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Iturbide plans with Guerrero  the Plan of Iguala, by which Mexico would become an independent country ruled as a limited monarchy.
- This was a liberalism ideology
- Mexico was a republic
- This gave equal right to the upper and lower classes

History.com Editors. (2020, 23 noviembre). Mexico Timeline. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/mexico-timeline

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The "tratado de Córdoba" was signed by O’Donojú, this to end New Spain’s dependence on Old Spain.
- This was a Liberalism ideology
- Mexico was a republic
. This helped the citizens

History.com Editors. (2020a, agosto 21). Spain accepts Mexican independence. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence

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Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico (1822), but was deposed by Santa Anna; then Guadalupe Victoria becomes the first elected president (1823)
- This was a liberal/democrat ideology.
- Mexico was now ruled by a president
- The citizens elected the president}

History.com Editors. (2020b, noviembre 23). Mexico Timeline. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/mexico-timeline

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On October 4th the "Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" of 1824 was created and published on the 25th,  the purpose was to declare Mexico as an independent country, it had 7 titles and 171 articles.
- This was a liberal ideology
- It was a fedelarilst goverment
- It helped the human rights because the constitution promulgated some of them, and the democracy, because now we had the division of powers, and a representative.

CNDH. (s. f.). Promulgación de la primera Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos | Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos - México. Recuperado 12 de octubre de 2021, de https://www.cndh.org.mx/noticia/promulgacion-de-la-primera-constitucion-federal-de-los-estados-unidos-mexicanos

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Santa Anna is declared president because he led the resistance against the spanish people, who wanted to recapture Mexico in 1829. He had been indirectly provoking the Texas citizens to secede from Mexico.

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The war with Texas started because of the people of the 13 colonies were more close and they started moving on to there for proclaming Texas as US territory.
-This was a conservative ideology
-Mexico was a republic
-This caused a lot of conflict

Texas war. (n.d.). TimeToast. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/la-historia-de-mexico-desde-1821-hasta-1910

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The Us won Texas by a side because Santa Anna sold Texas to the US.
-This was a conservative idea
-Mexico was a republic

Texas won. (n.d.). TimeToast. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/la-historia-de-mexico-desde-1821-hasta-1910

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Santa Anna is captured and take to jail after that he was forced to sign the Velasco treatement.
-This was a conservative idea
-Mexico was a republic

Santa Anna. (n.d.). TimeToast. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/la-historia-de-mexico-desde-1821-hasta-1910

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By: Dr. Richard Bruce Winders, Alamo Director of History and Curation
William Henry Huddle. The Surrender of Santa Anna. Texas State Preservation Board, Capitol Historical Artifact Collection, Austin

Antonio López de Santa Anna fell prisoner to the Texans on April 22, 1836. The day before, the leader of Mexico and commander of its army operating in Texas had mounted a horse and had ridden away, thereby escaping the wrath of Texans and American volunteers who sought vengeance for victims of the infamous Tornel Decree that called for the execution of the "pirates" waging war against the Centralist government. Had Santa Anna been captured in the heat of battle at San Jacinto, the odds of his survival would have been slim to none. But luck, and fate, were kind to him.

The men who captured Santa Anna were Sergeant James A. Sylvester and Privates A. H. Miles, Sion R. Bostic, Joseph Vermillion, Joel W. Robinson [Robison], and Charles P. Thompson. Several of his captors left accounts, some of which can be found online at the Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas web site, http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/dewitt.htm. While not all accounts agree on specific points, the basic story appears as follows.

Late on the afternoon of April 21, the Texans commanded the field and had either killed or captured nearly all of the troops with Santa Anna, but the general and possibly other high-ranking officers were nowhere to be found. Scouts rode across the prairie searching for fugitives but darkness ended their efforts. The next morning, the search resumed directed by Colonel Edward Burleson. Sergeant James A. Sylvester and his squad joined the hunt, riding out as far as Vince's Bayou before stopping. Sylvester and his companions received permission to split off from the main group of searchers and look for game on the way back to camp. The squad skirted a stretch of woods near the bayou hoping to kill a few deer when a movement in the prairie grass drew their attention. The movement quickly stopped at the approach of the Texans' horses but it was too late for the person hiding in the grass - Antonio López de Santa Anna.[1]

According to his captors, the man they spotted almost appeared relieved at having been captured. Sylvester related that the prisoner reached for and kissed the sergeant's hand. One of the Texans, Robinson, spoke Spanish and interpreted for the group. The prisoner inquired about Houston and asked to be taken to him. When asked if he were Santa Anna, he stated "no" but that he was one of the general's aides, pulling official paperwork out of his pockets to strengthen his claim. His clothing was cause for discussion among his captors. Although his coat and pants were plain (sometimes described as a private's uniform and others civilian garb), his shirt was distinctly not that of an enlisted man. Pleading too fatigued to walk, Miles allowed him to ride his horse for about a mile or more before demanding it back. Robison allowed the prisoner to ride double with him. Sylvester then allowed the prisoner to climb up behind him and ride the rest of the way to camp. It was only when the squad arrived at camp and saw the reaction of the other Mexican prisoners shouting Viva Santa Anna! and El Presidente! that they realized who they had brought in.[2]

Santa Anna recalled his treatment by Sam Houston once under his protection: "[He] treated [me] in a way that could hardly have been hoped for. . . . Recognizing me, he addressed me courteously and offered his hand. Despite the wounds he had received in the assault on my camp, he showed deep concern for me and ordered my cot and tent placed near his own."[3] As many Texans feared, Santa Anna would live to fight again another day.

In retrospect, it is surprising that Santa Anna survived the battle and his subsequent capture. Many in the Texan camp called for his death. However, political concerns dictated that his life be spared by the officials of the Republic of Texas so they could use his influence as Mexico's president to force concessions from him. Even though the Treaty of Velasco would be denounced by the Central government in Mexico City, Santa Anna alive served the Texans better than Santa Anna dead. Six months would pass before he would finally be released to return to Mexico.

[1] Stephen L. Moore, Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign. (Dallas: Republic of Texas Press, 2004), 375-77.

[2] Ibid., 377-79.

[3] Ann Fears Crawford, ed. The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna. (Austin: State House Press, 1988), 55.

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By: Dr. Richard Bruce Winders, Alamo Director of History and Curation Antonio López de Santa Anna fell prisoner to the Texans on April 22, 1836.

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Anastacio Bustamente declared a centralist government on México.
_This was a centralist idea
-Mexico was a republic

Centralist republic. (n.d.). TimeToast. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/la-historia-de-mexico-desde-1821-hasta-1910

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Colaboradores de los proyectos Wikimedia

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Anastasio Bustamante - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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The remains of Agustín de Iturbide are transferred to the Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City in a sumptuous procession.

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France vs Mexico.
A baker was demanding compensation from the government because Mexican officers didn't pay for the cakes they ate. Here the origin of the name of this war.

AD. (2020, November 12). Guerra de los Pasteles entre México y Francia: la historia que no conocías. AD Magazine México Y Latinoamérica. https://www.admagazine.com/cultura/guerra-de-los-pasteles-historia-20201112-7660-articulos.html

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Frictions between them led them into war. The cause was the desire of acquire of land in New Mexico and California.

History.com Editors. (2010, January 27). Mexico Timeline. HISTORY; HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/mexico-timeline

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The Battle of Buena Vista takes place. The Mexican army is superior in number, but it found poorly armed and exhausted by the march and severity of the weather; For its part, the US military is smaller, but is better organized and has more artillery. The result is indecisive.

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American War is signed in Mexico City. The U.S. agrees to pay US$15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of Alta California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

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The Reform laws begin, separating the Catholic Church and the government of Mexico. Principal leaders were Juan Álvarez, Ignacio Comonfort, Benito Juárez, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada.

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A liberal type of constitution was written.

Cisneros, S. (2018, May 14). La Constitución de 1857, características y artículos principales. México Desconocido; México Desconocido. https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/constitucion-de-1857.html#:~:text=La%20Constituci%C3%B3n%20de%201857%20fue,la%20Generaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Reforma%E2%80%9D.

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This started with Benito Juarez, Ignacio Comonfort, and Juan Álvarez they wanted to separate the state from the church.
-Liberal ideology
-Mexico was a republic

Leyes de reforma. (n.d.). Mexicodesconocido. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/leyes-de-reforma.html

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Amante de los viajes, la literatura y la cultura mexicana.

Las Leyes de Reforma se dictaminaron del 12 de julio al 11 de agosto de 1859. Se trataba de una serie de normas proclamadas después del triunfo de la Revolución de Ayutla. En estas se planteaba principalmente la separación de la Iglesia y el Estado.

En el año 1854, tuvo lugar un levantamiento insurgente -con ideales liberales- liderado por Juan Álvarez y también la proclamación del Plan de Ayutla con Adrián Florencio Villareal como autor. Ambas acciones habían surgido en contra del gobierno de Santa Anna.

Este movimiento armado fue conocido como la Revolución de Ayutla. Cabe señalar que también participaron Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, Guillermo Prieto, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada e Ignacio Comonfort.

Después de varios enfrentamientos, los revolucionarios liberales obtuvieron la victoria el décimo mes de 1855. Posteriormente, se proclamó la Constitución de 1857 y después las Leyes de Reforma.

¿Cuántas y cuáles fueron las Leyes de Reforma?

Al principio, las Leyes de Reforma eran tres:

Ley Juárez (1855). La Ley sobre la Administración de Justicia y Orgánica de los Tribunales de la Nación, del Distrito y Territorios también conocida como Ley Juárez, fue promulgada el 23 de noviembre de 1855 por Benito Juárez. En esta se restringía el poder de los tribunales tanto eclesiásticos como militares a intervenir solo en sus propios asuntos y no en las decisiones del gobierno.

Ley Lerdo (1856). La Ley de Desamortización de Fincas Rústicas y Urbanas Propiedad de Corporaciones Civiles y Eclesiásticas o Ley Lerdo, se promulgó el 25 de junio de 1856. En esta, de acuerdo con Armando Soto Flores, doctor en Derecho, "la característica principal era que la propiedad de todo predio urbano o rural que perteneciera a corporaciones eclesiásticas y civiles seria asignada a los respectivos inquilinos y arrendatarios, por una cantidad que resultara de la conversión de la renta anual al valor de la propiedad."

Ley Iglesias (1857). La Ley Sobre Obvenciones Parroquiales, también recordada como Ley Iglesias, se dictó el 11 de abril de 1857. En esta se prohibían los cobros obligatorios a la gente pobre por servicios parroquiales como bautismos, bodas, actos funerarios, etcétera.

Posteriormente, surgieron otras:

Ley del Registro Civil. Expedida en 1859, esta ley quitaba el control a la Iglesia y se lo brindaba al Estado respecto al control de llevar el registro y demás procesos en relación con el nacimiento, el matrimonio y la muerte.

Ley de Libertad de Cultos. Proclamada en 1860, en este pronunciamiento se establecía la libertad de culto y el rechazo a la imposición religiosa.

Ley de Extinción de las Comunidades Religiosas. Expedida en 1863, en esta ley se decretaba la extinción de comunidades religiosas puesto que solían imponer sus demandas y ejercían la privación ilegal de la libertad.

En resumen, ¿cuáles fueron los propósitos de las Leyes de Reforma?

La separación entre la Iglesia y el Estado.

La nacionalización de los bienes del clero.

La extinción de las corporaciones eclesiásticas.

Secularización de los cementerios y fiestas públicas.

Promulgación de la libertad de culto.

La Constitución de 1824 y el nacimiento de una nación

Benito Juárez: 4 referentes para revivir su historia

Templos e iglesias

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Leyes de Reforma, ¿qué fueron y cuál fue su propósito? | México Desconocido

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Amante de los viajes, la literatura y la cultura mexicana. Las Leyes de Reforma se dictaminaron del 12 de julio al 11 de agosto de 1859. Se trataba de una serie de normas proclamadas después del triunfo de la Revolución de Ayutla. En estas se planteaba principalmente la separación de la Iglesia y el Estado.

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Arrives from the war of reform as a champion. One of his first acts as president was to eliminate the payments to foreign governments.

History.com Editors. (2010, January 27). Mexico Timeline. HISTORY; HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/mexico-timeline

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The Mexican Army under General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the invading French army led by General Charles de Lorencez in the Battle of Puebla. French forces took the city a year later, after the Siege of Puebla (1863).

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In the 1871 elections, Benito Juárez won.

History.com Editors. (2010, January 27). Mexico Timeline. HISTORY; HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/mexico/mexico-timeline

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