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An Aurora, also commonly called the nothern/southern lights as well as scientifically known as The Aurora Borealis & Aurora Australis occurs when the high energy particles emitted from the sun collides with the neutral atoms in our atmosphere. The energy emitted from this collision produces a spectacle of light that is truly a work of art. But the journey of these high energy particles isn't as simple as leaving the sun and then straight away reaching the Earth. Think of it as a marathon without any directions, you only know where is point A and point B.
Firsty, you need to know that the protons and electrons are what creates the northern lights. They first depart from the corona (Sun's outermost layer) which is astoundingly hot. It's intense heat causes the hydrogen & helium atoms in the sun to vibrate and shake off protons and electrons. Then, eventually these freely moving protons & electrons are too fast to be contained by the Sun's gravity  and group together as plasma ( , an electrically charged gas). They travel away from the sun as a constant gale of plasma, known as the solar wind.
Now, as they are charging through the solar system getting ready to thrust into the Earth, the Earth has a shield preventing it from doing so- The Magnetosphere (Earth's magnetic currents). The magnetosphere will then send out these particles around the Earth. In this case, there will be no way for the particles to enter our atmosphere except one- Coronal Mass Ejection.
This happens when the sun blasts out a big ball of plasma into the solar wind. When one of these ejections collides with Earth, it overwhelms the Earth's Magnetosphere and creates a magnetic storm around the Earth. The storm stresses the magnetosphere until it snaps back like a rubber band. This flings some of the plasma towards Earth. The retracting band drags these particles down to the aurora ovals, which is where the northern &  southern lights are located.
After travelling 93 million miles across the galaxy, the particles from the sun (protons & electrons) meet up with neutrally charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms in our Earth's atmosphere. When contacted with each other, they get excited and emit photons, which are small bursts of energy in the form of light. The colours in the sky depend on the wavelength of the atom's photon. Excited oxygen atoms create green & red colours; whereas excited nitrogen atoms produce blue and deep red hues. The collection of these interactions is what creates an aurora.
-Aaron Foo 3A1-

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Aurora is anatural electrical phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, especially near the northern or southern magnetic pole. The effect is caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the upper atmosphere. In northern and southern regions it is respectively called aurora borealis or Northern Lights and aurora australis or Southern Lights.

Both Aurora’s can be seen in the northern or southern hemisphere, in an irregularly shaped oval centred over each magnetic pole. Scientists have learned that in most instances northern and southern auroras are mirror-like images that occur at the same time, with similar shapes and colours. Auroral displays can appear in many vivid colours, although green is the most common. Colours such as red, yellow, green, blue and violet are also seen occasionally. The auroras can appear in many forms, from small patches of light that appear out of nowhere to streamers, arcs, rippling curtains or shooting rays that light up the sky with an incredible glow.

-Chin Jie Tong 3A1-

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An aurora which is also known as aurora borealis or Northern Lights and aurora australis or Southern Light is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. It has an appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky that shift gently and change shape. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions. How is aurora formed? It is formed during the solar flare, when the sun produces cosmic rays which consist of energetic protons and electrons. When these particles enter the earth’s atmosphere, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere, the collisions form aurorae that appears as glowing coloured light in the sky.

What causes the colour? The colours most often associated with the aurora borealis are pink, green, yellow, blue, violet, and occasionally orange and white. Typically, when the particles collide with oxygen, yellow and green are produced. Interactions with nitrogen produce red, violet, and occasionally blue colours.

-Wong Jia Hui 3A1-

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Aurora, also known as 'Polar Lights', is a natural phenomenon which streams of colorful light appearing in the skies.

However, as beautiful as it seems, these colorful lights brings negative impact on human activities.

First off, we have 2 types of polar lights, both of them are Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis, which both represents northern and southern lights.

What most people do not know, is the fact that these colorful lights are formed due to a disturbance in the magnetosphere of earth by solar winds. Have no worries, it occurs so high up in the sky that iit will not pose any threat to our health, but our infrastructures and technologies will be interrupted by the particles which produces an electrical current that reaches the ground. In certain situations, it may interrupt with the local electric powerline, oil and gas pipes.

In more cases, auroras affect the radio waves in the atmosphere, causing a disturbance in communicating technology. If its more severe, the electric wires and cables might be blown out.

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An aurora is a natural phenomenon which is characterised by a display of a natural coloured which is green, red, white and yellow light in the sky. It is a light show which is caused when electrically charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases such as oxygen and nitrogen present in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Aurora is sometimes referred to as ‘polar light’. It is predominantly seen in the regions of high altitudes like the Arctic and Antarctic. An aurora is caused by the streams of electrified particles which are emitted by the sun trapped in the magnetic field of the earth. It is produced when this magnetosphere is disturbed by the solar wind carrying the charged particles. Auroras are seen in latitudes of around 70 degrees. They generally occur in a band known as ‘auroral zone’. The auroral zone is 3 to 6 degrees wide in latitude. It lies between 10 and 20 degrees from the geomagnetic poles. This is visible quite clearly during the night. Auroras can sometimes be seen at latitudes below the actual auroral zone. Auroras can appear in various forms like streamers, patches, arcs, scattered light, diffused light etc. The brightest and the most distinctive of all forms of auroras are the ones which are curtain-like in the shape of an arc, extending in the east-west direction. This natural light effect is known as ‘aurora borealis’ in northern altitudes, while the effect in the southern latitudes is known as ‘aurora australis’. Auroras that occur in Northern hemisphere are known as aurora borealis and auroras that take place in Southern hemisphere are known as aurora australis. Aurora borealis is also known as ‘Northern lights. Similarly, aurora australis is also known as ‘Southern lights.

-Loo Chee Yang- 3A1

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Aurora is a natural electrical phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky especially near the northern or southern magnetic pole. Auroras are also appear in one day which is the day and night but they are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions because the Aurora is much dimmer than the sunlight. Besides that, it is called an aurora borealis or northern lights if you are near the North pole while it is called an aurora australis or the southern light if you are near the South pole.

Auroras occur when high energy particles from the sun collide with neutral atoms in our atmosphere. The energy emitted from this crash produces a spectacle of light .The protons and electrons creating the auroras depart from the Sun’s corona. The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere and is one of the hottest regions. Its intense heat causes the Sun’s hydrogen and helium atoms to vibrate and shake off the protons and electrons. These free protons and electrons move too fast to be contained by the Sun’s gravity and group together as plasma. They travelled away from the Sun as a constant gale of plasma known as the Solar wind.

However, the Earth prevents the solar wind from travelling straight into the planet by setting up a detour which is the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is formed by the Earth’s magnectic currents and shield our planet from the solar winds by sending out the particles around the Earth This event is known as Corana Mass Ejection (CME). CME occurs when the Sun shoots out a massive ball of plasma into the solar wind. When one of these CME collides with Earth, it overpowers the magnetosphere and creates a magnectic storm.

The Sun’s particles finally produce their dazzling light after travelling 93 million miles across the galaxy There, the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the sky. Oxygen gives off green and red light.while Nitrogen glows blue and purple.

-Tan Zhyi Phei 3A1-

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So , our general impression and understanding towards aurora are some colourful lights such as blue, green , yellow , red and orange shimmering and waving in the sky. And it is usually being seen at night. Like obviously it doesn’t happen in Malaysia because our country is not located near the north pole nor the south pole . And this is why aurora has another two names called the northern lights (aurora borealis) and the southern lights (aurora australis).

Then, what causes the aurora to happen? Unsurprisingly it is the sun who creates the aurora.  The sun with superhot gases that made up of ions which are released from the sun’s surface are so called the solar wind. Our Earth has a special protection , which is the magnetosphere , who helps preventing the solar wind particles to enter the atmosphere. But unfortunately , there are still some stubborn ions partly trapped and successfully enter the Earth. This results in the collision of ions with Earth’s atmosphere atoms. Therefore , this interaction created beautiful lights display in the sky.

The colours of the aurora depends on the types of atoms plus different altitude involved in the collision . Like :

-          collide with oxygen = red , yellow , green

collide with nitrogen = blue , purple

-          the green lights typically in areas appear up to 150 miles (241 km) high, red above 150 miles; blue usually appears at up to 60 miles (96.5 km); and purple and violet above 60 miles.

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An aurora is a natural light display. It shimmers in the sky. Many colors of the light such as blue, red, yellow, and green move gently and change their shape like curtains. It usually can be seen almost every night, and mostly appear in regions that have a low temperature, which is near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. Aurora can be pronounced in many different ways. In the northern region, it calls aurora borealis or Northern Lights. For the southern region, it calls aurora australis or Southern Lights.

The form of aurora begins from the sun. The sun has ions that will stream from the sun’s surface endlessly, we call this solar wind. When the solar wind approaches the Earth, it will meet the magnetic field of the Earth, which is the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere is formed by the magnetic currents of the Earth. This magnetic field will cover and protect the Earth from the solar wind by sending out particles and block the sun that will break out the charged gas particles. The sun releases a very massive size of the plasma, which is called the coronal mass ejection into the solar wind. When one of these approaches and collides with the Earth, it dominates the magnetosphere and stretches them to the backside. Particles were able to travel to the North and South poles which don't have a strong magnetic field. Those particles will collide with the atoms and molecules when they arrive at the Earth's atmosphere. After they collide together, they will release photons and form the aurora.

Particles that collide with oxygen will produce a yellow and green color. On the other side, particles that have interactions with nitrogen will produce red and violet. Sometimes blue will occur too.

-Loh Qi Yuen 3A1-

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Megan Wong Ming Yuen 3A1

An aurora, also known as the northern lights, is a beautiful and natural light display in the Earth’s sky. It is often seen in the North Pole and South Pole, which are high-latitude regions. The regions that currently displays an aurora is called the “aurora oval”.

Although auroras are most clearly seen at night against the dark sky, they are actually caused by the Sun. The large amount of charged gas particles erupting from the sun, also known as a solar flare, often collides with atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere. This collision produces auroras.

A coronal mass ejection is a huge cloud of plasma that erupts from the Sun. It spouts magnetic gas particles at high speed into outer space that also reacts with atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere to produce auroras.

Earth’s magnetosphere acts as a biological shield to block of charged gas particles erupted from the Sun. However, some of the energy and small charged gas particles can travel down the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into Earth’s atmosphere, thus colliding with the atoms and molecules of the atmosphere.

The auroras often appear as curtains of lights, they can also be arcs or spirals depending on the lines of force in Earth’s magnetic field. Different colours of an aurora are produced when the charged particles collide with different gases in the atmosphere. For example, oxygen gives off green colour while nitrogen causes blue or red colours of the aurora.

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AURORA
An aurora is a natural phenomenon which is a display of natural coloured light in the sky. It is a light show caused when electrically charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. When Field-Aligned currents enter the atmosphere and create Aurora , they heat the atmosphere suddenly and abruptly. This creates an impulse which travels throughout the atmosphere and reverberates for a long time. Thus, aurora helps to transfer energy from the solar wind through the magnetosphere to the atmosphere. Besides that, aurora could also disturb the atmosphere and this affects radio waves that are communicating information around the world. The other effect is the solar wind will adds it's own magnetic energy to that of the earth and when they combine, they can blow out electric wires and cables. Lastly, the Earth's atmosphere will expands slightly when aurora are around. When there are any low-flying satellites hit the upper atmosphere, it will slow them down to make them fall back down to earth.      (Hong Ching Xuan 3A1)

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An aurora is a natural phenomenon which is characterized by a display of a natural-colored such as green, red, yellow or white light in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-altitude region like the Artic and Antarctic. It is sometimes referred to as polar lights (aurora polaris), northern lights (aurora borealis), or southern lights (aurora australis).

Auroras are seen in latitudes of around 70 degrees. They generally occur in a band known as ‘auroral zone’ which is 3 to 6 degrees wide in latitude and it lies between 10 and 20 degrees from the geomagnetic poles. This is visible quite clearly during the night. Auroras can sometimes be seen at latitudes below the actual auroral zone. Auroras can appear in various forms like streamers, patches, arcs, scattered light and diffused light.

An aurora is caused by the streams of electrified particles which are emitted by the Sun trapped in the magnetic field of the earth. It is produced when this magnetosphere is disturbed by the solar wind. These disturbances are sometimes strong enough to alter the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma. These particles are mainly electrons and protons which precipitate into the upper atmosphere such as the thermosphere or the exosphere.

The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying color and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes.

- Ng Zhi Yee 3A1

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aurora, which also well known as polar lights ,northern/southern lights is a natural phenomenon that usually occurs mainly in the north ern and southern hemisphere.

PlACE/COUNTRIES THAT ABLE TO SEE AURORA
1.Northern hemisphere: Finland, Sweden,Norway, Iceland, Canada , Siberia.
2.Southern Hemisphere: Australia,New Zealand , Tasmania, Argentina.
3. Arctic and Antartica

Aurora is mainly causes by solar winds, solar flares and corona mass ejections. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections are quite the same as the charged gas particles on the sun will erupts and travel through the solar winds to the outer space. When the solar wind reach the earth at a very high speed , it will be blocked by the earth's magnetosphere, but some of the charged particles carried by the solar wind will enter the earth's upper atmosphere  and collide with atoms and molecules in the atmosphere causing them to be excited which they has a higher energy than the ground state.

Lastly, different types of colours of aurora is formed when the electrically charged particles collide with:
1.Oxygen : yellow and green
2.Nitrogen: red, violet, blue

-LEE Swee Hong 3A1-

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What is an aurora? Aurora or aurorae, sometimes being referred as aurora polaris (polar lights), aurora borealis (northern light) if you're near the North Pole, or aurora australis (southern lights) if you're near the South Pole. It is a natural light display in the Earth's sky. It is predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).
Although auroras are best seen at night but they're acutally caused by Sun. Auroras also happen during the day, but they aren't really visible because of the sunlight. The Sun sends us more than heat and light; it sends lots of other energy and small particles our way. The magnetic field around the Earth formed a magnetosphere and shields us from most of the energy and particles, and we don't even notice them.
The Sun doesn't send the same amount of energy everytime. There is a constant streaming solar wind and solar storms. During one of the solar storms, coronal mass ejection, the Sun burps out a huge bubble of electrified gas that can travel through space at high speeds. When they come towards us, the energy and small particles travel down the magnetic field lines at the North and South Poles into Earth’s atmosphere. The particles interact with gases in our atmosphere at a high speed and formed beautiful displays of light in the sky. Oxygen gives off green and red light while nitrogen glows blue and purple. The auroral light in yellow and pink colour are actually a mix of red and green or blue colour.
- LeeJiaShin 3A1-

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Aurora, a dazzling natural light phenomenon, also known as northern lights/aurora borealis in the northern hemisphere and southern lights/aurora australis in the southern hemisphere. They’re often visible at high latitudes, towards the Earth’s magnetic poles and lower latitudes during disturbances in solar winds. Did you know auroras also occur on other planets? If it has an atmosphere and magnetic field, the planet probably has auroras too. For instance, Jupiter’s intense magnetic field produces large and bright auroras.

Auroras form with loads of charged gas particles blasted by solar flares and coronal mass ejection (CME). Solar flares are large amounts of charged gases, plasmas and particles erupting through the Sun's corona, often occurring with CMEs which releases loads of materials, mostly plasma from the Sun and magnetic gas particles. These phenomena cause solar storms on Earth, where particles within the storm interacts with particles in the atmosphere and funnel down to the magnetic poles of the upper northern and lower southern hemispheres following Earth’s magnetic field, shielding us from the Sun’s activity and from harmful particles, resulting in fantastic displays of light at the poles. The ionization results in light emission of various colours including blue, purple and more.

-Khoo Jia Yi 3A1

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An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. Colorful blue, red, yellow, green, and orange lights shift gently and change shape like softly blowing curtains. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions.

Auroras are visible almost every night near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are about 66.5 degrees north and south of the Equator. In the north, the display is called aurora borealis, or northern lights. In the south, it is called Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights (see figure).

Aurora displays are created when protons and electrons stream out from the solar surface and slam into the Earth's magnetic field. Since the particles are charged they move in spirals along the magnetic field lines, the protons in one direction and the electrons in the other. Those particles in turn hit the atmosphere. Since they follow the magnetic field lines, most of them enter the atmospheric gases in a ring around the magnetic poles, where the magnetic field lines come together.

The air is made up largely of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, with oxygen becoming a bigger component at the altitudes auroras happen – starting about 60 miles up and going all the way up to 600 miles. When the charged particles hit them, they gain energy. Eventually they relax, giving up the energy and releasing photons of specific wavelengths. Oxygen atoms emit green and sometimes red light, while nitrogen is more orange or red.

-  Khor Kin Soon 3A1 -

The Southern Lights or Aurora Australis

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AURORA

Aurora is a natural colourful light that shimmers in the sky, in green, orange, yellow, blue and red colour. They are easily seen during night, they actually appear during day too, but it can't be seen easily since the bright light of sun covers the light of aurora.

Aurora is formed when the solar wind approaches the earth, it meets the earth's magnetic field, which is also known as magnetosphere that protects the earth from the harm of solar wind. It forces the solar wind to move around the earth and continue to travel through the solar system.

But there are some ions that penetrate the magnetosphere and collide with particles in the ionosphere, which is oxygen atom and nitrogen atom. The energy released during these collisions causes a colorful glowing halo around the poles which is an aurora.

Aurora is showed in different colours depending the altitude and atoms in the atmosphere:
1. Collide with oxygen atoms, high altitude : red glow.
2. Collide with oxygen atom, low altitude :  green-yellow glow
3. Collide with nitrogen atoms, lower altitude : reddish and bluish glow
4. Collide with hydrogen and helium atoms : blue and purple glow

The most active auroras happen when the solar wind is the strongest. Consistent auroras are most visible during the height of sunspot activity.

——Shekinah Zoe Ng 3A1

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Auroras or Aurorae go by many names, some being polar lights (aurora polaris), southern lights (aurora australis) or northern lights (aurora borealis). Auroras are the product of the collision of particles (electron) from the solar wind with atomic and molecular oxygen and nitrogen from the Earth’s atmosphere. The energy realised by the collisions causes colourful glowing lights – an aurora.

Green, the predominant colour seen, is emitted by solar electrons interacting with molecular oxygen lower in the atmosphere. Blue light however is emitted by molecular nitrogen in the lower or mid atmosphere. Purple is emitted when electron interact with atomic nitrogen in the upper atmosphere while red, rarely seen, is emitted when electron interact with atomic oxygen also in the upper atmosphere.

The particular pattern of the aurora is a product of Earth’s magnetic field, which guides the electrons along with the North or South magnetic field lines towards the Earth’s North and South magnetic poles. Although the shapes and patterns are constantly changing, the particular shapes and patterns seen any one time are almost identical in the North and South hemisphere. This phenomena are known as conjoint auroras.

-Tanyuzhen 3A1-

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Polar lights,which are also known as Aurora,are beautiful and colorful light visually observable in the sky and they are best seen at night.They are actually caused by the Sun.When the sunspots and solar flares are active,it may cause coronal mass ejection that will reach the earth at a high speed,along with solar wind and highly charged electrified gases and particles.When cosmic rays and these gas particles from the Sun manage to penetrate the earth's magnetosphere which protects the earth from adverse effects from outer space, and collide with the other atoms and particles in the atmosphere,then Aurora will be formed.Auroras are often seen at the north pole and south pole,because magnetic fields there will be weaker compared to magnetic field along the equator.There fore the gas particles and cosmic rays could manage to travel down magnetic field lines and North and South poles.Oxygen particles will form green and red light while Nitrogen gas particles glows blue and purple.Aurora Borealis occurs in the Northern pole while Aurora Australis occurs in the southern pole.

Weiqing 3A1

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What is aurora? An aurora or aurorae is a natural phenomenon which is characterised by a display of a natural-coloured such as red, yellow, green or white light in the sky. It is a light show which is caused when electrically-charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases like oxygen and nitrogen that is present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Aurora is also referred to as ‘polar light’. Aurora is caused by the Sun but they're best seen at night. Aurora also happen during the day but they're less visible because of the sunlight. During a solar flare, the Sun produces cosmic rays. Cosmic rays are energetic protons and electrons. When these particles enter the Earth's atmosphere, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere. The collisions form aurorae that appear as beautiful displays of glowing coloured light in the sky.
- Yeap Jyaee 3A1 -

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aurora

An aurora or aurorae are sometimes referred to polar lights, northern lights or southern lights, is a stream of colorful light resulting from reaction between charged particles, Earth’s magnetic field and atmospheric gases which occurs in the thermosphere. It is normally seen in high latitude regions because it is blown by the solar wind, the charged particles are largely deflected by the Earth's magnetic field. They are known as 'Aurora Borealis' in the North and 'Aurora Australis' in the South. Auroral displays appear in many colours but the most common colours are pale green and pink. Actually, shades of red, yellow, green, blue, and violet have been seen too. The lights appear in many forms from patches or scattered clouds of light to streamers, arcs, rippling curtains or shooting rays that light up the sky with an eerie glow. Most auroras occur in a band known as the ‘auroral zone’, most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the "auroral oval", a band displaced by the solar wind towards the night side of the Earth. Researchers have also discovered that auroral activity is cyclic, peaking roughly every 11 years. The next peak period is 2024. Generally winter in the north is a good season to view these lights. The long periods of darkness and the frequency of clear nights provide many good opportunities to watch the auroral displays. Usually the best time of night (on clear nights) to watch for auroral displays is local midnight.

Jaclyn 3A1

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What is an aurora? Aurora, or aurorae (plural form), are a natural phenomenon involving light that can be seen in the night skies of the regions of higher altitude, namely the North Pole and South Pole. Aurorae that can be seen in the North Pole are referred to as aurora borealis or northern lights. Aurorae in the South Pole are instead known as aurora australis.

A lot of times, we tend to wonder how these lights are actually formed. Well, it all begins from the Sun. The Sun, though we may not notice it, is constantly sending things our way, not just heat and light, but a lot of other energies and small particles as well. Normally, our Earth's magnetosphere protects the Earth from these particles from the Sun and other bodies in the vast emptiness of space. However, there are times when occurrences known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) happen on the Sun which dishes out a huge amount of particles at once. These particles travel at significantly high speeds and Earth's magnetosphere can't fend off all of them. Therefore, some of these particles travel down magnetic field lines at the North and South Pole into Earth's atmosphere where they interact with natural gases to form these wonderful displays of light, aurorae.

*Interaction of these particles with oxygen results in red and green coloured lights; whereas interaction with nitrogen results in red and purple lights.

As if things weren't amazing enough yet, Earth isn't alone when it comes to these spectacular displays of light. Other planets in our solar system such as Saturn and Jupiter have been reported to experience beautiful sights of aurorae as well!

- Matthew Poh 3A1 -

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Aurora or aurorae, a.k.a Aurora Borealis are glowing colourful lights that are usually seen at night at the North and South poles of the Earth such as Norway, New Zealand and Chile.

During a solar flare, the Sun produces cosmic rays, which are energetic protons and electrons. These charged particles will then travel together at a high speed to outer space. This phenomenon is known as solar wind. Solar wind would collide with Earth's magnetic fields, forming Earth's magnetosphere which acts as a natural shield to protect Earth from solar winds. However, some of the particles will still enter through the poles of the Earth. When these particles enter the Earth's atmosphere, they collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere, the collisions form aurora that come in various colours which provide a beautiful scenery.

- Tong Xe Fung 3A1

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Auroras or aurorae, also known as Aurora Borealis, are colourful natural light displays that are usually seen across the night sky of high latitude regions such as places near the Artic and Antartic.

Auroras are one of the effects caused by the Sun’s activities towards the Earth. The Sun, which is made up of hot gases and full of charged particles, will constantly release ions( charged particles) from it’s surface. These charged particles will then travel together at a high speed to the outer space (also known  as solar wind). When solar wind reaches the Earth, it will be blocked by the Earth’s magnetic fields. Interactions between magnetic fields brought by Solar Winds and Earth’s magnetic fields form Earth’s Magnetosphere(a natural’shield’ to protect earth from erosion of atmosphere by solar winds). Although most of the solar winds are blocked by the Earth’s Magnetosphere, some of the ions bought by solar winds will still enter through the poles of the Earth. The ions will then collide with particles in the Earth’s atmosphere and result in lots of bursts of lights. Different types of particles will also result in different colours of lights formed, for example, oxygen for aurora’s green and red colour while hydrogen results in the colour deep red or blue. These colours will eventually be seen across the night sky of places around the Earth’s poles.

Most auroras happens because of solar wind, but other Sun’s activities such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares will also react with the Earth’s atoms and molecules in the atmoshere to produce auroras. Furthermore ,brighter auroras are also more visible during the height of Sun’s activity.

Although auroras are only seen during the night, it happens during the day too. Auroras in the day are less visible because of sunlight. Besides that, if the sky is cloudy and the moon is out(specifically during full moon) it will also make it hard to view these beautiful lights at night!

-Faith Hii 3A1-

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Aurora's are natural electrical phenomenon with displays of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, especially near the northern or southern magnetic pole, mostly visible during the nights. This effect is caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the upper atmosphere. In northern and southern regions it is respectively called aurora borealis or Northern Lights. In the ionosphere, the ions of the solar wind collide with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere. The energy released during these collisions causes a colorful glowing halo. Most auroras happen about 97-1,000 kilometers (60-620 miles) above the Earth's surface.

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Auroras are the result of events that begin on the Sun, millions of kilometres from Earth. The Sun is so hot that high-energy plasma can escape from its gravitational field—this is called the solar wind. When the Sun is relatively inactive, the solar wind travels at about 300–400 km per second. When the Sun is more active, eruptions can occur that release dense, magnetised clouds of plasma into the solar wind. These plasma clouds travel away from the Sun at speeds of up to 2000 km per second—this is known as a solar storm.The solar wind has enough energy that it could strip away the Earth’s atmosphere over time. Luckily, the Earth has a magnetic field due to the hot, electrically charged, molten rock swirling around in its outer core. The interaction of the solar wind with this magnetic field creates a protective cavity called the magnetosphere, which deflects most of the particles from the solar wind. When a solar storm reaches Earth, the fast-flowing plasma temporarily deforms our magnetosphere, causing a build-up of energy on the night side of the Earth. When conditions are right, this energy is released, accelerating charged particles so they spiral around the magnetic field lines toward the north and south poles. When these particles reach our upper atmosphere, they collide with neutral atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. During these collisions, the charged particles transfer energy to the atoms, ‘exciting’ electrons in those atoms to higher energy levels. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they release this energy in the form of light.
Goh Huan Yuan, 3A1

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An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky, also be known as the stream of colorful lights that forms in Earth's atmosphere. The colorful blue, red, yellow, green, and orange lights shift gently and change shape like softly blowing curtains. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions.

Auroras are visible almost every night near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are about 66.5 degrees north and south of the Equator. In the north, the display is called aurora borealis, or northern lights. In the south, it is called aurora australis, or southern lights.

The activity that creates auroras begins on the sun. The sun is a ball of superhot gases made up of electrically charged particles called ions. The ions, which continuously stream from the sun’s surface, are called the solar wind.

As solar wind approaches the Earth, it meets the Earth’s magnetic field which is the Earth's magnetosphere that protects life on earth from the adverse effect of solar wind. Most of the solar wind is blocked by the magnetosphere, and the ions and radiation from the solar wind is forced to travel further into the solar system.

However, there are some ions from the solar wind able to penetrate the magnetosphere and interact with the atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in the ionosphere (thermosphere) of Earth. Interaction of ions with oxygen will produce red coloured aurora while interaction of ions with nitrogen with produce blue and purple coloured aurora. The energy released during these interaction and collisions producing a stunning light that display around Earth's poles are called the Aurora.

Heng Pen Han 3A1

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CHANG WING (3A1)
An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. Auroras are more visible at night. The best places to see auroras are actually near the magnetic poles. These include areas of northern Greenland, the Scandinavian coast, Siberia, and Alaska in the north, and Antarctica in the south. The aurora happens when energetic electrically charged particles which is mostly electrons, accelerate along the magnetic field lines into the upper atmosphere, where they collide with gas atoms, causing the atoms to give off light. Besides that, the aurora itself is not harmful to humans because it occur so high up in the atmosphere that they don't pose any threat to people watching them from the ground. However, the electrically charged particles produced could have some potentially negative effects to infrastructure and technology.

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Aurora or aurorae is a natural phenomenon that occurs near both the north and south poles, often called aurora poralis, is caused by disturbance in the thermosphere by charged gas particle which are often subatomic particles in plasma. Often times aurorae are caused by larged amounts of charged gas particles blasted by solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Solar flares are a column of charged gases erupting from the sun , solar flares occurs when hot  plasma "floats" to the sun's surface and when their magnetic field snap, they can be as powerful as millions of large hydrogen bombs going off at once. Coronal mass ejections are like solar flares except larger and stronger. Billions of tons of materials are released both during solar flares and CMEs.
Usually the earth magnetosphere is able to stop these charged particles, but when there are huge amounts of them, like in a solar flare or CME, the charged gas particles or subatomic particles overwhelm our earth's magnetic field causing it to snap. The charged particles are then directed to our planet's poles. There the charged particles or subatomic particles meet up and crash into oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Since the particles are charged they cause the oxygen and nitrogen atoms to be "excited", a state where electrons in the atom move to a higher energy state or orbital, the excited state does not last long and when the electrons descend back to their unexcited state they give of energy as in electromagnetic radiation. Excited oxygen atoms give off green and red colour light, while excited nitrogen atoms give off blue and deep red colour light. This causes the green , red, blue, and purple colours we see in auroras.
-Tan Ye Meng 3A1-

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An aurora is a natural phenomenon which is characterised by a display of a natural-coloured which is green, red, yellow or white light in the sky. It is a light show which is caused when electrically-charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases such as oxygen and nitrogen present in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as ‘polar light’. It is predominantly seen in the regions of high altitudes like the Arctic and Antarctic. An aurora is caused by the streams of electrified particles trapped in the magnetic field of the earth. It is produced when this magnetosphere is disturbed by the solar wind carrying the charged particles. Auroras are seen in latitudes of around 70 degrees. They generally occur in a band known as ‘auroral zone’. This is visible quite clearly during the night. Auroras can sometimes be seen at latitudes below the actual auroral zone. Auroras can appear in various forms like streamers, patches, arcs, scattered light, diffused light. The brightest and the most distinctive of all forms of auroras are the ones which are curtain-like in the shape of an arc, extending in the east-west direction. This natural light effect is known as ‘aurora borealis’ in northern altitudes, while the effect in the southern latitudes is known as ‘aurora australis’. Auroras that occur in Northern hemisphere are known as aurora borealis and auroras that take place in Southern hemisphere are known as aurora australis. Aurora borealis is also known as ‘Northern lights’. Similarly, aurora australis is also known as ‘Southern lights.
Yip Foon Teng, 3A1

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Aurora or aurorae is sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights and southern lights. It occurs when coronal mass ejection or solar flare. It is most likely to be seen at the north pole and south pole only because the Earth's magnetosphere directed all the high-powered particles from the Sun to both north poles and south poles.
Auroras are the result of disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar wind. These disturbances are sometimes strong enough to alter the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere, which includes thermosphere and exosphere.

The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying color, which includes green, red, blue and many more. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. Eunice, 3A1

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An Aurora or polar lights is a natural glowing coloured lights display in the Earth"s sky, mainly seen around the Arctic and Antarctic. There are 2 types of aurora: Aurora Borealis, or Northern light occurs in the sky of the nothern hemisphere, whereas Aurora Australis or Southern light occurs in the southern hemispere. Aurora occurs when the particles of solar wind, a stream of charged paricles released from the corona collide with Earth"s atmosphere, causing the electrons in atoms moving in a high-energy state. The electrons then turn into a lower-energy state and release light called photon. Aurora is formed when electrons released a large amount of photons. (xiao ann 3A1)

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Aurora is a natural light phenomenon that usually forms at northern or southern which looks like greenish and purplish light in the sky. There are 2 types of aurora, aurora borealis which is formed at northern hemisphere while aurora australis is formed at southern hemisphere. They are formed when charged particles from solar flares or coronal mass ejections from the sun which cause solar wind collides with Earth’s atmosphere which cause electrons in atoms to move to a high-energy state. After electrons become a lower-energy state, they release light which is known as photon. When many of this reaction occurs, an aurora is formed as the electrons releases a lot of photon. If a solar wind is too strong, it may cause aurora to form around the world and it may blow out electric devices as the magnetic field is too strong.  (Mak Wei Han 3A1)

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Aurorae is a natural phenomena of reddish or greenish lights in the night sky. It is caused by the interaction between the charged gas particles from the sun and atom and molecules in Earth's atmosphere. The sun erupt particles in plasma such as electrons, protons and alpha particles into outer space constantly, and some of it reached earth and was being protected by our Earth's Magnetosphere. Nonetheless, some of these particles are able to through and enter the air space around the Earth's poles and when these charged gas interact with our atmosphere atoms and molecules resulting in atmospheric constituents emit lights of different colours and complexity. saancern, 3A1

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Aurora's occurred due to the interaction between Earth's atmosphere and the solar flare hurling charged particles from the Sun. The Sun constantly shoot plasma out into space. When it reached Earth, the planet's magnetic field protects us from these harmful particles. But, these particles do get funneled in at the North and South Poles when the electrons from these particles come in contact with oxygen and nitrogen. They transfer energy and it gets release as swirls of light called photons giving us this stunning display.  -Chew Zhe Ru 3A1-

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Aurora borealis, or also known as northern lights, is a natural phenomena of reddish or greenish lights in the sky. Commonly seen near the southern or nothern magnetic poles, this effect is caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the upper atmosphere.Although the sun is 93 million miles away, but the great storms there causes gusts of charged solar particles hurtling across space. Then, our Earth's magnetic field will react, causing the atoms in the solar particle to light up. After that, when the electrons cool down, they will form a reaction similar to neon lights and give off the colours we see on an aurora. Qi Zao, 3A1

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What Is an Aurora?

If you’re ever near the North or South Pole, you may be in for a very special treat. Frequently there are beautiful light shows in the sky. These lights are called auroras. If you’re near the North Pole, it is called an aurora borealis or northern lights. If you’re near the South Pole, it is called an aurora australis or the southern lights.This beautiful view of the aurora was taken from the International Space Station as it crossed over the southern Indian Ocean on September 17, 2011.
What makes this happen?Even though auroras are best seen at night, they are actually caused by the Sun.The Sun sends us more than heat and light; it sends lots of other energy and small particles our way. The protective magnetic field around Earth shields us from most of the energy and particles, and we don’t even notice them.But the Sun doesn't send the same amount of energy all the time. There is a constant streaming solar wind and there are also solar storms. During one kind of solar storm called a coronal mass ejection, the Sun burps out a huge bubble of electrified gas that can travel through space at high speeds.When a solar storm comes toward us, some of the energy and small particles can travel down the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into Earth’s atmosphere.There, the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the sky. Oxygen gives off green and red light. Nitrogen glows blue and purple.The green bands of light in the sky are an aurora australis, an aurora at the south pole. Credit: Keith Vanderlinde, National Science Foundation

Do other planets get auroras?They sure do! Auroras are not just something that happen on Earth. If a planet has an atmosphere and magnetic field, they probably have auroras. We’ve seen amazing auroras on Jupiter and Saturn.These swirls of red light are an aurora on the south pole of Saturn. Image courtesy of NASA/ESA/STScI/A. Schaller.The NASA Hubble Space Telescope took this picture of an aurora on Jupiter using ultraviolet (UV) light.  (Tan Jit Hong ,3A1)