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The person is controlling and is a perfectionist. They're preoccupied with details, rules, orderliness, and productivity. They tend to be inflexible in their plans or approaches to things, and they don't usually delegate a task to someone else and does it themselves instead.

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The person is very dependent on others, hence the name. They're unable to be alone because they're fearful of separation, and they believe they can't function properly without others' help. This creates difficulty in them making everyday decisions.

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The person is fearful of being ridiculed, humiliated, rejected, or disliked, so they avoid social interaction, and they believe it's easier that way.

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A person with HPD is seen as shallow and attention-seeking. The person has an excessive need for approval.

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This person always wants to be the center of attention, so they exaggerate their importance, which makes it difficult to create real connections with people.

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The person has unstable emotions, a lack of trust, and is manipulative. Many with the disorder also have issues with addictions, such as drugs, drinking, etc. Because all of these, a person with BPD is unable to have meaningful relationships.

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The person has a lack of conscience and acts impulsively, so they lie, steal, cheat, fight, and go against society's "normal" behavior.

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There is a need for social seclusion and isolation. The person is sensitive to criticism and sees it as hostility. They have odd behavior and unusual beliefs.

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Because the person has no desire for intimacy, there is a pattern of detachment from social relationships.

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There is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness, causing the person not being able to form meaningful and lasting relationships. It is only diagnosed when it's persistent and very distressing.

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These personality disorders are marked by excessive, nervous behavior to society's norms and are: Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive.

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These personality disorders are marked by behavior that seems over the top to society's norms and are: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic.

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These personality disorders are marked by behavior that seems bizarre to society's norms and are: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal.

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Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time. For example, pop quizzes are given to encourage studying.

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Reinforcement is presented after a specific period of time. For example, dentist appointments happen every six months, a kid would suddenly brush their teeth more as the appointment approaches.

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Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses. For example, my dad would keep on fishing until he catches a medium-sized or big fish.

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Reinforcement is presented after a specific number of responses or every time the set amount is met. For example, in middle school, my math teacher would give a pass every time a student scored 100% on a weekly worksheet twice in a row.

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Partial reinforcement is the process of reinforcing a response only part of the time. There are different types of this: fixed ratio reinforcement, variable ratio reinforcement, fixed interval reinforcement, and variable interval reinforcement.

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Continuous reinforcement is the process of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. However, this will not create permanent change in behavior.

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Reinforcement is a process that increases the frequency of a targeted behavior by either using a negative/positive stimulus.

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REM sleep is short for rapid eye movement sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is active and vivid dreams occur. The eyes are rapidly moving, hence the name, as the limbs and muscles are almost paralyzed.

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Here, it's extremely hard to awaken. This stage is known as slow-wave sleep because it's characterized by delta waves.

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In stage two, the breathing becomes more regular, and you become less sensitive to external stimuli. This stage is characterized by theta waves with sleep spindles.

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This stage is known as hypnagogic sleep, meaning it's the state immediately before falling asleep. There are sensations of falling, floating, feeling limbs jerking, and hallucinating.  On the electroencephalogram (EEG), a test that detects electrical activity in the brain, it's characterized by theta waves.

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The Broca's Area is located in the left frontal lobe. It's responsible for speech production. If it's damaged, it results in Broca's aphasia, which creates broken words.

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The motor cortex is responsible for voluntary movement (left hemisphere to body's right side; right hemisphere to body's left side).

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The frontal lobe is located in the front and top areas of the brain and occupies about 30% of the brain. It's responsible for higher mental processes, decision making, attention, self-awareness, and personality. It's also responsible for body movement because it has the motor cortex and speech because it has Broca's Area.

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The parietal lobe is located in front of the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe. Most of the lobe is made up of association areas (higher mental functioning). But, it's also partially devoted to the sense of touch and perceives spatial relationships.

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The visual cortex is the largest area of the occipital lobe where visual information is sent to. Here, what the eyes see is projected onto the visual cortex, and then, each hemisphere divides the information.

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The occipital lobe is located at the rear and the bottom of each cerebral hemisphere. It has the primary visual centers of the brain and interprets vision (color, motion, and forms).

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The Wernicke's Area interprets written and spoken language, while it also decodes words and sentences.
If it is damaged, it will result in Wernicke's aphasia. A person with this aphasia could create sentences that have no meaning or content, such as adding unnecessary words or creating new words.

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The auditory cortex is solely responsible for hearing.

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The temporal lobe is located just above the ear on both sides of our head. It's responsible for auditory information, memory, understanding language, and recognizing detailed objects. There are the Auditory Cortex and the Wernicke's Area located in the left temporal lobe.

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The Cerebral Cortex is the thin outer layer of the cerebrum (brain). It consists of the four lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital.

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This division is responsible for our normal, daily bodily functions. It does so by slowing down the heart rate, increasing salivation, constricting pupils, and more.

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This division is responsible for our "fight-or-flight" response. It reacts to stressful events and bodily arousal by dilating pupils, increasing heart rate, decreasing salivation, and more.

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The somatic nervous system controls the body's voluntary muscles, which involves the sensory pathway and the motor pathway.

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As shown in its name, this system controls the body's automatic functions. With this, the functions are split into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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This section is composed mainly of myelinated axons and nerves. It carries messages between the brain and the body.

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) transmits information to and from the CNS. It's composed of nerves and neurons that aren't in the brain and spinal cord. The PNS allows the CNS to communicate with our sensory systems, and it controls the body's muscles and glands. Here, there's the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

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The spinal cord has reflexes that are fast and don't require us to think about them. These reflexes often save our lives. It involves afferent (sensory) neurons, interneurons, and efferent (motor) neurons. For example, if we touch a hot object with our hand, the afferent neurons will detect the sensation. Next, it will go to the interneurons in our spinal cord. Then, it goes back to the efferent neurons in our arm to make us pull our hand back from the heat to prevent us from further damage.

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The spinal cord is a long bundle of neurons that carries to and away from the brain. It has two vital functions for the nervous system: lighter outer section and darker inner section.

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The brain is the core of our nervous system. It interprets information from our senses, stores that information, sends order to the muscles, glands, and organs, makes decisions, and is responsible for our cognition and thoughts.

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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The nervous system is composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

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1. The Nervous System (Module 1)

2. The Cerebral Cortex (Module 2)

3. Sleep Stages (Module 3)

4. Schedules of Reinforcement (Module 5)

5. Personality Disorders (Module 9)