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This is a map of the Roman Empire in A.D. 117.

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Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Rome was known for having a strong military. In their armies, there were legions, which consisted of 5,000 citizen-soldiers, meaning they didn't get paid. However, they could be rewarded, or punished. Rome placed their soldiers all across the map, to allow unity and an easy network of communication. They defeated Carthage in three straight wars, known as the Punic wars, from 264 BC to 146 BC, using tactics such as the phalanx formation. They also conquered much of Italy by 270 BC, allowing them to unite Italy under their rule.

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Ancient Rome Contributions to Western Civilization 

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Ancient Rome Contributions to Western Civilization 

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Ancient Rome has influenced our country mightily. We have adapted many of their ideas on government such as the senate, veto, laws, and system of checks and balances into our culture today, nearly 2000+ years later. Additionally, some of our words are derived from Latin even though English isn't a romance language. Many Latin phrases, such as "E Pluribus Unum" are used in our society today.

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Rome was big on extravagant design when it comes to architecture. They built aqueducts, roads, columns, statues, and more. Some of the most famous pieces of architecture are the, Pantheon, Colosseum, and the Circus Maximus.

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SPQR stands for Senatus Populusque Romanus 

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Rome's government was a republic. The early republic consisted of a senate (body of 300 people), which were from the patrician class. Senators served for life, and under them were consuls, who were also picked from the patrician class. Consuls supervised business and ordered armies under the senator's consent, creating a system of checks and balances. When war occurred, a dictator was chosen, and ruled with complete power for 6 months. Rome's form of laws were the twelve tables.

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Christianity is a monotheistic religion that believes in one God, who created the heavens and earth. Christians believe that God sent his one and only son Jesus, to save the world from sin. In Rome, Christians were persecuted for their beliefs. Later, during the decline of Rome, Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal in Rome, ending the persecution of Christians. During the last rule, where Theodosius' ruled from 347-395, Christianity was made the official religion of Rome.

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In Rome, very few items were grown and exported. The biggest exports were olives (oil), grapes (wine), and grain. Roman roads were used for trade, and Rome used trade to import many items. In other words, they heavily relied on trade.

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In Rome, there were two main classes: the patricians (wealthy landowners who were usually involved in politics) and the plebeians (business owners, small farmers, etc.). Both groups were classified as Roman citizens. However, not everyone was granted citizenship. Women were not allowed to be citizens, therefore unable to voice their opinions in politics. However, they were able to own businesses.

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Some of the most well-known leaders in Rome are Julius and Augustus Caesar. Julius Caesar ruled from 48-44 B.C. with an intention to fix Rome. He created public works and public land for the poor, organized the government, and invented the Julian calendar, which we use today. His "adopted" son and nephew, Octavian, took over after Julius died in March of 44 B.C. from being stabbed. He was named Augustus, meaning exalted one, and was called princeps (first citizen). He ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14 and started the Roman Empire.

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"I came, I saw, I conquered" quote by Julius Caesar

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Latin is the official language of Rome, adapted from the Latins, also known as the ancestors of the Romans.

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The Cave Canem mosaic, meaning beware of the dog.

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Roman art consisted of mosaics, portriaits, paintings, and sculptures. The most well known art pieces are the Alexander Mosaic, The Orator, Trajan's Column, and Augustus of Prima Porta. Another Roman painting is Aeneas and his father, Anchises, fleeing from Troy.

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Some of the major achievements/inventions were a new form of government (republic), sanitary plumbing system, roman numerals, the Julian Calendar, and the aqueduct. We have implemented many of their ideas on government into our government today. They also invented roads, which were useful in the military for easy travel. It was also a huge part of trade, as many traded using those roads.

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Roman literature consisted of poetry, comedies, and tragedies. Virgil was a famous Roman poet from the time span of when Augustus ruled. His most famous poem was the Aeneid, a book about Aeneas after he fled from troy during the Trojan War.