discouraged from shooting birds (mockingbirds, in particular), as "it's a sin". This is soon reinforced by Miss Maudie, who agrees with Atticus' request, stating how mockingbirds simply "sing their hearts out for [people]", so they shouldn't be killed. At the end of the novel, when Scout is asked if she can comprehend why it's important to keep Boo Radley's "crime" a secret, she recognises the justification, "it'd be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird..." Her growth as a bildungsroman protagonist is evident here, as her perspective transforms, from seeing Boo as someone from whom she needs protection, to someone who needs hers.

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not giving the reader key information; revealing it at a later point in the narrative.

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The opening chapter makes reference to key characters of the novel, yet is quite ambiguous- "the Ewells started it all", which poses the question as to what "it" refers, and who the Ewells are. The paragraph also references "making Boo Radley come out", which can be interpreted various ways, and, through not stating who he is, or why the children want to him to "come out", the reader's curiosity is piqued.

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When comparisons can be drawn between characters, settings, events, ideas, issues.

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The storyline returns to an event or scenario from earlier in the narrative.

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Hinting at what may lie ahead in the narrative. Effective in maintaining reader engagement.

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Where stark differences between characters/ideas/setting, point-of-view, etc. are evident.

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Where two quite separate/different ideas have new meaning, when placed together.

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The mistreatment of Tom Robinson by the community of Maycomb parallels the children's misconceptions about Boo Radley. In both instances, rumours and small town gossip impact the men's lives, as they are 'easy targets'; one being a recluse, the other being a "Negro".

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The significance of the opening line, "When he was nearly thirteen my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow" is addressed at the end of the novel, as Lee brings the narrative back to this point. In the orientation, however, the narrator, Scout, goes on to detail the after effects, but does not actually state how the breakage occurred. She withholds this information from the reader, and it is only at the end of the novel, when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout, that the details of the incident emerge.

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After the trial, it is made apparent that Bob Ewell will endeavour to get revenge on Atticus, despite winning the court case. He perceives himself to have been slighted, and "spat in [Atticus'] face, and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life." Not only does this foreshadow his intentions, but it contributes to the sense of foreboding, and, on finishing the novel, the audience realises how eerily close to the truth Ewell is; ultimately losing his life in his attempt to "get" Atticus by murdering his children.

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Example: The Radley house and the rest of Maycomb

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Example: The Radley house and the rest of Maycomb

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The Radley house is compared to every other house in town, through Scout's depiction of its anomalies. "The shutters and doors of the Radley house were closed on Sundays, another thing alien to Maycomb's ways..." The oddity of their choice, in being unwelcoming and detached from a community that thrives on socialising, emphasises that the family are outliers, indicating how they don't truly belong.

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Example: The social hierarchy- Ewells and Robinsons

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Example: The social hierarchy- Ewells and Robinsons

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The Ewell family are constructed as poverty-stricken, 'dirty', manipulative and cruel. The Robinsons, by contrast, are hardworking, kind, compassionate people. The representation of each group, and their social standing, is at odds with our expectations, that those who are inherently "good", receive justice, as those who are "bad" receive their dues. The social stratification of the novel is therefore deemed as deeply disturbing, when considering the stark differences in the nature of the two families.

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When Atticus gives Jem the air rifle he says ".. but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." foreshadowing the sin that is committed later in the book during Tom Robinsons trial. The death of Tom Robinson is foreshadowed as Atticus can protect the Mockingbird from the air rifle but cannot protect Tom Robinson from the gun. Because of the towns values and social hierarchy, the community votes an innocent black man as guilty, over a guilty white man which contradicts what is foreshadowing by Atticus that people leave the Mockingbirds alone because all they do is sing.

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Example: the description of the weather in Maycomb

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Example: the description of the weather in Maycomb

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In chapter 1, the setting, specifically, the weather, is described as hot and extreme by using the oxymoron element. "...sweltering shade of the live oaks on the square." It highlights that even under the shade of the trees, Maycomb citizens are sweating and suffering from the heat. The contrast is that you would think that sitting under the shade of a tree would supply some sort of cooling, yet at this specific time, the heat was too intense to escape.

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Example: Aunt Alexandria and Atticus' parenting styles

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Example: Aunt Alexandria and Atticus' parenting styles

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Highlighted throughout the novel is the idea that Aunt Alexandria and Atticus are completely different people, despite being siblings. Aunt Alexandria is arrogant, with Jem and Scout rather disliking her, while Atticus is portrayed as relaxed and an understanding father. An example is Aunt Alexandria's parenting: "managed a smile in a way that conveyed a gentle apology to Cousin Lily and firm disapproval to me". Her parenting is strict, and clearly does not work as Scout and Jem rarely listened to her. Atticus, on the other hand, explains everything in a gentle manner "Atticus crossed his knees... "I'm trying to tell you the facts of life". This gentler approach resounded in the children, and they are always seen obeying and respecting Atticus as a parent.

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In chapter 11, Jem is punished for his loss of temper and made to read to Mrs Dubose in her house. Scout comes along too and describes the way Mrs Dubose lays in her bed and the strange things in her room and her strange behaviours which suggests that there is something wrong with Mrs Dubose that we don't know about. During their first visit Scout says "In the corner of the room was a brass bed, and in the bed was Mrs Dubose." She describes the way Mrs Dubose looks, "She was horrible. Her face was the colour of a dirty pillowcase, and the corners of her mouth glistened with wet." Scout's description of Mrs Dubose foreshadow's that the children don't know the full story and that she is very unwell. This encourages readers to think about what struggles Mrs Dubose may be facing, how this impacts her angry behaviour and what will happen to her. Later in the novel when Mrs Dubose dies, readers have a more empathetic perspective on the character.

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There is a contrast in the way that Uncle Jack and Aunt Alexandra treat the children and how they talk and treat Scout, on on hand Aunt Alexandra is more brutal and tough on Scout, "Aunt Alexandra was fanatical on the subject of my attire. i could not possibly hope to be a lady if i wore breeches..." This Quote showing how Aunt Alexandra wants scout to dress in the 'appropriate' clothing for a girl, which in the 1930's was mainly dresses.
Uncle Jack however is more accepting of her tomboy-ness and after the mention of Atticus giving them guns he says "You'll have to teach 'em to shoot." Which we know from Aunt Alexandra's ideas on other subjects regarding Scout and acting like a lady and dressing like one, that she would disapprove of her using a gun. The fact that they are siblings shows how different they turned out to be, with one who is uptight and another who is more relaxed.

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During Tom Robinson's trial, he was flatly contradicted by the Ewell's who had majority of people in the town believing that Tom was at fault from the beginning. Tom had been falsely accused and was disregarded in court because of his race. "Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed". This not only implies Tom's death but also references the hierarchy, displaying that Mayella is a priority and will be believed over Tom regardless of her and Bob's actions. Although it was clear that the evidence supported Tom's story the jury still persisted in blaming him.

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example: aunt alexandria and calpurnia/atticus  

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example: aunt alexandria and calpurnia/atticus  

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"Aunt Alexandria sipped coffee and radiated waves of disapproval. Children who slipped out at night were a disgrace to the family"
Even though the children slipped out at night, Cal still knew that it was the right thing for the children to do along with Atticus, as hard as Alexandria fought to be right and to parent the children she was never able to control or parents them.

"she waited till Calpurnia was in the kitchen .... 'don't talk like that in front of them' "
Scout knew that what she had said would not affect Cal so she didn't mind saying it, however Alexandria disagreed, she tried her hardest to show Scout that it was wrong but she knew that Cal knew better then she did.

"i don't think its a good habit, Atticus. it encourages them"
When Alexandria came to stay with them she pushed Atticus's buttons and tried to parent the children, however the children lived by Cal's rules and Atticus's rules.

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Mrs Dubose's character was portrayed as a short tempered and angry woman, when in reality she was a recovering morphine addict, experiencing withdrawals. This information is withheld until the end, creating mystery regarding the source of Mrs Dubose's resentment towards the kids and the tom Robinsons case. Dubose was addicted to morphine for many years and wanted to kick the habit of it before she died.

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In the opening chapter the first reference we have to Boo Radley is an 'unknown entity' They intrigue us by speaking about Boo in suck a vague way until they explain more about him in the chapter hooking us in to continue to read the book to find out more about this mysterious figure.

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Example: The growth of Jem, Scout and Dill 

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Example: The growth of Jem, Scout and Dill 

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Jem, Scout and Dill have a parallel in their perspectives of the world-changing. Tom Robinson's trial causes each of them to learn and be more aware of the corrupt society they live in.

Examples:
Jem recognises the failure in the justice system causing his future ambition of becoming a lawyer to be destroyed.

"...his face was streaked with angry tears as we made our way through the cheerful crowd"

Scout starts to learn of and recognise discrimination of:

Wealth: Cunninghams

"Why does he pay you like that?"
Race:
"Let's go home, Cal, they don't want us here"

Appearance:
Mrs Dubose - "You should be in a dress and camisole, young lady!"

Dill learns of racism and what it feels like to be excluded/discriminated against:
Racism:
"I don't care one speck. It ain't right, somehow it ain't right to do 'em like that"

Excluded:
"...They just wasn't interested in me"

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The summertime is associated with youth, creativity and fun during the novel. No matter the situation or the conflicts that have arisen during the school year, the summer represents a new beginning. Within this motif, Dill, as a character further demonstrates the new initiation of summer and youth, every-time his character arrives in the storyline. An example is found when Dill arrives unexpectedly: "Jem petitioned God again. I was speechless". Scout is extra excited to see Dill, because he comes around summertime which is associated with good times.

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There are continuous reference to the ghostly presences that is Boo (Arthur) Radley and how as he is never seen by the community so he is deemed a "Malevolent phantom" by Scout. The nickname associated with him 'Boo' reflects his scary nature to the people in the community.

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Calpurnia and Miss Caroline are both teachers in Scouts life, Miss Caroline at school and Calpurnia at home. They both teach her different ways of writing. Calpurnia teaches Scout to write to stop Scout from "driving her crazy" and Miss Caroline teaches the 1st graders to "print" not write and this creates conflict as Miss Caroline has a specific teaching style which is disrupted as Scout is ahead and already knows how to read.

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Example: Burris Ewell and Little Chuck Little

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Example: Burris Ewell and Little Chuck Little

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Little Chuck Little was part of the poorer side of the population - that being the lower class. Not having much money to have much food, he was unsure of where and when the next meal was coming from. Other than that Little Chuck was born a gentleman. "He put his hand under her elbow and led Miss Caroline to the front of the room. 'Now don't fret, ma'am... There ain't no need to fear a cootie. I'll just fetch some water' ".  He is well mannered for his age and not being able to be at school for the most part.
Whereas Burris Ewell is not so much on the other side of things. Burris Ewell is very poorly mannered when speaking to Miss Caroline. "The boy laugh rudely, 'You ain't sendin' me home, missus. I was on the verge of leavin' - I done done my time for the year'". Burris does not like being told what to do, especially when it comes to his presentation.

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Before the trial, Scout overhears Atticus discussing the trial with Uncle Jack. Atticus purposely speaks about his role in the soon approaching trial with the hopes that the children don't hear him. This foreshadowing is evident as he is predicting how his children will react to the trial, especially with the negative influences of the town.  "I hope and pray I can get Jem and Scout through it without bitterness, and most of all, without catching Maycomb's usual disease."

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Example: Teaching and Discipline from Miss Caroline and Calpurnia 

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Example: Teaching and Discipline from Miss Caroline and Calpurnia 

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Miss Caroline and Calpurnia both have contrasting attitudes towards teaching and disciplining Scout. Miss Caroline believes that reading should be left to the third grade and disapproves of Scouts father, Atticus, reading to Scout and helping her learn to read and write. "Miss Caroline told me to tell my father not to teach me any more, it would interfere with my reading." Miss Caroline disciplines Scout by "pick[ed] up her ruler, gave me half a dozen quick little pats, then told me to stand in the corner."
Calpurnia believes that Scout should write and read early and teaches scout by "set[ting] me a writing task by scrawling the alphabet firmly across the top of a tablet, then copying out a chapter of the bible."