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1. Name the two (2) thyroid hormones affected by the above disease and identify the cells that produce them.

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1. Name the two (2) thyroid hormones affected by the above disease and identify the cells that produce them.

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TSH is elevated and  (Thyroid stimulate hormone) T4  are lowered levels of free thyroxine. The TSH is secreted via the anterior pituitary and the T4 is produced thyroid ethithlel follicular cells.

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2. Describe the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones from release into the blood stream through to the response of the target cell.

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2. Describe the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones from release into the blood stream through to the response of the target cell.

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The thyroid gland is stimulated by the hypothalamic - pituitary axis, which leads to thyroid stimulating hormone TSH. This hormone release T3 and T4 into the blood. In the blood they're largely transported to carrier proteins. The central action is though nuclear receptors inside the cell. The free lipid hormone diffuse from the blood through the interstitial fluid and through the lips bilayer of the plasma membrane cell . Once the cell binds to a receptor and regulates gene transcription, this could activate or repress the gene. Although these are lipiphlic they would still need to bind to a membrane transporter to access the cell. The TRB1 is found in the liver and pituitary gland.

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3. The synthetic thyroid hormone replaces the deficient production of the endogenous thyroid hormone. Discuss two (2) actions of thyroid hormone within the body.

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3. The synthetic thyroid hormone replaces the deficient production of the endogenous thyroid hormone. Discuss two (2) actions of thyroid hormone within the body.

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The thyroid gland releases hormones that control metabolism and uses energy. The hormone helps  break down and store energy within your body. They can also increase or decrease the bodies temperature. This is done by increasing the bodies energy, the thyroid gland determines how much APT is generating throughout your body. Due to APT being an energy cell this determines how much heat is generated throughout the body.

https://www.boostthyroid.com/blog/2018/9/24/basal-body-temperature-and-thyroidnbspfunction

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4. Hormonal axes are pathways that direct neuroendocrine function. Identify the relevant axis, in this case, and describe the associated control and regulation of thyroid hormones. Include the relevant organs, hormones and cells from which they are released/produced.

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4. Hormonal axes are pathways that direct neuroendocrine function. Identify the relevant axis, in this case, and describe the associated control and regulation of thyroid hormones. Include the relevant organs, hormones and cells from which they are released/produced.

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HPT axis

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1.Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS).Name the specific neuronal component that is affected in the disease and describe its associated structure (including the neuroglia involved).

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1.Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS).Name the specific neuronal component that is affected in the disease and describe its associated structure (including the neuroglia involved).

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MS is an autonomic diease which affects the brain and spinal cord.
The immune system attacks the myelin sheath which protects, coats and insulations nerve fibres.   The myelin sheath consists of fat - containing cells that insulate the axons from electrical activity, this insulation act to increase transmission signals. Each gap between the myelin sheath exists between the cell along the axon. Schwann cells form the myelin around the axons which regenerates axons

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2. Outline how damage to the above component affects the functioning of the neuron and why axons in the CNS display minimal regeneration after injury.

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2. Outline how damage to the above component affects the functioning of the neuron and why axons in the CNS display minimal regeneration after injury.

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The immune system T cells attack the myelin sheath, this leaves the nerves unprotected and uninsulated. Regrowth in the CNS is very minute after injury occurs, this is due to absences of the neurolemma and the inhibitory effects exerted by oligodendrocytes on the axons regrowth.

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Hey, I am enjoying working along with you, getting all support needed from you.

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1. Describe the process of calcification?

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1. Describe the process of calcification?

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2. Choose one (1) principal effect of ageing on Francine’s bone tissue which may have contributed to her fracture. Describe the effect and identify a possible consequence /disease that may occur as a result. (50 words)

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2. Choose one (1) principal effect of ageing on Francine’s bone tissue which may have contributed to her fracture. Describe the effect and identify a possible consequence /disease that may occur as a result. (50 words)

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3. Healing a fracture can sometimes take months. Provide a detailed rationale as to why this occurs ?

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3. Healing a fracture can sometimes take months. Provide a detailed rationale as to why this occurs ?

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3 stages

1.     Inflammation – clot forms around the fracture, bone cells die and swelling, and inflammation occurs, phagocytes / osteoclasts remove damage tissue

2.     A.

Fibrocartilaginous callus – new blood vessels are formed, fibroblasts produce collagen fibres, soft callus bridges fractures.

B.

Bone callus formation – osteoprogenitor call develop into osteoblasts, spongy bone trabeculae is producing and hard callus formed.

3.     Remodelling – dead portions of fragments resorbed by osteoclasts, compact bone replaces spongy bone and fracture heals .
References - Foot health facts. (2020April). Retrieved from  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/bone-healing
Endeavour college of natural health. (2020).Session 9 (Lectures 13 and 14) – Bone physiology: Building of bone organ – cells, tissue, organ and repair. Retrieved from https://ecnh.sharepoint.com/teams/EdTech/BioPDF/BIOH111_SN09_Lecture_S2.pdf
75 words

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4. Francine underwent a bone mineral density [BMD] test. She was diagnosed with osteoporosis. Outline three (3) factors that may contribute to porous bones.

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4. Francine underwent a bone mineral density [BMD] test. She was diagnosed with osteoporosis. Outline three (3) factors that may contribute to porous bones.

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1.     Sex – Wemen have a higher prevalence of developing osteoporosis than men

2.     Thyroid conditions – Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss, this occurs when your thyroid is overactive or if you take increased amounts of thyroid medication to treat underactive thyroids.

3.     Low Calcium – Lack of calcium does increase the development of osteoporosis, this leading to diminished bone density, early bone loss thus increasing in fractures.
References
Mayoclinic.(June 2019). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351968
68 words

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5. Diet plays an important role in the ongoing management of Francine’s condition. Choose three (3) nutrients that impact the skeletal system and describe how they contribute to bone metabolism and repair. (75 words)

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5. Diet plays an important role in the ongoing management of Francine’s condition. Choose three (3) nutrients that impact the skeletal system and describe how they contribute to bone metabolism and repair. (75 words)

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Primary Research Article

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1.   Proper language use

2.   Participation must be diverse

3.   Being clear and precise

4.   Respect must be upheld between students conversing on the padlet

5.   Avoiding colloquial language

6.   Ensure your language flows and is concise, avoiding using wordy paragraphs.

7.   Writing is to be professional – no childish language to be used, language used must be academic

8.   Polite language must be used

9.   All work must have been read thoroughly though and proofread.

10.    Loaded language – emotive language or humours language  isn’t to be used.

11.    APA referencing must be used

12.    Be patient with peers

13.    Be honest

14. No Emoticons to be used

( 107 words )

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Hey This is our chat room