# data[].attributes.body
Selamat datang ke kelas Perkembangan Kanak-kanak EDUP3023

Kursus ini akan memberi pendedahan kepada para pelajar mengenai perkembangan yang akan dilalui oleh kanak-kanak mengikut peringkat-peringkat yang tertentu. Pengetahuan mengenai kanak-kanak adalah sangat penting kepada bakal guru kerana ia memberi impak kepada pedagogi seseorang guru.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bincangkan bagaimana faktor baka dan persekitaran mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan individu.

# data[].attributes.subject
Bincangkan bagaimana faktor baka dan persekitaran mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan individu.

# data[].attributes.body
Topik 1 Konsep asas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kanak-kanak

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The nature vs. nurture debate is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture.

Nature is often defined in this debate as genetic or hormone-based behaviors, traits, and dispositions, while nurture is most commonly defined as environment, culture, and experience.

History of the Nature vs. Nurture Debate

The nature vs. nurture debate is an ongoing one. The modern debate often centers around the effect genes have on human disposition as opposed to the influences that early environment and development might have. As culture changes, so have popular understandings of this debate. In the 1960s, for example, psychologists-and pop culture in general-were heavily influenced by the theories of behaviorism. This theory led to the widespread belief that human personality is primarily influenced by experience and training. It was during this time that researcher John Money attempted to demonstrate that gender was a product of early conditioning by raising a boy, whose circumcision was botched, as a girl. His experiment seemed successful in the beginning but ultimately was a failure.

In recent years, the nature side of the debate has gained more attention, with headlines trumpeting newly discovered genes for virtually every behavior. Evolutionary psychology and sociobiology are two branches of science that attempt to demonstrate the evolutionary roots of human behavior. Books authored by scientists in these fields are extremely popular. However, critics still emphasize the important role of early childhood environment, development, and cultural influences. Many have argued that sociobiology and evolutionary psychology are deterministic pseudosciences.

Twin and Identical Twin Studies

Several studies done on twins separated shortly after birth reveal that genetics do play a significant role in the development of certain personality characteristics, sexual orientation, and religiosity. The bond between identical twins was also suggested to be genetic by these studies, as 80% of identical twins reported that they felt closer to their twin than they did to their closest friends, despite having just met their twin.

One study also suggested that genetics play a significant role in the development of personality: Environment had little effect on personality when twins were raised together, though it did have an effect when they were raised apart.

How Nature Affects Mental Health

While nature, or genetics, has been proven to be an important factor in the development of some mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depression, the development of mental illness is not entirely genetic. Nature, or genetics and disposition, has been proven to be an important factor in the development of some mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depression. Bipolar, for example, is four to six times more likely to develop when there is a family history of the condition. However, although the importance of genetic factors cannot be denied, the development of mental illness is not entirely genetic. For example, identical twins share their genes, yet if one twin develops schizophrenia, research shows the other twin only has a 50% chance of also developing the condition. This indicates that nature, while it plays an important part, is not the only contributing factor.

Another area where researchers may place more emphasis on nature than on nurture is that of addictions. Research indicates that alcohol addiction, for example, can recur in families and that certain genes may influence how alcohol tastes and the way it affects the body.

How Nurture Affects Mental Health

Certain genetic factors may create a predisposition for a particular illness, but the probability that a person develops that illness depends in part on environment (nurture). When a genetic variant indicates the possibility of developing a mental illness, this information can be used to direct positive (nurturing) behavior in such a way that the condition may not develop or may develop with less severity.

James Fallon, a neuroscientist who discovered that he had the brain of a psychopath, has stated that he believes growing up in a nurturing and loving environment helped him become a successful adult and may have been effective at preventing him from fully developing traits of psychopathy. Similarly, the basis for addiction is not thought to be entirely genetic by most researchers. Environmental aspects, such as the habits of parents, friends, or a partner, might also be significant factors contributing to the development of an addiction. A genetic predisposition to alcohol addiction may be far more significant if one is routinely exposed to binge drinking or other forms of alcohol abuse and comes to view this as normal alcohol use.

Researchers at the University of Liverpool recently found that while a family history of mental health conditions was the second strongest predictor of mental illness, the strongest predictor was in fact life events and experiences, such as childhood bullying, abuse, or other trauma. This supports the idea that nurture plays significant role in the development of mental health issues.

Nature vs. Nurture in Therapy

In the mental health field, some therapeutic treatments and approaches may be nature-based or nurture-based, depending on which paradigm to which they adhere. For example, an extremely nature-based approach might seek to address mental health on a biological or genetic level, while a nurture-based approach could be more likely to address a person's learned beliefs and behaviors. Most approaches borrow from both nature and nurture-based philosophies, and many seek to address the interaction between nature and nurture.

For example, using medication to treat a mental health issue may be a primarily nature-based approach, while behavioral therapy, which stems from behaviorist psychology, addresses a person's upbringing and conditioning and takes a nurture-based point of view. Meanwhile, therapies based in cognitive psychology may be more likely to address the effects of both nature and nurture.

It is possible to find a therapist who takes a more nature or nurture-based approach to treatment. However, many therapists today consider multiple factors, including how the nature and nurture work together, during a session.

How Nature and Nurture Interact

Many scientists eschew the nature vs. nurture debate by emphasizing "nature x nurture." In this schema, nature and nurture are inseparable. Some genes, for example, cannot be activated without certain environmental inputs. The development of vision is a prime example of this. People cannot develop normal sight without exposure to visual stimuli.

Similarly, some environmental inputs may be undermined by some genes. For example, some lifelong smokers may never experience smoking-related illnesses, and this may be due at least in part to their genes. Environmental toxins may alter the expression of some genes, and genes for many behaviors presumed to have a genetic basis have not been discovered.

Developmental systems theory, among other theories, presents an alternative to this debate that does not require scientists to advocate either for nature or nurture.
References:

1. Agin, D. P. (2010). More than genes: What science can tell us about toxic chemicals, development, and the risk to our children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2. Alcoholism Nature vs. Nurture. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dualdiagnosis.org/alcohol-addiction/nature-vs-nurture.

3. Facts about Bipolar Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2015, from http://adamhscc.org/en-US/facts-bipolar.asp.

4. Iliades, C. (2013, February 7). Mental Illness May Be In Your Genes. Retrieved from http://www.everydayhealth.com/depression/mental-iillness-may-be-in-your-genes-1751.aspx.

5. Lewis, T. (2014, August 11). Twins Separated at Birth Reveal Staggering Influence of Genetics. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/47288-twin-study-importance-of-genetics.html.

6. Ohikuare, J. (2014, January 21). Life as a Nonviolent Psychopath. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/01/life-as-a-nonviolent-psychopath/282271.

7. Moore, D. S. (2003). The dependent gene: The fallacy of nature vs. nurture. New York, NY: Henry Holt.

8. Putt, G. (2013, October 20). Nurture Over Nature: Mental Illness and Traumatic Life Events. Retrieved from http://www.decodedscience.com/nurture-nature-mental-illness-traumatic-life-events/3836.

Last Updated: 09-28-2018

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Nature vs. Nurture Debate - GoodTherapy.org Therapy Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The nature vs. nurture debate is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture. Nature is often defined in this debate as genetic or hormone-based behaviors, traits, and dispositions, while nurture is most commonly defined as environment, culture, and experience.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 0 to 3 Month Baby Motor Milestones to Look For

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
4-6 Month Baby - Motor Milestones to Look For

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
7 to 9 Month Baby Motor Milestones to Look For

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 to 12 Month Baby Motor Milestones to Look For

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Parents’ Guide to Fine Versus Gross Motor Skills

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Tummy Time Brochure

Tummy Time is essential for infants' core, motor, and sensory development and achievement of milestones. Download this brochure to learn tips on how to make tummy time for you and baby.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Motor Skills Videos | Child Development Videos | Pathways.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tummy Time is essential for infants' core, motor, and sensory development and achievement of milestones. Download this brochure to learn tips on how to make tummy time for you and baby.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a child develops, one of the most obvious traits of his development is his physical development. From lying on the bed to flipping over, to developing the grasp reflex to walking, a child's progress can be tremendous in his early years.

During your child's development, give him time to grow and mature. Do not rush him. As Lev Vygotsky believes, young children learn actively and through hands-on experiences. Allow your child to experience their body. Bring him out for activities. Engage him in meaningful experiences with you. As your child explores more about his surroundings, his curiosity about his body increases. He will start to wonder about what he can do with his body and begin to realize that he has the ability to do a lot of things - like running, skipping, jumping. Encourage him to do so, and do it with him.

As different children progress at different pace, it can sometimes be worrying if your child seems to lag behind. Do observe them over a period of time. However, if you do realize that your child is facing difficulties in performing certain tasks, it may be necessary to refer to your child's pediatrician for referral so that a proper assessment can be done. This way, your child will be able to get the appropriate attention that he will need, which can help him in his development.

In the meanwhile, enjoy your child's physical development and all the times you have together, it could be one of the best ways to exercise! He will continuously refine his skills up till the age of 6, and by then, he will be learning to skip with a rope, and can even tie his own shoelaces. Your little baby would really have grown to be an independent child within the first six years of his life.

Note: Developmental milestones act as a guideline for parents and early childhood professionals to gauge children's growth at different ages. These milestones should be followed with care, as they may vary according to each child's culture, abilities and exposure. Children may sometimes take a longer time to reach certain milestones, as they require more time to refine their current skills. However, if a child seems to be lacking in several areas and parents do notice that the child is facing difficulties in several aspects, it may be beneficial if a pediatrician or professional's advice is sought.
If you find this article useful, do click Like and Share at the bottom of the post, thank you.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Development Milestones Of Physical Development In Young Children

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a child develops, one of the most obvious traits of his development is his physical development. From lying on the bed to flipping over, to developing the grasp reflex to walking, a child's progress can be tremendous in his early years. During your child's development, give him time to grow and mature.

# data[].attributes.body
Letakkan traits berikut berdasarkan spektrum baka dan persekitaran:  merokok, mata biru, rambut merah, ketinggian, berat, kanser, bungee jumping, schizofernia. Bincangkan.

# data[].attributes.headline
Jelaskan secara ringkas kemahiran motor kasar dan motor halus serta aktiviti-aktiviti yang sesuai diberikan kepada kanak-kanak pada peringkat umur 4 hingga 6 tahun.

# data[].attributes.subject
Jelaskan secara ringkas kemahiran motor kasar dan motor halus serta aktiviti-aktiviti yang sesuai diberikan kepada kanak-kanak pada peringkat umur 4 hingga 6 tahun.

# data[].attributes.body
i. Kemahiran motor kasar
ii. Kemahiran motor halus

# data[].attributes.headline
Bincangkankan Teori Kematangan Gesell dan Teori Perkembangan Tugasan Havighurst

# data[].attributes.subject
Bincangkankan Teori Kematangan Gesell dan Teori Perkembangan Tugasan Havighurst

# data[].attributes.body
Teori Kognitif Piaget

# data[].attributes.headline
Bincangkan implikasi Teori Kognitif terhadap pdpc.

# data[].attributes.subject
Bincangkan implikasi Teori Kognitif terhadap pdpc.

# data[].attributes.headline
1. Jelaskan konsep "skema" dan perkaitannya dengan proses asimilasi.

# data[].attributes.subject
1. Jelaskan konsep "skema" dan perkaitannya dengan proses asimilasi.

# data[].attributes.body
2. Dengan memberikan contoh yang sesuai, jelaskan konflik kognitif atau ketidakseimbangan yang dialami kanak-kanak semasa cuba memahami sesuatu yang dipelajarinya.

# data[].attributes.body
Teori Kognitif Vygotsky

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Schema, Assimilation, and Accommodation, Oh My!

# data[].attributes.body
Perkembangan Bahasa

# data[].attributes.body
Perkembangan Sosioemosi

# data[].attributes.body
Perkembangan Moral