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Alkalinity and pH

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Total suspended solids, turbidity, BOD, COD, total coliform count.

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Biological oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform count, heterotrophic plate count

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clarity, color, odor

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Clarity, colour

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Clarity, colour

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Lime, chlorine, ammonia, fluoride.

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Water is dosed with lime (to balance the pH of water),

chlorine and ammonia (to maintain the water quality in the

distribution system), as well as fluoride (to prevent tooth

decay).

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Granular activated carbon filter

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Disinfecting chemicals such as chlorine and chloramine

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Water contains infectious and disease-causing bacteria which can cause health issues if consumed.

Chemicals such as chlorine or chloramines are added into the water to kill these bacteria. However, since chlorine by-products like trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens, chloramines are a safer but more expensive alternative.

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Unit process: Filtration of organic matter

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Unit process: Filtration of organic matter

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Natural organic matter will be filtered out, leaving the water biologically-stable.

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Sedimentation tank (can be a regular rectangular basin or primary clarifiers)

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Screen filters

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Smaller insoluble particles such as dirt and sand (that can pass through the screens) can be removed by leaving the water to sit.

Over time, the particles will sink and settle at the bottom of the tank. Once this is done, the water can be collected from the top without disturbing the sediment. Sediments can then be easily disposed of.

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Gravity filtration system (porous medium like layers of gravel and sand)

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Water passes through the rapid sand filter/membrane to remove finer residual particles of up to 0.02 microns.

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Large screens are placed to filter out large debris such as leaves, sticks and trash

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After undergoing the treatment process, the final affluent will then be released into the public sewage system for disposal.

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principle: decomposition
Equipment: activated sludge (microorganisms), aeration tanks (bioreactor and final clarifier)
parameter to be monitored: Dissolved oxygen level, biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate and nitrate concentrations, total coliform count, heterotrophic plate count, total organic carbon (TOC)
activated sludge is added to break down organic pollutants in water, before aeration tanks add dissolved oxygen for sludge to conduct biological activities

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principle: osmosis
equipment: advance membrane and reverse osmosis technology (forms NEWater)
Parameters to be monitored: TSS, turbidity, BOD, COD, total coliforms, removal of phosphorus and other chemicals
Removal of bacteria through treatment with advanced membrane and reverse osmosis technology or chlorine

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principle : suspension
equipment used: primary clarifiers, scrapers
parameters to be monitored: clarity, colour, odor
This process is on the suspension of the solid impurities found in the wastewater.  It also include the removal of scum on the water surface as well as collection of sludge at the bottom of the sedimentation tank.

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Unit process: Sieving
equipment used: bar screens, grit chamber
parameter to be monitored: clarity, color and sometime odor
Sieving large sediments, comminution, grit removal, flow equalization, oil and grease removal, pre-aeration

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comes from places like factories and other places that produces wastewater