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a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.

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entails conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters.

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Aliasing is an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (of alises of one another) when sampled. ... Aliasing can also occur in spatially sampled signals, for instance moire patterns in digital images.

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the unwanted side-effects of processing an image. In this case, they result from the way data is compressed by the JPEG algorithm. Generally people want to be able to store photos digitally, without using too much storage space. As a result, most photos are stored in the JPEG format.

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appears in the middle of the lens's focal length range and is worst at the wide-angle end of the range. Pincushion distortion. In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

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This is a film format that was introduced in 1996, but has since been discontinued. APS film frames measure 16.7 x 30.2mm, but there are three different APS digital image formats: H (high-definition), C (classic) and P (panorama).

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camera uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm. The more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs and mirrorless cameras measures 22 x 15mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor

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an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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the ratio of a camera sensors size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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8 Bits = 1 Byte. · 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte. · 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte. · 1024Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte. · 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte.

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Cubism was developed by Pablo Picasso and George Braque in the beginning of XX century. Yet it took another 70 years to bring this approach into photography. “In Picasso's pictures you can see the front and back of a person simultaneously. That means you've walked round them.

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a very subjective concept in the art world. The Webster dictionary defines it as follows: A style or technique that is characterized by extreme spareness and simplicity.

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an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects.

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The Avant-garde are people who are innovative and “cutting edge”. They work on experimental, pioneering, radical, or unorthodox things. Their work leads a new movement in art, culture, or society.

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a cultural movement that started in 1917, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects, and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself.

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the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. ... In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture.

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he superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other.

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genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. It is the application of photography to the still life artistic style. An example is food photography

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often associated with advertisements, sales pitches, brochures, product placements as well as merchandising.

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the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles.

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a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. In other words, it shows the amount of tones of particular brightness found in your photograph ranging from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness).

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definition of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate.

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a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96.

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s the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film

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It is an example of a range of grids used in front of lights to harden the light source and prevent the light from spreading out into a wider, more diffused beam. This small section of a honeycomb grid is part of a fitting that goes over the end of an off-camera flash.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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s a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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is nothing more than a light modifier. Oh, but what it can do! A softbox diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows. The closer the softbox is to the model or subject, the softer the light appears, emulating window light.

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each moonlight has its own independent power source.

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a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. They are also referred to as eye lights or Obies, the latter a reference to Merle Oberon, for whom the light was invented by then husband and cinematographer, Lucien Ballard.

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The Photoshop Curves command is your most powerful tool for adjusting tones to brighten, darken,
add contrast and shift colours, yet many users choose to avoid it.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. ... When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes while emitting even, diffused lighting that helps eliminate shadows.

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation and/or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing

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An ambrotype, in short, is an early form of a photograph in which the photo is created by placing a glass negative against a dark background

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Polaroid transfer is a photographic image-transfer process, or print making technique, which uses instant film. This way an image can be put on textiles, cups, glass and many other surfaces.

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an image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in.

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Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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Split lighting is a technique that produces a sense of drama to a portrait. This form of lighting is when half of the subject's face is lit, while the other half is left dark. The light is evenly divided over the subject.

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is a lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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Loop lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek. It is a slightly directional lighting pattern - the light is not flat, but the face is still mostly illuminated.

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Butterfly lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ... Broad lighting is typically less flattering than short lighting as it widens the look of the face.

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Short Lighting for Portrait Photography. by Rob Gray. Short lighting, by definition, refers to when the main light illuminates the side of the face that is turned away from the camera. This lets light fall on the narrow side of the face leaving a shadow on the broad side of the face, which is facing the camera.