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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes-insipidus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351269

https://www.slideshare.net/GAMANDEEP/disorders-of-pituitarygland

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes-insipidus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351274

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/797620/

https://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-pituitary-gland#:~:text=The%20pituitary%20gland%20is%20often,glands%2C%20ovaries%2C%20and%20testes.

https://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-pineal-gland#:~:text=Of%20the%20endocrine%20organs%2C%20the,rhythm%20and%20regulate%20reproductive%20hormones.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355167

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12115-circadian-rhythm-disorders

https://human-memory.net/pineal-gland/#:~:text=The%20dysfunction%20of%20the%20pineal,%2C%20intestinal%20hyperactivity%2C%20and%20menopause.&text=pressure%2C%20Seasonal%20Affective%20Disorder%2C%20abnormal%20adrenal%20functions.

https://www.barrowneuro.org/centers-programs/pituitary-and-neuroendocrine-disease/resources/about-the-pituitary-gland/#:~:text=The%20posterior%20lobe%20produces%20two,as%20antidiuretic%20hormone%20(ADH).
Gigantism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options (healthline.com)

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Posterior pituitary gland - The pituitary gland is regularly referred to as the “master gland” due to its hormones controlling other components of the endocrine system, particularly the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. In addition, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to either stimulate or inhibit hormone production. In other words, the pituitary gland acts after the hypothalamus incites it.
Pineal gland - The pineal gland produces melatonin, which in turn helps regulate reproductive hormones. Melatonin blocks the secretion of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormones) from the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones aid in the proper development and functioning of the ovaries and testes, increasing the production of sex hormones and stimulating the production of either sperm or ova.

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Posterior pituitary gland (hyposecretion) - Diabetes insipidus (DI) 
Caused by hyposecretion of (or insensitivity to) the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Symptoms: 
Extreme thirst
Producing large amounts of diluted urine (can be as much as 20 quarts, or about 19 liters)
Frequent need to get up to urinate during the night
Preference for cold drinks
Infant/young child … 
Heavy, wet diapers
Bed-wetting
Trouble sleeping
Fever
Vomiting
Constipation
Delayed growth
Weight loss

Diagnosis: 
Water deprivation test - Patient is required, for a prolonged period, to refrain from water intake completely to determine the cause of abnormal thirst; differentiates diabetes insipidus from other causes of polydipsia
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Can look for abnormalities in/near the pituitary gland using a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to construct detailed images of brain tissue; noninvasive test
Genetic screening - Recommended if others in your family have had problems with excess urination

Treatments: No cure for diabetes insipidus; treatments can relieve thirst and decrease urine output
Supportive care - IV fluids and fluid replacement
Self care - low-salt diet
Medications - Antidiuretic and Diuretic
Other lifestyle/home remedies
Prevent dehydration (drinking more water)
Wear a medical alert bracelet or carry a medical alert card in hand

Research/obstacles: 
Challenging diagnosis due to reliance on laboratory values, urine output, and the physical examination of the patient. Because of that, a high clinical suspicion of diabetes insipidus should be enough to initiate treatment. 
The complications related to DI are primarily related to the electrolyte imbalance that can affect the normal physiology of different organ systems.

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Case Study-Hypersecretion of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

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Case Study-Hypersecretion of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

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Gigantism, which occurs when there is a hypersecretion of GH during childhood. Which causes a person to be very tall. There is also Pituitary dwarfism, that results from a hyposecretion of Gh during childhood. Which causes a person to be very short.

Gigantism

Symptoms:

Large feet and hands

Thick toes and fingers

A prominent jaw and forehead

Coarse facial features

Diagnosis:

The patient will take a blood test to measure the growth hormones

Doctors may even recommend taking an Oral glucose tolerance test

It works by the patient taking a special beverage that has glucose. Blood samples will be taken before and after the drink is taken.

In a normal body, Growth hormones will drop after eating or drinking glucose. If their Growth hormones remain the same after drinking, it means that their body is producing too much growth hormones, and may have gigantism.

MRIs is also a diagnosis to see if there is a tumor on the gland, that is causing it to secrete growth hormones.

Treatments:

A surgery that takes out the tumor that is on the Pituitary gland

The surgeon will reach the tumor by making an incision in your child’s nose. Microscopes or small cameras may be used to help the surgeon see the tumor in the gland. In most cases, your child should be able to return home from the hospital the day after the surgery.

There is also medication that can decrease the production of Growth Hormones

The medication may be to shrink the tumor as well.

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Growth hormone, which directs the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones.

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The function of melatonin aids in your sleep/wake cycle, and biological rhythms

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Case Study - Hypersecretion of the pineal gland

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Case Study - Hypersecretion of the pineal gland

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Pineal Gland
Insomnia- Hypersecretion
Caused by hypersecretion of melatonin

Symptoms include:

Difficulty falling asleep at night

Waking up during the night

Waking up too early

Not feeling well-rested after a night’s sleep

Daytime tiredness or sleepiness

Irritability, depression or anxiety

Difficulty paying attention, focusing on tasks or remembering

Diagnosis:
Physical Exam- A Doctor may perform a physical exam to determine if you are experiencing insomnia. They may also perform blood tests to double check that there are also no issues with your thyroid or other conditions associated with sleep depravation.

Sleep Study- Spending the night at a sleep test center may be beneficial to someone who may be struggling with insomnia. Tests can be done to monitor  and record a variety of body activities while you sleep. This could include brain waves, breathing, heartbeat, eye movement and body movements.

Treatments:
Cognitive Therapy Treatment- A form of therapy that can aid in the prevention of insomnia. Strategies can include stimulus control therapy, relaxation techniques, sleep restrictions, remaining passively awake, and light therapy.

Prescription Medications- Prescription sleeping pills may be prescribed in some cases to help those who struggle with insomnia. Medications can include Eszopiclone, Ramelteon , Zaleplon, Zolpidem

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Posterior Pituitary -  Produces  vasopressin and oxytocin
Pineal -  Produces Melatonin