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...is the ability to identify and manipulate phonemes and morphemes. Phonemic awareness is the building block to phonics; in which a student is able to master the skills of hearing, identifying and manipulation of sounds.

Research-based strategy to reinforce phonemic awareness instruction...
Using a multi sensory approach. This includes incorporating auditory, visual, tactile, and kinesthetic representations of the sounds during instruction
Many successful training studies include concrete representations of sounds to help children understand how to manipulate sounds in a word (Ball & Blachman, 1991). Clapping out sounds and syllables as well as jumping to rhyming words are some examples of this. Moving and manipulating blocks, counters or coins to demonstrate 1 to 1 correspondence with sounds.

How does phonemic awareness support reading and writing?

Students must understand how sounds fit together to create words.  They must also be able to manipulate various parts of words and syllables to make new words. They need to understand how print is processed. With adequate phonemic awareness skills, students are ready to begin formal instruction in phonics. (Threads of Reading

by Karen Tankersley)

Wise, Rachel, 2016.

Teach Phonemic Awareness (An Early Reading Skill) to Your Child with These 5 Fun Strategies, Parents, Reading, Reading Strategies

Tankersley, Karen Threads of Reading, ascd.org

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ASCD: Professional Learning & Community for Educators

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...is the basic method of reading instruction that teaches students the correlation between sounds and these "squiggly lines", also known as letters. During phonics instruction, students begin to piece together the puzzle of the words and sounds they hear (receptive) to the words and syllables they see and read (expressive).

Research-based strategy to reinforce phonics instruction...
Letter naming is a strong predictor of later reading success. Learning letter names helps a child learn letter sounds. It helps students develop their understanding of the alphabetic principle. (Adams, M. 1990) It is important to have a print rich environment for students. Phonics instruction is open to a multi-sensory approach and should be encouraged. Visual, auditory, kinesthetic and hands on manipulation activities give students the opportunity to develop phonics skills as required.

How does phonics support reading and writing?

Students begin writing and spelling  words using trial and error, but this is not a long term, permanent strategy that students will be successful with. Students must have a solid foundation on phonics skills in order to be fluent writers and readers. By students having the skill of understanding how words are formed, they will be able to decode and understand new words on their own. (Swinson, Tiara 2019)

Swinson, Tiara 2019. How Phonics Impacts your Child's Reading and Writing Skills

Adams, M. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Snow, C., Burns, M., & Griffin, P. (Eds.). (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Texas Education Agency. (2002). The Alphabetic Principle.

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...is the ability to read a piece of text with automaticity in word identification. Fluency is the thread that holds together word recognition and comprehension. When students read with fluency, their reading mirrors how they would naturally speak in conversation.

Research-based strategy to reinforce fluency instruction...

Choral reading, which is when everyone reads a selected piece of text together, at the same time. This will ensure that no one particular student is being singled out and made to feel in the spotlight. Struggling readers are more likely to feel encouraged to participate in choral reading. Research suggests that it improves reading fluency, expands vocabulary, and increases students’ confidence. (Patricia A. Antonacci & Catherine M. O'Callaghan, Strategy 12: Choral Reading). Implementing the strategy of choral reading during instruction, especially when working with struggling readers helps individual students feel more comfortable and willing to read aloud and engage in reading activities.

How does fluency support reading and writing?

Students who have the ability to demonstrate reading fluency, read text, while easily recognizing and decoding words, they do this with automaticity. Reading with fluency allows the reader the opportunity to focus on meaning of word and text instead of "sounding out"  each word.
Writing fluency refers to a student's ability to write with natural flow and rhythm. Fluent writers use grade-level appropriate language, vocabulary, word patterns and content. (Janovsky, Angela. Teaching Strategies for Reading and Writing Fluency, Study.com)

Patricia A. Antonacci & Catherine M. O'Callaghan, Strategy 12: Choral Reading. Promoting Literacy Development: 50 Research-Based Strategies for K–8 Learners. Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452230634.n12

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...is simply, the ability to identify the meaning of words. Vocabulary falls under 2 categories expressive (speaking and listening) and receptive (listening and reading).

Research-based strategy to reinforce vocabulary instruction...
According to Michael Graves (2000), there are four components of an effective vocabulary program:

1. wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge

2. instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words

3. instruction in independent word-learning strategies, and

4. word consciousness and word-play activities to motivate and enhance learning

An essential part of vocabulary development and literacy is to provide students with access to a wide range of text. This including books, articles, fiction, non-fiction, informational and fantasy. Books should be offered at various reading levels and cover a range of topics.

How does vocabulary support reading and writing?

In order for students to create a text through the writing process they must have the vocabulary (words) that are needed to get their ideas across to their specific audience. This is just one way vocabulary directly relates to writing. Following the pillar of vocabulary is comprehension. A student will have difficulties comprehending text if they have not gained an understanding of the words and their meanings that are being used in the text.

Linda Diamond, Linda Gutlohn,

Teaching Vocabulary, Readingrockets.org

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...is the ability to understand something. Students must be able to find meaning from information that is delivered to them verbally, as well as information that they read.

Research-based strategy to reinforce comprehension instruction...

Graphic organizers are a type of scaffolding and a great tool to organize your thoughts, that benefits some students. A T-chart for cause and effect, along with keywords students might encounter in that type of text, are all that is needed to support some readers in comprehension. (McKinney, 2018)

How does comprehension support reading and writing?
Multiple studies have demonstrated that writing can improve comprehension. Based on experimental studies by Graham and Hebert (2010), students should write about text they read, teach students the writing process that goes into creating a text and increase time spent on writing. Comprehension is at the the top of the 5 pillars, being the ultimate goal for students to obtain. A students comprehension of any given text can be reinforced by their responses to it (verbal and written).

Tracy, Kelly N. 2013.

Writing to Read: Evidence for How Writing Can Improve Reading, literacyworldwide.org

McKinney, Amy 2018. 5 Research-Based Reading Comprehension Strategies to Use in Your Classroom, TeacherVision.com

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