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Questions 1-8

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Visual Optical Illusions

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An English Perspective

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Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 - September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England.

Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today. He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament. Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, but people who went against what most people believed were sometimes tortured and imprisoned.

Cromwell was the first ruler of England to be a Puritan.

Cromwell started off as an unordinary man from Huntingdon. He first studied at Huntingdon Grammar School. where he was frowned upon by his father, whom he had a bad relationship with. He then went on to Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge. This was a new, small college where he had the chance to talk about his Puritan ideas. However, he never took a degree because his father died in 1617 while he was studying.

The English Civil War

In 1628, Cromwell became an MP and a Puritan and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King. When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war. By the end of the war, Cromwell was very powerful.

The Commonwealth: 1649-1653

The Rump Parliament

After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army.

Takeover of Ireland

In 1652, Cromwell took over Ireland. Many historians believe that Cromwell committed an ethnic cleansing against the Irish Catholic people.. Cromwell wanted the Irish Catholics to move out of eastern Ireland into the northwest. According to these historians, Cromwell and his army used massacres, starvation, and threats of execution to force the Irish to leave. Historian Frances Stewart says that 600,000 Irish people - 43% of the Irish population - died from these policies.

The Protectorate: 1653-1658

A new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Cromwell Lord Protector for life. He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.

In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament. Cromwell reflected for six weeks over the offer. Then he rejected it and was ceremonially re-installed as " Lord Protector" (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall.

Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria (probably first contracted while on campaign in Ireland). He died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.

After Cromwell's death

He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in the spring of 1659, bringing the Protectorate to an end. A year later Parliament restored Charles II as king.

Biographies

Ashley, Maurice (1958). The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell (Macmillan). [1]

Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press) [2]

Paul, Robert (1958). The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell. [3]

Military studies

Durston, Christopher (2000). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in History 2000 85(278): pp. 247-267, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.

Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp. 18-37, ISSN 0013-8266

Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 1990 75(244): 207-231, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.

Surveys of era

Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967). Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (Macmillan). online

Primary sources

Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (1937-47). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols. The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. [4].

Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. [5]; [6]

Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (1999). To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell (Joshua Press), Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.

Morrill, John (1990). "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in Historical Journal 1990 33(3): pp. 629-639. ISSN 0018-246X . Full text online at Jstor. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.

Worden, Blair (2000). Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell, in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp. 131-170, ISSN 0068-1202 .

Images for kids

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Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 - September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today. He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament.

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Watch and listen

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AND then I pressed the shell
Close to my ear
Andlistened well,
Andstraightway like a bell
Came low andclear
The slow, sadmurmur of the distant seas,
Whipped by an icy breeze
Upon a shore
Wind-swept and desolate.
It was asunless strand that never bore
Thefootprint of a man,
Nor felt the weight
Since time began
Of anyhuman quality or stir
Save what thedreary winds and waves incur.
And in the hush ofwaters was the sound
Ofpebbles rolling round,
For everrolling with a hollow sound.
Andbubbling sea-weeds as the waters go
Swish to and fro
Their long, coldtentacles of slimy grey.
There was no day,
Nor ever came a night
Setting thestars alight
Towonder at the moon:
Wastwilight only and the frightened croon,
Smitten to whimpers, of thedreary wind
Andwaves that journeyed blind-
And then Iloosed my ear ... O, it was sweet
To hear a cart gojolting down the street.

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AND then I pressed the shell Close to my ear Andlistened well, Andstraightway like a bell Came low andclear The slow, sadmurmur of the distant seas, Whipped by an icy breeze Upon a shore Wind-swept and desolate.

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A Diagram

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Kids learn about the science of Sight and the Eye. The sense of vision and how it works.

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Information

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Eye Facts

Check out these fun eye facts for kids. Learn how eyes evolved millions of years ago, allowing animals to sense light and have a greater awareness of their surroundings.

Although we can function without sight, we rely heavily on vision to live our everyday lives. Enjoy the following interesting facts about the human eye and how they differ from that of other animals.

Eyes detect light and allow us to see.

The information our eyes receive is sent to our brain along the optic nerve. This information is then processed by our brain and helps us make appropriate decisions, for example if you can see an object flying in your direction then you will probably move quickly out of the way.

Around 95% of animals have eyes. Some are very simple, just picking up light and dark conditions while others are more complex, allowing for the recognition of shapes, color and depth.

Like humans, some animals have eyes placed close together that allow for improved depth perception, others have eyes spread further apart (often on opposite sides of their head, as in horses) to allow for a greater field of view and an early warning against potential predators.

The light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of your eye is known as the retina, acting in a similar way to film in a traditional camera.

Cone cells in the retina detect color while rod cells detect low light contrasts.

The part of the eye that allows us to focus on different things in known as the lens, it changes shapes so we can focus on objects at various distances.

The cornea is the transparent covering of the iris and pupil, along with the lens it refracts light so it can be projected onto the retina.

The central opening of your eye is known as the pupil, it changes size depending on the amount of light.

The colored area around the pupil is called the iris, it controls the size of the pupil and can be colored brown, blue, green or other colors and shades depending on the person.

Scientists believe that animal eyes evolved around 500 million years ago, beginning in simple form (perhaps just distinguishing light and dark) but giving a distinct advantage. This advantage led to eyes evolving quickly amongst animals (by evolutionary standards) as those without the ability to see struggled to survive against those that could.

Throughout the animal kingdom there are many different types of eyes, for example the human eye is very different to the compound eye of a fly which is better at detecting fast movements.

Human eyes contain a small blind spot where the optic nerve passes through the retina. Our brains use information from the other eye to fill in the vision gap so it is rarely, if ever, noticed.

Glasses and other protective equipment are often worn by humans to protect the eyes from UV rays or during various dangerous activities such as welding.

Glasses and contact lenses are worn to correct common sight conditions such as short and long sightedness.

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Fun Eye Facts for Kids - Interesting Facts about the Human Eye, Vision & Sight

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Eye Facts Check out these fun eye facts for kids. Learn how eyes evolved millions of years ago, allowing animals to sense light and have a greater awareness of their surroundings. Although we can function without sight, we rely heavily on vision to live our everyday lives.

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A Learning Path

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Theme page

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Official education portal of the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland. Curriculum focused resources and support for primary and post primary teachers.

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Awaken the brains!!

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Lattice Multiplication Video

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How to do Lattice Multiplication (3rd and 4th grade)

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The Lattice Method

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Answers included!!

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Try not to copy the answers!!

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This example does NOT use a Magic Zero

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Long Multiplication - Learn in Simple Steps

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With the Magic Zero