# data[].attributes.body
to be handed in by Sunday, 3 May

# data[].attributes.body
to be handed in by Sunday, 26 April

# data[].attributes.body
Technological and scientific progress

# data[].attributes.body
dialogue

# data[].attributes.body
Technological and scientific progress

# data[].attributes.body
cover

# data[].attributes.body
Blog entry (1)

# data[].attributes.body
Blog entry (2)

# data[].attributes.body
diary entry

# data[].attributes.body
diary entry

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
method sheet_How to write a newspaper article

# data[].attributes.body
"Auntie Ifeoma" by Chimamanda NgoziAdicjie

# data[].attributes.body
novel excerpt; child soldiers

# data[].attributes.body
poetry analysis

# data[].attributes.body
concept maps

# data[].attributes.body
concept maps

# data[].attributes.body
text analysis

# data[].attributes.body
Analysis atmosphere pp. 47-54

# data[].attributes.headline
The AD - historical development and key concepts

# data[].attributes.subject
The AD - historical development and key concepts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Online OXFORD Collocation Dictionary of English

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Free Online Oxford Collocation Dictionary for Advanced English Learners

# data[].attributes.body
16 December
5 p.m.

# data[].attributes.headline
voc. test 3 (American Dream)      16th December

# data[].attributes.subject
voc. test 3 (American Dream)      16th December

# data[].attributes.body
21st century

# data[].attributes.body
20th century

# data[].attributes.body
19th century

# data[].attributes.body
18th century

# data[].attributes.body
17th century

# data[].attributes.headline
vocabulary test 2 (GB 2).       28th November

# data[].attributes.subject
vocabulary test 2 (GB 2).       28th November

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Commas and periods are the most frequently used punctuation marks. Commas customarily indicate a brief pause; they're not as final as periods.

Note: When the last comma in a series comes before and or or (after daughter-in-law in the above example), it is known as the Oxford comma. Most newspapers and magazines drop the Oxford comma in a simple series, apparently feeling it's unnecessary. However, omission of the Oxford comma can sometimes lead to misunderstandings.

Adding a comma after crackers makes it clear that cheese and crackers represents one dish. In cases like this, clarity demands the Oxford comma.
We had coffee, cheese and crackers, and grapes.
Fiction and nonfiction books generally prefer the Oxford comma. Writers must decide Oxford or no Oxford and not switch back and forth, except when omitting the Oxford comma could cause confusion as in the cheese and crackers example.

He is a strong, healthy man.
We could also say healthy, strong man.

We stayed at an expensive summer resort.
We would not say summer expensive resort, so no comma.

Another way to determine if a comma is needed is to mentally put and between the two adjectives. If the result still makes sense, add the comma. In the examples above, a strong and healthy man makes sense, but an expensive and summer resort does not.

Many inexperienced writers run two independent clauses together by using a comma instead of a period. This results in the dreaded run-on sentence or, more technically, a comma splice.

There are several simple remedies:

He walked all the way home. He shut the door.
After he walked all the way home, he shut the door.
He walked all the way home, and he shut the door.

Some writers omit the comma if the clauses are both quite short:

But sometimes a comma in this situation is necessary to avoid confusion.

I saw that she was busy and prepared to leave.
Clearer with comma: I saw that she was busy, and prepared to leave.

Without a comma, the reader is liable to think that "she" was the one who was prepared to leave.

Example: The twins attended Tulane because their parents went there.

This sentence clearly conveys that the main reason the twins went to Tulane was because their parents attended Tulane.
The twins didn't attend Tulane because their parents went there.
This sentence is ambiguous. We're not sure whether they didn't go to Tulane because they wanted to go somewhere other than where their parents went to college, or whether the twins did go to Tulane but for reasons other than that their parents went there.
The twins didn't attend Tulane, because their parents went there.
With the comma before because, the sentence more clearly conveys that the twins desired a college other than the one their parents attended.

When starting a sentence with a dependent clause, use a comma after it.

Follow the same policy with introductory phrases.

However, if the introductory phrase is clear and brief (three or four words), the comma is optional.

But always add a comma if it would avoid confusion.

When an introductory phrase begins with a preposition, a comma may not be necessary even if the phrase contains more than three or four words.

If such a phrase contains more than one preposition, a comma may be used unless a verb immediately follows the phrase.

Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue, the mayor's mansion stands proudly.
Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue is the mayor's mansion.

Use commas to set off nonessential words, clauses, and phrases (see Who, That, Which, Rule 2b).

In the preceding examples, note the comma after sister and late. Nonessential words, clauses, and phrases that occur midsentence must be enclosed by commas. The closing comma is called an appositive comma. Many writers forget to add this important comma. Following are two instances of the need for an appositive comma with one or more nouns.

Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident.
If we already know which Freddy is meant, the description is not essential.

The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident.
We do not know which boy is meant without further description; therefore,no commas are used.

This leads to a persistent problem. Look at the following sentence:
Example: My brother Bill is here.
Now, see how adding two commas changes that sentence's meaning:
Example: My brother, Bill, is here.
Careful writers and readers understand that the first sentence means I have more than one brother. The commas in the second sentence mean that Bill is my only brother.

Why? In the first sentence, Bill is essential information: it identifies which of my two (or more) brothers I'm speaking of. This is why no commas enclose Bill.

In the second sentence, Bill is nonessential information-whom else but Bill could I mean?-hence the commas.

Comma misuse is nothing to take lightly. It can lead to a train wreck like this:

Example: Mark Twain's book, Tom Sawyer, is a delight.

Because of the commas, that sentence states that Twain wrote only one book. In fact, he wrote more than two dozen of them.

In general, use commas to set off the word too midsentence. However, it is usually not necessary to precede too with a comma at the end of a sentence.

No comma is necessary for just the month and year.

A comma may be advisable with other incomplete dates.

Traditionally, if a person's name is followed by Sr. or Jr., a comma follows the last name: Martin Luther King, Jr. This comma is no longer considered mandatory. However, if a comma does precede Sr. or Jr., another comma must follow the entire name when it appears midsentence.

He said, "I don't care."
"Why," I asked, "don't you care?"
Toni Morrison wrote, "If there's a book that you want to read, but it hasn't been written yet, then you must write it."

This rule is optional with one-word quotations.

If a quotation is preceded by introductory words such as that, whether, if, a comma is normally not needed.

A comma is not necessary to introduce titles of articles, chapters, songs, etc. (see Quotation Marks, Rule 6).

Use a comma before and after certain introductory words or terms, such as namely, that is, i.e., e.g., including, and for instance, when they are followed by a series of items.
NOTE
The abbreviation i.e. means "that is"; e.g. means "for example."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The comma has several uses in English grammar, all related to marking-off separate elements within a sentence.

# data[].attributes.headline
vocabulary test 1 (GB 1)        18th November 

# data[].attributes.subject
vocabulary test 1 (GB 1)        18th November 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A day in the royal life of Prince William and Duchess Kate - Julia, Annika , Mira Englisch  LK

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Englisch ⇔ Deutsch - leo.org: Startseite

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
LEO.org: Ihr Wörterbuch im Internet für ­Englisch-Deutsch­ Übersetzungen, mit Forum, Vokabeltrainer und Sprachkursen. Natürlich auch als App.